{"publication_status":"published","date_published":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","department":[{"_id":"KrPi"}],"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/989"}],"abstract":[{"text":"Memory-hard functions (MHFs) are hash algorithms whose evaluation cost is dominated by memory cost. As memory, unlike computation, costs about the same across different platforms, MHFs cannot be evaluated at significantly lower cost on dedicated hardware like ASICs. MHFs have found widespread applications including password hashing, key derivation, and proofs-of-work. This paper focuses on scrypt, a simple candidate MHF designed by Percival, and described in RFC 7914. It has been used within a number of cryptocurrencies (e.g., Litecoin and Dogecoin) and has been an inspiration for Argon2d, one of the winners of the recent password-hashing competition. Despite its popularity, no rigorous lower bounds on its memory complexity are known. We prove that scrypt is optimally memory-hard, i.e., its cumulative memory complexity (cmc) in the parallel random oracle model is Ω(n2w), where w and n are the output length and number of invocations of the underlying hash function, respectively. High cmc is a strong security target for MHFs introduced by Alwen and Serbinenko (STOC’15) which implies high memory cost even for adversaries who can amortize the cost over many evaluations and evaluate the underlying hash functions many times in parallel. Our proof is the first showing optimal memory-hardness for any MHF. Our result improves both quantitatively and qualitatively upon the recent work by Alwen et al. (EUROCRYPT’16) who proved a weaker lower bound of Ω(n2w/ log2 n) for a restricted class of adversaries.","lang":"eng"}],"type":"conference","day":"01","month":"01","date_updated":"2021-01-12T08:07:10Z","title":"Scrypt is maximally memory hard","quality_controlled":"1","status":"public","alternative_title":["LNCS"],"oa_version":"Submitted Version","oa":1,"date_created":"2018-12-11T11:47:37Z","user_id":"4435EBFC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publisher":"Springer","scopus_import":1,"citation":{"ieee":"J. F. Alwen, B. Chen, K. Z. Pietrzak, L. Reyzin, and S. Tessaro, “Scrypt is maximally memory hard,” presented at the EUROCRYPT: Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Paris, France, 2017, vol. 10212, pp. 33–62.","mla":"Alwen, Joel F., et al. <i>Scrypt Is Maximally Memory Hard</i>. Edited by Jean-Sébastien Coron and Jesper Buus Nielsen, vol. 10212, Springer, 2017, pp. 33–62, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56617-7_2\">10.1007/978-3-319-56617-7_2</a>.","short":"J.F. Alwen, B. Chen, K.Z. Pietrzak, L. Reyzin, S. Tessaro, in:, J.-S. Coron, J. Buus Nielsen (Eds.), Springer, 2017, pp. 33–62.","apa":"Alwen, J. F., Chen, B., Pietrzak, K. Z., Reyzin, L., &#38; Tessaro, S. (2017). Scrypt is maximally memory hard. In J.-S. Coron &#38; J. Buus Nielsen (Eds.) (Vol. 10212, pp. 33–62). Presented at the EUROCRYPT: Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, Paris, France: Springer. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56617-7_2\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56617-7_2</a>","chicago":"Alwen, Joel F, Binchi Chen, Krzysztof Z Pietrzak, Leonid Reyzin, and Stefano Tessaro. “Scrypt Is Maximally Memory Hard.” edited by Jean-Sébastien Coron and Jesper Buus Nielsen, 10212:33–62. Springer, 2017. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56617-7_2\">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56617-7_2</a>.","ista":"Alwen JF, Chen B, Pietrzak KZ, Reyzin L, Tessaro S. 2017. Scrypt is maximally memory hard. EUROCRYPT: Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques, LNCS, vol. 10212, 33–62.","ama":"Alwen JF, Chen B, Pietrzak KZ, Reyzin L, Tessaro S. Scrypt is maximally memory hard. In: Coron J-S, Buus Nielsen J, eds. Vol 10212. Springer; 2017:33-62. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56617-7_2\">10.1007/978-3-319-56617-7_2</a>"},"conference":{"location":"Paris, France","end_date":"2017-05-04","name":"EUROCRYPT: Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques","start_date":"2017-04-30"},"ec_funded":1,"_id":"635","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"editor":[{"full_name":"Coron, Jean-Sébastien","first_name":"Jean-Sébastien","last_name":"Coron"},{"last_name":"Buus Nielsen","first_name":"Jesper","full_name":"Buus Nielsen, Jesper"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Joel F","last_name":"Alwen","full_name":"Alwen, Joel F","id":"2A8DFA8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Chen, Binchi","last_name":"Chen","first_name":"Binchi"},{"first_name":"Krzysztof Z","last_name":"Pietrzak","id":"3E04A7AA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Pietrzak, Krzysztof Z","orcid":"0000-0002-9139-1654"},{"full_name":"Reyzin, Leonid","first_name":"Leonid","last_name":"Reyzin"},{"full_name":"Tessaro, Stefano","last_name":"Tessaro","first_name":"Stefano"}],"page":"33 - 62","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-56617-7_2","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-331956616-0"]},"project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"682815","name":"Teaching Old Crypto New Tricks","_id":"258AA5B2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"intvolume":"     10212","volume":10212,"publist_id":"7154","year":"2017"}