{"volume":5,"intvolume":"         5","year":"2010","keyword":["Renewable Energy","Sustainability and the Environment","Public Health","Environmental and Occupational Health","General Environmental Science"],"doi":"10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/025207","author":[{"last_name":"O’Gorman","first_name":"P A","full_name":"O’Gorman, P A"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-5836-5350","id":"f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b","full_name":"Muller, Caroline J","first_name":"Caroline J","last_name":"Muller"}],"publication":"Environmental Research Letters","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1748-9326"]},"citation":{"ieee":"P. A. O’Gorman and C. J. Muller, “How closely do changes in surface and column water vapor follow Clausius–Clapeyron scaling in climate change simulations?,” <i>Environmental Research Letters</i>, vol. 5, no. 2. IOP Publishing, 2010.","mla":"O’Gorman, P. A., and Caroline J. Muller. “How Closely Do Changes in Surface and Column Water Vapor Follow Clausius–Clapeyron Scaling in Climate Change Simulations?” <i>Environmental Research Letters</i>, vol. 5, no. 2, 025207, IOP Publishing, 2010, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/025207\">10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/025207</a>.","short":"P.A. O’Gorman, C.J. Muller, Environmental Research Letters 5 (2010).","chicago":"O’Gorman, P A, and Caroline J Muller. “How Closely Do Changes in Surface and Column Water Vapor Follow Clausius–Clapeyron Scaling in Climate Change Simulations?” <i>Environmental Research Letters</i>. IOP Publishing, 2010. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/025207\">https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/025207</a>.","ista":"O’Gorman PA, Muller CJ. 2010. How closely do changes in surface and column water vapor follow Clausius–Clapeyron scaling in climate change simulations? Environmental Research Letters. 5(2), 025207.","apa":"O’Gorman, P. A., &#38; Muller, C. J. (2010). How closely do changes in surface and column water vapor follow Clausius–Clapeyron scaling in climate change simulations? <i>Environmental Research Letters</i>. IOP Publishing. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/025207\">https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/025207</a>","ama":"O’Gorman PA, Muller CJ. How closely do changes in surface and column water vapor follow Clausius–Clapeyron scaling in climate change simulations? <i>Environmental Research Letters</i>. 2010;5(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/025207\">10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/025207</a>"},"article_type":"original","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_number":"025207","_id":"9146","user_id":"8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9","date_created":"2021-02-15T14:40:46Z","oa":1,"oa_version":"Published Version","publisher":"IOP Publishing","status":"public","title":"How closely do changes in surface and column water vapor follow Clausius–Clapeyron scaling in climate change simulations?","quality_controlled":"1","day":"09","type":"journal_article","date_updated":"2022-01-24T13:51:02Z","article_processing_charge":"No","month":"04","issue":"2","extern":"1","date_published":"2010-04-09T00:00:00Z","publication_status":"published","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/025207"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The factors governing the rate of change in the amount of atmospheric water vapor are analyzed in simulations of climate change. The global-mean amount of water vapor is estimated to increase at a differential rate of 7.3% K − 1 with respect to global-mean surface air temperature in the multi-model mean. Larger rates of change result if the fractional change is evaluated over a finite change in temperature (e.g., 8.2% K − 1 for a 3 K warming), and rates of change of zonal-mean column water vapor range from 6 to 12% K − 1 depending on latitude.\r\nClausius–Clapeyron scaling is directly evaluated using an invariant distribution of monthly-mean relative humidity, giving a rate of 7.4% K − 1 for global-mean water vapor. There are deviations from Clausius–Clapeyron scaling of zonal-mean column water vapor in the tropics and mid-latitudes, but they largely cancel in the global mean. A purely thermodynamic scaling based on a saturated troposphere gives a higher global rate of 7.9% K − 1.\r\nSurface specific humidity increases at a rate of 5.7% K − 1, considerably lower than the rate for global-mean water vapor. Surface specific humidity closely follows Clausius–Clapeyron scaling over ocean. But there are widespread decreases in surface relative humidity over land (by more than 1% K − 1 in many regions), and it is argued that decreases of this magnitude could result from the land/ocean contrast in surface warming."}]}