{"external_id":{"isi":["000600608300015"],"pmid":["33268497"]},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["10916490"],"issn":["00278424"]},"page":"31614-31622","doi":"10.1073/pnas.2006731117","publication":"PNAS","has_accepted_license":"1","author":[{"first_name":"Rok","last_name":"Grah","id":"483E70DE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Grah, Rok","orcid":"0000-0003-2539-3560"},{"full_name":"Zoller, Benjamin","first_name":"Benjamin","last_name":"Zoller"},{"id":"3D494DCA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Tkačik, Gašper","first_name":"Gašper","last_name":"Tkačik","orcid":"0000-0002-6699-1455"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"_id":"9000","citation":{"mla":"Grah, Rok, et al. “Nonequilibrium Models of Optimal Enhancer Function.” <i>PNAS</i>, vol. 117, no. 50, National Academy of Sciences, 2020, pp. 31614–22, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006731117\">10.1073/pnas.2006731117</a>.","ieee":"R. Grah, B. Zoller, and G. Tkačik, “Nonequilibrium models of optimal enhancer function,” <i>PNAS</i>, vol. 117, no. 50. National Academy of Sciences, pp. 31614–31622, 2020.","ama":"Grah R, Zoller B, Tkačik G. Nonequilibrium models of optimal enhancer function. <i>PNAS</i>. 2020;117(50):31614-31622. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006731117\">10.1073/pnas.2006731117</a>","chicago":"Grah, Rok, Benjamin Zoller, and Gašper Tkačik. “Nonequilibrium Models of Optimal Enhancer Function.” <i>PNAS</i>. National Academy of Sciences, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006731117\">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006731117</a>.","apa":"Grah, R., Zoller, B., &#38; Tkačik, G. (2020). Nonequilibrium models of optimal enhancer function. <i>PNAS</i>. National Academy of Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006731117\">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006731117</a>","ista":"Grah R, Zoller B, Tkačik G. 2020. Nonequilibrium models of optimal enhancer function. PNAS. 117(50), 31614–31622.","short":"R. Grah, B. Zoller, G. Tkačik, PNAS 117 (2020) 31614–31622."},"article_type":"original","year":"2020","intvolume":"       117","volume":117,"ddc":["570"],"project":[{"grant_number":"RGP0034/2018","name":"Can evolution minimize spurious signaling crosstalk to reach optimal performance?","_id":"2665AAFE-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"_id":"267C84F4-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Biophysically realistic genotype-phenotype maps for regulatory networks"}],"acknowledgement":"G.T. was supported by Human Frontiers Science Program Grant RGP0034/2018. R.G. was supported by the Austrian Academy of Sciences DOC Fellowship. R.G. thanks S. Avvakumov for helpful discussions.","file_date_updated":"2021-01-11T08:37:31Z","isi":1,"month":"12","article_processing_charge":"No","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)"},"date_updated":"2023-08-24T11:10:22Z","pmid":1,"file":[{"relation":"main_file","checksum":"69039cd402a571983aa6cb4815ffa863","file_name":"2020_PNAS_Grah.pdf","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2021-01-11T08:37:31Z","date_created":"2021-01-11T08:37:31Z","file_size":1199247,"file_id":"9004","success":1}],"type":"journal_article","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","day":"15","department":[{"_id":"GaTk"}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In prokaryotes, thermodynamic models of gene regulation provide a highly quantitative mapping from promoter sequences to gene-expression levels that is compatible with in vivo and in vitro biophysical measurements. Such concordance has not been achieved for models of enhancer function in eukaryotes. In equilibrium models, it is difficult to reconcile the reported short transcription factor (TF) residence times on the DNA with the high specificity of regulation. In nonequilibrium models, progress is difficult due to an explosion in the number of parameters. Here, we navigate this complexity by looking for minimal nonequilibrium enhancer models that yield desired regulatory phenotypes: low TF residence time, high specificity, and tunable cooperativity. We find that a single extra parameter, interpretable as the “linking rate,” by which bound TFs interact with Mediator components, enables our models to escape equilibrium bounds and access optimal regulatory phenotypes, while remaining consistent with the reported phenomenology and simple enough to be inferred from upcoming experiments. We further find that high specificity in nonequilibrium models is in a trade-off with gene-expression noise, predicting bursty dynamics—an experimentally observed hallmark of eukaryotic transcription. By drastically reducing the vast parameter space of nonequilibrium enhancer models to a much smaller subspace that optimally realizes biological function, we deliver a rich class of models that could be tractably inferred from data in the near future."}],"date_published":"2020-12-15T00:00:00Z","publication_status":"published","issue":"50","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","scopus_import":"1","oa":1,"oa_version":"Published Version","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","date_created":"2021-01-10T23:01:17Z","title":"Nonequilibrium models of optimal enhancer function","quality_controlled":"1","related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/new-compact-model-for-gene-regulation-in-higher-organisms/","description":"News on IST Homepage","relation":"press_release"}]},"status":"public"}