{"month":"05","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:48:50Z","citation":{"short":"K. Sarkisyan, D. Bolotin, M. Meer, D. Usmanova, A. Mishin, G. Sharonov, D. Ivankov, N. Bozhanova, M. Baranov, O. Soylemez, N. Bogatyreva, P. Vlasov, E. Egorov, M. Logacheva, A. Kondrashov, D. Chudakov, E. Putintseva, I. Mamedov, D. Tawfik, K. Lukyanov, F. Kondrashov, Nature 533 (2016) 397–401.","ama":"Sarkisyan K, Bolotin D, Meer M, et al. Local fitness landscape of the green fluorescent protein. <i>Nature</i>. 2016;533:397-401. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17995\">10.1038/nature17995</a>","mla":"Sarkisyan, Karen, et al. “Local Fitness Landscape of the Green Fluorescent Protein.” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 533, Nature Publishing Group, 2016, pp. 397–401, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17995\">10.1038/nature17995</a>.","ieee":"K. Sarkisyan <i>et al.</i>, “Local fitness landscape of the green fluorescent protein,” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 533. Nature Publishing Group, pp. 397–401, 2016.","ista":"Sarkisyan K, Bolotin D, Meer M, Usmanova D, Mishin A, Sharonov G, Ivankov D, Bozhanova N, Baranov M, Soylemez O, Bogatyreva N, Vlasov P, Egorov E, Logacheva M, Kondrashov A, Chudakov D, Putintseva E, Mamedov I, Tawfik D, Lukyanov K, Kondrashov F. 2016. Local fitness landscape of the green fluorescent protein. Nature. 533, 397–401.","chicago":"Sarkisyan, Karen, Dmitry Bolotin, Margarita Meer, Dinara Usmanova, Alexander Mishin, George Sharonov, Dmitry Ivankov, et al. “Local Fitness Landscape of the Green Fluorescent Protein.” <i>Nature</i>. Nature Publishing Group, 2016. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17995\">https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17995</a>.","apa":"Sarkisyan, K., Bolotin, D., Meer, M., Usmanova, D., Mishin, A., Sharonov, G., … Kondrashov, F. (2016). Local fitness landscape of the green fluorescent protein. <i>Nature</i>. Nature Publishing Group. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17995\">https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17995</a>"},"acknowledgement":"We thank Y. Kulikova and G. Filion for discussion on statistical analysis and I. Osterman, R. Moretti and J. Meiler for technical assistance and M. Friesen for a critical reading of the manuscript. We thank H. Himmelbauer, CRG Genomic Unit and the Russian Science Foundation project (14-50-00150) for sequencing. Experiments were partially carried out using the equipment provided by the IBCH core facility (CKP IBCH). The work was supported by HHMI International Early Career Scientist Program (55007424), the EMBO Young Investigator Programme, MINECO (BFU2012-31329), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2013-2017 grant (SEV-2012-0208), Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Economia i Coneixement de la Generalitat's AGAUR program (2014 SGR 0974), Russian Science Foundation (14-25-00129) and the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013, ERC grant agreement, 335980-EinME).","date_published":"2016-05-11T00:00:00Z","day":"11","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","year":"2016","status":"public","page":"397 - 401","intvolume":"       533","extern":1,"type":"journal_article","publist_id":"6799","date_updated":"2021-01-12T08:19:42Z","volume":533,"abstract":[{"text":"Fitness landscapes depict how genotypes manifest at the phenotypic level and form the basis of our understanding of many areas of biology, yet their properties remain elusive. Previous studies have analysed specific genes, often using their function as a proxy for fitness, experimentally assessing the effect on function of single mutations and their combinations in a specific sequence or in different sequences. However, systematic high-throughput studies of the local fitness landscape of an entire protein have not yet been reported. Here we visualize an extensive region of the local fitness landscape of the green fluorescent protein from Aequorea Victoria (avGFP) by measuring the native function (fluorescence) of tens of thousands of derivative genotypes of avGFP. We show that the fitness landscape of avGFP is narrow, with 3/4 of the derivatives with a single mutation showing reduced fluorescence and half of the derivatives with four mutations being completely non-fluorescent. The narrowness is enhanced by epistasis, which was detected in up to 30% of genotypes with multiple mutations and mostly occurred through the cumulative effect of slightly deleterious mutations causing a threshold-like decrease in protein stability and a concomitant loss of fluorescence. A model of orthologous sequence divergence spanning hundreds of millions of years predicted the extent of epistasis in our data, indicating congruence between the fitness landscape properties at the local and global scales. The characterization of the local fitness landscape of avGFP has important implications for several fields including molecular evolution, population genetics and protein design.","lang":"eng"}],"publication":"Nature","publication_status":"published","quality_controlled":0,"title":"Local fitness landscape of the green fluorescent protein","_id":"850","doi":"10.1038/nature17995","author":[{"id":"39A7BF80-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Sarkisyan","orcid":"0000-0002-5375-6341","first_name":"Karen","full_name":"Karen Sarkisyan"},{"last_name":"Bolotin","full_name":"Bolotin, Dmitry A","first_name":"Dmitry"},{"last_name":"Meer","full_name":"Meer, Margarita V","first_name":"Margarita"},{"last_name":"Usmanova","full_name":"Usmanova, Dinara R","first_name":"Dinara"},{"full_name":"Mishin, Alexander S","first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"Mishin"},{"last_name":"Sharonov","full_name":"Sharonov, George V","first_name":"George"},{"last_name":"Ivankov","first_name":"Dmitry","full_name":"Ivankov, Dmitry N"},{"first_name":"Nina","full_name":"Bozhanova, Nina G","last_name":"Bozhanova"},{"last_name":"Baranov","first_name":"Mikhail","full_name":"Baranov, Mikhail S"},{"last_name":"Soylemez","full_name":"Soylemez, Onuralp","first_name":"Onuralp"},{"full_name":"Bogatyreva, Natalya S","first_name":"Natalya","last_name":"Bogatyreva"},{"last_name":"Vlasov","full_name":"Vlasov, Peter K","first_name":"Peter"},{"first_name":"Evgeny","full_name":"Egorov, Evgeny S","last_name":"Egorov"},{"last_name":"Logacheva","full_name":"Logacheva, Maria D","first_name":"Maria"},{"full_name":"Kondrashov, Alexey S","first_name":"Alexey","last_name":"Kondrashov"},{"first_name":"Dmitriy","full_name":"Chudakov, Dmitriy M","last_name":"Chudakov"},{"last_name":"Putintseva","full_name":"Putintseva, Ekaterina V","first_name":"Ekaterina"},{"last_name":"Mamedov","first_name":"Ilgar","full_name":"Mamedov, Ilgar Z"},{"last_name":"Tawfik","full_name":"Tawfik, Dan S","first_name":"Dan"},{"last_name":"Lukyanov","first_name":"Konstantin","full_name":"Lukyanov, Konstantin A"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-8243-4694","full_name":"Fyodor Kondrashov","first_name":"Fyodor","id":"44FDEF62-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Kondrashov"}]}