[{"ddc":["570"],"related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"used_in_publication","id":"7343","status":"public"}]},"status":"public","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.crjdfn318","open_access":"1"}],"date_published":"2020-12-19T00:00:00Z","type":"research_data_reference","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode","short":"CC0 (1.0)","name":"Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0 1.0)","image":"/images/cc_0.png"},"date_updated":"2023-09-05T16:04:48Z","citation":{"apa":"Milutinovic, B., Stock, M., Grasse, A. V., Naderlinger, E., Hilbe, C., & Cremer, S. (2020). Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.CRJDFN318","ama":"Milutinovic B, Stock M, Grasse AV, Naderlinger E, Hilbe C, Cremer S. Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens. 2020. doi:10.5061/DRYAD.CRJDFN318","chicago":"Milutinovic, Barbara, Miriam Stock, Anna V Grasse, Elisabeth Naderlinger, Christian Hilbe, and Sylvia Cremer. “Social Immunity Modulates Competition between Coinfecting Pathogens.” Dryad, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.CRJDFN318.","ieee":"B. Milutinovic, M. Stock, A. V. Grasse, E. Naderlinger, C. Hilbe, and S. Cremer, “Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens.” Dryad, 2020.","short":"B. Milutinovic, M. Stock, A.V. Grasse, E. Naderlinger, C. Hilbe, S. Cremer, (2020).","mla":"Milutinovic, Barbara, et al. Social Immunity Modulates Competition between Coinfecting Pathogens. Dryad, 2020, doi:10.5061/DRYAD.CRJDFN318.","ista":"Milutinovic B, Stock M, Grasse AV, Naderlinger E, Hilbe C, Cremer S. 2020. Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens, Dryad, 10.5061/DRYAD.CRJDFN318."},"year":"2020","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Coinfections with multiple pathogens can result in complex within-host dynamics affecting virulence and transmission. Whilst multiple infections are intensively studied in solitary hosts, it is so far unresolved how social host interactions interfere with pathogen competition, and if this depends on coinfection diversity. We studied how the collective disease defenses of ants – their social immunity – influence pathogen competition in coinfections of same or different fungal pathogen species. Social immunity reduced virulence for all pathogen combinations, but interfered with spore production only in different-species coinfections. Here, it decreased overall pathogen sporulation success, whilst simultaneously increasing co-sporulation on individual cadavers and maintaining a higher pathogen diversity at the community-level. Mathematical modeling revealed that host sanitary care alone can modulate competitive outcomes between pathogens, giving advantage to fast-germinating, thus less grooming-sensitive ones. Host social interactions can hence modulate infection dynamics in coinfected group members, thereby altering pathogen communities at the host- and population-level."}],"oa":1,"doi":"10.5061/DRYAD.CRJDFN318","day":"19","publisher":"Dryad","author":[{"id":"2CDC32B8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8214-4758","full_name":"Milutinovic, Barbara","first_name":"Barbara","last_name":"Milutinovic"},{"full_name":"Stock, Miriam","last_name":"Stock","first_name":"Miriam","id":"42462816-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Grasse","first_name":"Anna V","full_name":"Grasse, Anna V","id":"406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"31757262-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Naderlinger, Elisabeth","first_name":"Elisabeth","last_name":"Naderlinger"},{"id":"2FDF8F3C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-5116-955X","full_name":"Hilbe, Christian","first_name":"Christian","last_name":"Hilbe"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","first_name":"Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"_id":"13060","month":"12","title":"Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens","oa_version":"Published Version","date_created":"2023-05-23T16:11:22Z","article_processing_charge":"No","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"},{"_id":"KrCh"}]},{"date_published":"2020-02-22T00:00:00Z","type":"book_chapter","date_updated":"2021-02-05T12:19:21Z","year":"2020","citation":{"ieee":"P. Schmid-Hempel and S. Cremer, “Parasites and Pathogens,” in Encyclopedia of Social Insects, C. Starr, Ed. Cham: Springer Nature, 2020.","chicago":"Schmid-Hempel, Paul, and Sylvia Cremer. “Parasites and Pathogens.” In Encyclopedia of Social Insects, edited by C Starr. Cham: Springer Nature, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90306-4_94-1.","ama":"Schmid-Hempel P, Cremer S. Parasites and Pathogens. In: Starr C, ed. Encyclopedia of Social Insects. Cham: Springer Nature; 2020. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90306-4_94-1","apa":"Schmid-Hempel, P., & Cremer, S. (2020). Parasites and Pathogens. In C. Starr (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Social Insects. Cham: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90306-4_94-1","ista":"Schmid-Hempel P, Cremer S. 2020.Parasites and Pathogens. In: Encyclopedia of Social Insects. .","short":"P. Schmid-Hempel, S. Cremer, in:, C. Starr (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Social Insects, Springer Nature, Cham, 2020.","mla":"Schmid-Hempel, Paul, and Sylvia Cremer. “Parasites and Pathogens.” Encyclopedia of Social Insects, edited by C Starr, Springer Nature, 2020, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90306-4_94-1."},"doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-90306-4_94-1","day":"22","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9783319903064"]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","place":"Cham","author":[{"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Schmid-Hempel","full_name":"Schmid-Hempel, Paul"},{"last_name":"Cremer","first_name":"Sylvia M","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia M","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"_id":"9096","publication":"Encyclopedia of Social Insects","month":"02","title":"Parasites and Pathogens","oa_version":"None","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2021-02-05T12:15:18Z","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"Springer Nature","editor":[{"last_name":"Starr","first_name":"C","full_name":"Starr, C"}]},{"user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","status":"public","edition":"2","day":"06","publication_identifier":{"eisbn":["9780128132524"],"isbn":["9780128132517"]},"doi":"10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.90721-0","abstract":[{"text":"Social insects (i.e., ants, termites and the social bees and wasps) protect their colonies from disease using a combination of individual immunity and collectively performed defenses, termed social immunity. The first line of social immune defense is sanitary care, which is performed by colony members to protect their pathogen-exposed nestmates from developing an infection. If sanitary care fails and an infection becomes established, a second line of social immune defense is deployed to stop disease transmission within the colony and to protect the valuable queens, which together with the males are the reproductive individuals of the colony. Insect colonies are separated into these reproductive individuals and the sterile worker force, forming a superorganismal reproductive unit reminiscent of the differentiated germline and soma in a multicellular organism. Ultimately, the social immune response preserves the germline of the superorganism insect colony and increases overall fitness of the colony in case of disease. ","lang":"eng"}],"year":"2019","citation":{"ista":"Cremer S, Kutzer M. 2019.Social immunity. In: Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior. , 747–755.","mla":"Cremer, Sylvia, and Megan Kutzer. “Social Immunity.” Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, edited by Jae Choe, 2nd ed., Elsevier, 2019, pp. 747–55, doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.90721-0.","short":"S. Cremer, M. Kutzer, in:, J. Choe (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, 2nd ed., Elsevier, 2019, pp. 747–755.","chicago":"Cremer, Sylvia, and Megan Kutzer. “Social Immunity.” In Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, edited by Jae Choe, 2nd ed., 747–55. Elsevier, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.90721-0.","ieee":"S. Cremer and M. Kutzer, “Social immunity,” in Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, 2nd ed., J. Choe, Ed. Elsevier, 2019, pp. 747–755.","apa":"Cremer, S., & Kutzer, M. (2019). Social immunity. In J. Choe (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior (2nd ed., pp. 747–755). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.90721-0","ama":"Cremer S, Kutzer M. Social immunity. In: Choe J, ed. Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2019:747-755. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809633-8.90721-0"},"date_updated":"2023-09-08T11:12:04Z","external_id":{"isi":["000248989500026"]},"type":"book_chapter","isi":1,"date_published":"2019-02-06T00:00:00Z","editor":[{"first_name":"Jae","last_name":"Choe","full_name":"Choe, Jae"}],"publisher":"Elsevier","quality_controlled":"1","page":"747-755","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2020-02-23T23:00:36Z","publication_status":"published","oa_version":"None","month":"02","title":"Social immunity","scopus_import":"1","publication":"Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior","_id":"7513","author":[{"id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","last_name":"Cremer","first_name":"Sylvia"},{"id":"29D0B332-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8696-6978","full_name":"Kutzer, Megan","first_name":"Megan","last_name":"Kutzer"}]},{"scopus_import":"1","_id":"6105","issue":"4","author":[{"id":"29D0B332-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Kutzer","first_name":"Megan","full_name":"Kutzer, Megan","orcid":"0000-0002-8696-6978"},{"full_name":"Kurtz, Joachim","last_name":"Kurtz","first_name":"Joachim"},{"last_name":"Armitage","first_name":"Sophie A.O.","full_name":"Armitage, Sophie A.O."}],"date_created":"2019-03-17T22:59:15Z","article_processing_charge":"No","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"publication_status":"published","intvolume":" 88","title":"A multi-faceted approach testing the effects of previous bacterial exposure on resistance and tolerance","ec_funded":1,"quality_controlled":"1","page":"566-578","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:19Z","publisher":"Wiley","article_type":"original","citation":{"ista":"Kutzer M, Kurtz J, Armitage SAO. 2019. A multi-faceted approach testing the effects of previous bacterial exposure on resistance and tolerance. Journal of Animal Ecology. 88(4), 566–578.","short":"M. Kutzer, J. Kurtz, S.A.O. Armitage, Journal of Animal Ecology 88 (2019) 566–578.","mla":"Kutzer, Megan, et al. “A Multi-Faceted Approach Testing the Effects of Previous Bacterial Exposure on Resistance and Tolerance.” Journal of Animal Ecology, vol. 88, no. 4, Wiley, 2019, pp. 566–78, doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12953.","chicago":"Kutzer, Megan, Joachim Kurtz, and Sophie A.O. Armitage. “A Multi-Faceted Approach Testing the Effects of Previous Bacterial Exposure on Resistance and Tolerance.” Journal of Animal Ecology. Wiley, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12953.","ieee":"M. Kutzer, J. Kurtz, and S. A. O. Armitage, “A multi-faceted approach testing the effects of previous bacterial exposure on resistance and tolerance,” Journal of Animal Ecology, vol. 88, no. 4. Wiley, pp. 566–578, 2019.","ama":"Kutzer M, Kurtz J, Armitage SAO. A multi-faceted approach testing the effects of previous bacterial exposure on resistance and tolerance. Journal of Animal Ecology. 2019;88(4):566-578. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12953","apa":"Kutzer, M., Kurtz, J., & Armitage, S. A. O. (2019). A multi-faceted approach testing the effects of previous bacterial exposure on resistance and tolerance. Journal of Animal Ecology. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12953"},"year":"2019","date_updated":"2023-08-25T08:04:53Z","external_id":{"isi":["000467994800007"]},"isi":1,"day":"01","doi":"10.1111/1365-2656.12953","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":" Hosts can alter their strategy towards pathogens during their lifetime; that is, they can show phenotypic plasticity in immunity or life history. Immune priming is one such example, where a previous encounter with a pathogen confers enhanced protection upon secondary challenge, resulting in reduced pathogen load (i.e., resistance) and improved host survival. However, an initial encounter might also enhance tolerance, particularly to less virulent opportunistic pathogens that establish persistent infections. In this scenario, individuals are better able to reduce the negative fecundity consequences that result from a high pathogen burden. Finally, previous exposure may also lead to life‐history adjustments, such as terminal investment into reproduction.\r\n Using different Drosophila melanogaster host genotypes and two bacterial pathogens, Lactococcus lactis and Pseudomonas entomophila, we tested whether previous exposure results in resistance or tolerance and whether it modifies immune gene expression during an acute‐phase infection (one day post‐challenge). We then asked whether previous pathogen exposure affects chronic‐phase pathogen persistence and longer‐term survival (28 days post‐challenge).\r\n We predicted that previous exposure would increase host resistance to an early stage bacterial infection while it might come at a cost to host fecundity tolerance. We reasoned that resistance would be due in part to stronger immune gene expression after challenge. We expected that previous exposure would improve long‐term survival, that it would reduce infection persistence, and we expected to find genetic variation in these responses.\r\n We found that previous exposure to P. entomophila weakened host resistance to a second infection independent of genotype and had no effect on immune gene expression. Fecundity tolerance showed genotypic variation but was not influenced by previous exposure. However, L. lactis persisted as a chronic infection, whereas survivors cleared the more pathogenic P. entomophila infection.\r\n To our knowledge, this is the first study that addresses host tolerance to bacteria in relation to previous exposure, taking a multi‐faceted approach to address the topic. Our results suggest that previous exposure comes with transient costs to resistance during the early stage of infection in this host–pathogen system and that infection persistence may be bacterium‐specific.\r\n"}],"volume":88,"ddc":["570"],"has_accepted_license":"1","publication":"Journal of Animal Ecology","project":[{"call_identifier":"FP7","_id":"25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"291734","name":"International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","month":"04","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"type":"journal_article","date_published":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["13652656"],"issn":["00218790"]},"oa":1,"file":[{"access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","file_id":"6107","creator":"dernst","date_created":"2019-03-18T07:43:06Z","checksum":"405cde15120de26018b3bd0dfa29986c","file_size":1460662,"date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:19Z","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2019_JournalAnimalEcology_Kutzer.pdf"}],"status":"public","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"research_data","id":"9806"}]}},{"title":"Pathogens and disease defense of invasive ants","month":"06","intvolume":" 33","oa_version":"None","publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"date_created":"2019-05-13T07:58:36Z","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"last_name":"Cremer","first_name":"Sylvia","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"_id":"6415","publication":"Current Opinion in Insect Science","scopus_import":"1","publisher":"Elsevier","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"page":"63-68","quality_controlled":"1","abstract":[{"text":"Ant invasions are often harmful to native species communities. Their pathogens and host disease defense mechanisms may be one component of their devastating success. First, they can introduce harmful diseases to their competitors in the introduced range, to which they themselves are tolerant. Second, their supercolonial social structure of huge multi-queen nest networks means that they will harbor a broad pathogen spectrum and high pathogen load while remaining resilient, unlike the smaller, territorial colonies of the native species. Thus, it is likely that invasive ants act as a disease reservoir, promoting their competitive advantage and invasive success.","lang":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.011","publication_identifier":{"issn":["22145745"],"eissn":["22145753"]},"day":"01","date_published":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","isi":1,"type":"journal_article","external_id":{"isi":["000477666000012"]},"date_updated":"2023-08-25T10:31:31Z","year":"2019","citation":{"ama":"Cremer S. Pathogens and disease defense of invasive ants. Current Opinion in Insect Science. 2019;33:63-68. doi:10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.011","apa":"Cremer, S. (2019). Pathogens and disease defense of invasive ants. Current Opinion in Insect Science. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.011","ieee":"S. Cremer, “Pathogens and disease defense of invasive ants,” Current Opinion in Insect Science, vol. 33. Elsevier, pp. 63–68, 2019.","chicago":"Cremer, Sylvia. “Pathogens and Disease Defense of Invasive Ants.” Current Opinion in Insect Science. Elsevier, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.011.","short":"S. Cremer, Current Opinion in Insect Science 33 (2019) 63–68.","mla":"Cremer, Sylvia. “Pathogens and Disease Defense of Invasive Ants.” Current Opinion in Insect Science, vol. 33, Elsevier, 2019, pp. 63–68, doi:10.1016/j.cois.2019.03.011.","ista":"Cremer S. 2019. Pathogens and disease defense of invasive ants. Current Opinion in Insect Science. 33, 63–68."},"status":"public","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","volume":33},{"has_accepted_license":"1","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"2649B4DE-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Epidemics in ant societies on a chip","grant_number":"771402"}],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"Bio"},{"_id":"ScienComp"},{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"LifeSc"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","month":"05","keyword":["Social Immunity","Sanitary care","Social Insects","Organisational Immunity","Colony development","Multi-target tracking"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"type":"dissertation","date_published":"2019-05-07T00:00:00Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663-337X"]},"oa":1,"supervisor":[{"first_name":"Sylvia M","last_name":"Cremer","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia M","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"file":[{"embargo":"2020-05-08","date_created":"2019-05-13T09:16:20Z","file_size":3895187,"checksum":"6daf2d2086111aa8fd3fbc919a3e2833","date_updated":"2021-02-11T11:17:15Z","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"tesisDoctoradoBC.pdf","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","file_id":"6438","creator":"casillas"},{"file_id":"6439","creator":"casillas","access_level":"closed","relation":"source_file","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:30Z","content_type":"application/zip","file_name":"tesisDoctoradoBC.zip","date_created":"2019-05-13T09:16:20Z","embargo_to":"open_access","file_size":7365118,"checksum":"3d221aaff7559a7060230a1ff610594f"}],"status":"public","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"1999","relation":"part_of_dissertation","status":"public"}]},"_id":"6435","author":[{"id":"351ED2AA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Casillas Perez","first_name":"Barbara E","full_name":"Casillas Perez, Barbara E"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"date_created":"2019-05-13T08:58:35Z","publication_status":"published","title":"Collective defenses of garden ants against a fungal pathogen","alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"ec_funded":1,"page":"183","file_date_updated":"2021-02-11T11:17:15Z","publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","citation":{"chicago":"Casillas Perez, Barbara E. “Collective Defenses of Garden Ants against a Fungal Pathogen.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2019. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6435.","ieee":"B. E. Casillas Perez, “Collective defenses of garden ants against a fungal pathogen,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2019.","ama":"Casillas Perez BE. Collective defenses of garden ants against a fungal pathogen. 2019. doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:6435","apa":"Casillas Perez, B. E. (2019). Collective defenses of garden ants against a fungal pathogen. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6435","ista":"Casillas Perez BE. 2019. Collective defenses of garden ants against a fungal pathogen. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","mla":"Casillas Perez, Barbara E. Collective Defenses of Garden Ants against a Fungal Pathogen. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2019, doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:6435.","short":"B.E. Casillas Perez, Collective Defenses of Garden Ants against a Fungal Pathogen, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2019."},"year":"2019","date_updated":"2023-09-07T12:57:04Z","day":"07","degree_awarded":"PhD","doi":"10.15479/AT:ISTA:6435","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Social insect colonies tend to have numerous members which function together like a single organism in such harmony that the term ``super-organism'' is often used. In this analogy the reproductive caste is analogous to the primordial germ\r\ncells of a metazoan, while the sterile worker caste corresponds to somatic cells. The worker castes, like tissues, are\r\nin charge of all functions of a living being, besides reproduction. The establishment of new super-organismal units\r\n(i.e. new colonies) is accomplished by the co-dependent castes. The term oftentimes goes beyond a metaphor. We invoke it when we speak about the metabolic rate, thermoregulation, nutrient regulation and gas exchange of a social insect colony. Furthermore, we assert that the super-organism has an immune system, and benefits from ``social immunity''.\r\n\r\nSocial immunity was first summoned by evolutionary biologists to resolve the apparent discrepancy between the expected high frequency of disease outbreak amongst numerous, closely related tightly-interacting hosts, living in stable and microbially-rich environments, against the exceptionally scarce epidemic accounts in natural populations. Social\r\nimmunity comprises a multi-layer assembly of behaviours which have evolved to effectively keep the pathogenic enemies of a colony at bay. The field of social immunity has drawn interest, as it becomes increasingly urgent to stop\r\nthe collapse of pollinator species and curb the growth of invasive pests. In the past decade, several mechanisms of\r\nsocial immune responses have been dissected, but many more questions remain open.\r\n\r\nI present my work in two experimental chapters. In the first, I use invasive garden ants (*Lasius neglectus*) to study how pathogen load and its distribution among nestmates affect the grooming response of the group. Any given group of ants will carry out the same total grooming work, but will direct their grooming effort towards individuals\r\ncarrying a relatively higher spore load. Contrary to expectation, the highest risk of transmission does not stem from grooming highly contaminated ants, but instead, we suggest that the grooming response likely minimizes spore loss to the environment, reducing contamination from inadvertent pickup from the substrate.\r\n\r\nThe second is a comparative developmental approach. I follow black garden ant queens (*Lasius niger*) and their colonies from mating flight, through hibernation for a year. Colonies which grow fast from the start, have a lower chance of survival through hibernation, and those which survive grow at a lower pace later. This is true for colonies of naive\r\nand challenged queens. Early pathogen exposure of the queens changes colony dynamics in an unexpected way: colonies from exposed queens are more likely to grow slowly and recover in numbers only after they survive hibernation.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the two experimental chapters, this thesis includes a co-authored published review on organisational\r\nimmunity, where we enlist the experimental evidence and theoretical framework on which this hypothesis is built,\r\nidentify the caveats and underline how the field is ripe to overcome them. In a final chapter, I describe my part in\r\ntwo collaborative efforts, one to develop an image-based tracker, and the second to develop a classifier for ant\r\nbehaviour."}],"ddc":["570","006","578","592"]},{"article_type":"original","publisher":"Elsevier","page":"R458-R463","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Social immunity in insects","intvolume":" 29","publication_status":"published","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2019-06-09T21:59:10Z","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"author":[{"id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia"}],"issue":"11","_id":"6552","pmid":1,"scopus_import":"1","volume":29,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"When animals become sick, infected cells and an armada of activated immune cells attempt to eliminate the pathogen from the body. Once infectious particles have breached the body's physical barriers of the skin or gut lining, an initially local response quickly escalates into a systemic response, attracting mobile immune cells to the site of infection. These cells complement the initial, unspecific defense with a more specialized, targeted response. This can also provide long-term immune memory and protection against future infection. The cell-autonomous defenses of the infected cells are thus aided by the actions of recruited immune cells. These specialized cells are the most mobile cells in the body, constantly patrolling through the otherwise static tissue to detect incoming pathogens. Such constant immune surveillance means infections are noticed immediately and can be rapidly cleared from the body. Some immune cells also remove infected cells that have succumbed to infection. All this prevents pathogen replication and spread to healthy tissues. Although this may involve the sacrifice of some somatic tissue, this is typically replaced quickly. Particular care is, however, given to the reproductive organs, which should always remain disease free (immune privilege). "}],"doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2019.03.035","day":"03","isi":1,"external_id":{"pmid":["31163158"],"isi":["000470902000023"]},"date_updated":"2023-08-28T09:38:00Z","citation":{"apa":"Cremer, S. (2019). Social immunity in insects. Current Biology. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.03.035","ama":"Cremer S. Social immunity in insects. Current Biology. 2019;29(11):R458-R463. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.03.035","ieee":"S. Cremer, “Social immunity in insects,” Current Biology, vol. 29, no. 11. Elsevier, pp. R458–R463, 2019.","chicago":"Cremer, Sylvia. “Social Immunity in Insects.” Current Biology. Elsevier, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.03.035.","mla":"Cremer, Sylvia. “Social Immunity in Insects.” Current Biology, vol. 29, no. 11, Elsevier, 2019, pp. R458–63, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.03.035.","short":"S. Cremer, Current Biology 29 (2019) R458–R463.","ista":"Cremer S. 2019. Social immunity in insects. Current Biology. 29(11), R458–R463."},"year":"2019","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"06","oa_version":"Published Version","publication":"Current Biology","status":"public","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.03.035"}],"oa":1,"publication_identifier":{"issn":["09609822"]},"date_published":"2019-06-03T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article"},{"oa":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"1. Hosts can alter their strategy towards pathogens during their lifetime, i.e., they can show phenotypic plasticity in immunity or life history. Immune priming is one such example, where a previous encounter with a pathogen confers enhanced protection upon secondary challenge, resulting in reduced pathogen load (i.e. resistance) and improved host survival. However, an initial encounter might also enhance tolerance, particularly to less virulent opportunistic pathogens that establish persistent infections. In this scenario, individuals are better able to reduce the negative fitness consequences that result from a high pathogen load. Finally, previous exposure may also lead to life history adjustments, such as terminal investment into reproduction. 2. Using different Drosophila melanogaster host genotypes and two bacterial pathogens, Lactococcus lactis and Pseudomonas entomophila, we tested if previous exposure results in resistance or tolerance and whether it modifies immune gene expression during an acute-phase infection (one day post-challenge). We then asked if previous pathogen exposure affects chronic-phase pathogen persistence and longer-term survival (28 days post-challenge). 3. We predicted that previous exposure would increase host resistance to an early stage bacterial infection while it might come at a cost to host fecundity tolerance. We reasoned that resistance would be due in part to stronger immune gene expression after challenge. We expected that previous exposure would improve long-term survival, that it would reduce infection persistence, and we expected to find genetic variation in these responses. 4. We found that previous exposure to P. entomophila weakened host resistance to a second infection independent of genotype and had no effect on immune gene expression. Fecundity tolerance showed genotypic variation but was not influenced by previous exposure. However, L. lactis persisted as a chronic infection, whereas survivors cleared the more pathogenic P. entomophila infection. 5. To our knowledge, this is the first study that addresses host tolerance to bacteria in relation to previous exposure, taking a multi-faceted approach to address the topic. Our results suggest that previous exposure comes with transient costs to resistance during the early stage of infection in this host-pathogen system and that infection persistence may be bacterium-specific."}],"day":"05","doi":"10.5061/dryad.9kj41f0","type":"research_data_reference","date_published":"2019-02-05T00:00:00Z","citation":{"mla":"Kutzer, Megan, et al. Data from: A Multi-Faceted Approach Testing the Effects of Previous Bacterial Exposure on Resistance and Tolerance. Dryad, 2019, doi:10.5061/dryad.9kj41f0.","short":"M. Kutzer, J. Kurtz, S.A.O. Armitage, (2019).","ista":"Kutzer M, Kurtz J, Armitage SAO. 2019. Data from: A multi-faceted approach testing the effects of previous bacterial exposure on resistance and tolerance, Dryad, 10.5061/dryad.9kj41f0.","apa":"Kutzer, M., Kurtz, J., & Armitage, S. A. O. (2019). Data from: A multi-faceted approach testing the effects of previous bacterial exposure on resistance and tolerance. Dryad. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9kj41f0","ama":"Kutzer M, Kurtz J, Armitage SAO. Data from: A multi-faceted approach testing the effects of previous bacterial exposure on resistance and tolerance. 2019. doi:10.5061/dryad.9kj41f0","chicago":"Kutzer, Megan, Joachim Kurtz, and Sophie A.O. Armitage. “Data from: A Multi-Faceted Approach Testing the Effects of Previous Bacterial Exposure on Resistance and Tolerance.” Dryad, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9kj41f0.","ieee":"M. Kutzer, J. Kurtz, and S. A. O. Armitage, “Data from: A multi-faceted approach testing the effects of previous bacterial exposure on resistance and tolerance.” Dryad, 2019."},"year":"2019","date_updated":"2023-08-25T08:04:52Z","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"6105","relation":"used_in_publication","status":"public"}]},"status":"public","user_id":"6785fbc1-c503-11eb-8a32-93094b40e1cf","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.9kj41f0","open_access":"1"}],"title":"Data from: A multi-faceted approach testing the effects of previous bacterial exposure on resistance and tolerance","month":"02","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2021-08-06T12:06:40Z","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-8696-6978","full_name":"Kutzer, Megan","first_name":"Megan","last_name":"Kutzer","id":"29D0B332-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Kurtz, Joachim","first_name":"Joachim","last_name":"Kurtz"},{"first_name":"Sophie A.O.","last_name":"Armitage","full_name":"Armitage, Sophie A.O."}],"_id":"9806","publisher":"Dryad"},{"publisher":"Wiley","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:45:52Z","page":"11031-11070","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Social environment affects the transcriptomic response to bacteria in ant queens","intvolume":" 8","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:44:15Z","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"full_name":"Viljakainen, Lumi","first_name":"Lumi","last_name":"Viljakainen"},{"last_name":"Jurvansuu","first_name":"Jaana","full_name":"Jurvansuu, Jaana"},{"first_name":"Ida","last_name":"Holmberg","full_name":"Holmberg, Ida"},{"full_name":"Pamminger, Tobias","first_name":"Tobias","last_name":"Pamminger"},{"full_name":"Erler, Silvio","last_name":"Erler","first_name":"Silvio"},{"id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","last_name":"Cremer","first_name":"Sylvia"}],"issue":"22","_id":"29","scopus_import":"1","ddc":["576","591"],"volume":8,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Social insects have evolved enormous capacities to collectively build nests and defend their colonies against both predators and pathogens. The latter is achieved by a combination of individual immune responses and sophisticated collective behavioral and organizational disease defenses, that is, social immunity. We investigated how the presence or absence of these social defense lines affects individual-level immunity in ant queens after bacterial infection. To this end, we injected queens of the ant Linepithema humile with a mix of gram+ and gram− bacteria or a control solution, reared them either with workers or alone and analyzed their gene expression patterns at 2, 4, 8, and 12 hr post-injection, using RNA-seq. This allowed us to test for the effect of bacterial infection, social context, as well as the interaction between the two over the course of infection and raising of an immune response. We found that social isolation per se affected queen gene expression for metabolism genes, but not for immune genes. When infected, queens reared with and without workers up-regulated similar numbers of innate immune genes revealing activation of Toll and Imd signaling pathways and melanization. Interestingly, however, they mostly regulated different genes along the pathways and showed a different pattern of overall gene up-regulation or down-regulation. Hence, we can conclude that the absence of workers does not compromise the onset of an individual immune response by the queens, but that the social environment impacts the route of the individual innate immune responses."}],"doi":"10.1002/ece3.4573","day":"01","isi":1,"external_id":{"isi":["000451611000032"]},"date_updated":"2023-09-19T09:29:12Z","year":"2018","citation":{"ista":"Viljakainen L, Jurvansuu J, Holmberg I, Pamminger T, Erler S, Cremer S. 2018. Social environment affects the transcriptomic response to bacteria in ant queens. Ecology and Evolution. 8(22), 11031–11070.","mla":"Viljakainen, Lumi, et al. “Social Environment Affects the Transcriptomic Response to Bacteria in Ant Queens.” Ecology and Evolution, vol. 8, no. 22, Wiley, 2018, pp. 11031–70, doi:10.1002/ece3.4573.","short":"L. Viljakainen, J. Jurvansuu, I. Holmberg, T. Pamminger, S. Erler, S. Cremer, Ecology and Evolution 8 (2018) 11031–11070.","chicago":"Viljakainen, Lumi, Jaana Jurvansuu, Ida Holmberg, Tobias Pamminger, Silvio Erler, and Sylvia Cremer. “Social Environment Affects the Transcriptomic Response to Bacteria in Ant Queens.” Ecology and Evolution. Wiley, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4573.","ieee":"L. Viljakainen, J. Jurvansuu, I. Holmberg, T. Pamminger, S. Erler, and S. Cremer, “Social environment affects the transcriptomic response to bacteria in ant queens,” Ecology and Evolution, vol. 8, no. 22. Wiley, pp. 11031–11070, 2018.","ama":"Viljakainen L, Jurvansuu J, Holmberg I, Pamminger T, Erler S, Cremer S. Social environment affects the transcriptomic response to bacteria in ant queens. Ecology and Evolution. 2018;8(22):11031-11070. doi:10.1002/ece3.4573","apa":"Viljakainen, L., Jurvansuu, J., Holmberg, I., Pamminger, T., Erler, S., & Cremer, S. (2018). Social environment affects the transcriptomic response to bacteria in ant queens. Ecology and Evolution. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4573"},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"11","oa_version":"Published Version","publication":"Ecology and Evolution","has_accepted_license":"1","status":"public","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","file":[{"date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:45:52Z","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"Viljakainen_et_al-2018-Ecology_and_Evolution.pdf","date_created":"2018-12-17T08:27:04Z","file_size":1272096,"checksum":"0d1355c78627ca7210aadd9a17a01915","file_id":"5682","creator":"dernst","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access"}],"publist_id":"8026","oa":1,"publication_identifier":{"issn":["20457758"]},"date_published":"2018-11-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"}},{"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"819","relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public"}]},"user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","status":"public","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1545-4487"]},"publist_id":"6844","type":"journal_article","date_published":"2018-01-07T00:00:00Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"None","month":"01","publication":"Annual Review of Entomology","volume":63,"day":"07","doi":"10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043110","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Social insect colonies have evolved many collectively performed adaptations that reduce the impact of infectious disease and that are expected to maximize their fitness. This colony-level protection is termed social immunity, and it enhances the health and survival of the colony. In this review, we address how social immunity emerges from its mechanistic components to produce colony-level disease avoidance, resistance, and tolerance. To understand the evolutionary causes and consequences of social immunity, we highlight the need for studies that evaluate the effects of social immunity on colony fitness. We discuss the role that host life history and ecology have on predicted eco-evolutionary dynamics, which differ among the social insect lineages. Throughout the review, we highlight current gaps in our knowledge and promising avenues for future research, which we hope will bring us closer to an integrated understanding of socio-eco-evo-immunology."}],"year":"2018","citation":{"short":"S. Cremer, C. Pull, M. Fürst, Annual Review of Entomology 63 (2018) 105–123.","mla":"Cremer, Sylvia, et al. “Social Immunity: Emergence and Evolution of Colony-Level Disease Protection.” Annual Review of Entomology, vol. 63, Annual Reviews, 2018, pp. 105–23, doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043110.","ista":"Cremer S, Pull C, Fürst M. 2018. Social immunity: Emergence and evolution of colony-level disease protection. Annual Review of Entomology. 63, 105–123.","apa":"Cremer, S., Pull, C., & Fürst, M. (2018). Social immunity: Emergence and evolution of colony-level disease protection. Annual Review of Entomology. Annual Reviews. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043110","ama":"Cremer S, Pull C, Fürst M. Social immunity: Emergence and evolution of colony-level disease protection. Annual Review of Entomology. 2018;63:105-123. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043110","ieee":"S. Cremer, C. Pull, and M. Fürst, “Social immunity: Emergence and evolution of colony-level disease protection,” Annual Review of Entomology, vol. 63. Annual Reviews, pp. 105–123, 2018.","chicago":"Cremer, Sylvia, Christopher Pull, and Matthias Fürst. “Social Immunity: Emergence and Evolution of Colony-Level Disease Protection.” Annual Review of Entomology. Annual Reviews, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043110."},"date_updated":"2023-09-19T09:29:45Z","external_id":{"isi":["000424633700008"]},"isi":1,"publisher":"Annual Reviews","quality_controlled":"1","page":"105 - 123","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:48:36Z","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","publication_status":"published","intvolume":" 63","title":"Social immunity: Emergence and evolution of colony-level disease protection","scopus_import":"1","_id":"806","author":[{"last_name":"Cremer","first_name":"Sylvia","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"3C7F4840-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Pull","first_name":"Christopher","full_name":"Pull, Christopher","orcid":"0000-0003-1122-3982"},{"first_name":"Matthias","last_name":"Fürst","orcid":"0000-0002-3712-925X","full_name":"Fürst, Matthias","id":"393B1196-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}]},{"oa_version":"Published Version","project":[{"name":"Individual function and social role of oxytocin-like neuropeptides in ants","_id":"25E3D34E-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"month":"11","publication":"The FASEB Journal","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["08926638"]},"publist_id":"7721","oa":1,"date_published":"2018-11-29T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","main_file_link":[{"url":" https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201800443","open_access":"1"}],"status":"public","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","publication_status":"published","article_processing_charge":"No","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"date_created":"2018-12-11T11:45:08Z","title":"Oxytocin-like signaling in ants influences metabolic gene expression and locomotor activity","intvolume":" 32","pmid":1,"_id":"194","scopus_import":"1","author":[{"full_name":"Liutkeviciute, Zita","last_name":"Liutkeviciute","first_name":"Zita"},{"full_name":"Gil Mansilla, Esther","first_name":"Esther","last_name":"Gil Mansilla"},{"full_name":"Eder, Thomas","last_name":"Eder","first_name":"Thomas"},{"id":"351ED2AA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Casillas Perez","first_name":"Barbara E","full_name":"Casillas Perez, Barbara E"},{"full_name":"Giulia Di Giglio, Maria","first_name":"Maria","last_name":"Giulia Di Giglio"},{"first_name":"Edin","last_name":"Muratspahić","full_name":"Muratspahić, Edin"},{"first_name":"Florian","last_name":"Grebien","full_name":"Grebien, Florian"},{"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Rattei","full_name":"Rattei, Thomas"},{"last_name":"Muttenthaler","first_name":"Markus","full_name":"Muttenthaler, Markus"},{"id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia"},{"last_name":"Gruber","first_name":"Christian","full_name":"Gruber, Christian"}],"issue":"12","publisher":"FASEB","article_type":"original","page":"6808-6821","quality_controlled":"1","doi":"10.1096/fj.201800443","day":"29","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Ants are emerging model systems to study cellular signaling because distinct castes possess different physiologic phenotypes within the same colony. Here we studied the functionality of inotocin signaling, an insect ortholog of mammalian oxytocin (OT), which was recently discovered in ants. In Lasius ants, we determined that specialization within the colony, seasonal factors, and physiologic conditions down-regulated the expression of the OT-like signaling system. Given this natural variation, we interrogated its function using RNAi knockdowns. Next-generation RNA sequencing of OT-like precursor knock-down ants highlighted its role in the regulation of genes involved in metabolism. Knock-down ants exhibited higher walking activity and increased self-grooming in the brood chamber. We propose that OT-like signaling in ants is important for regulating metabolic processes and locomotion."}],"date_updated":"2023-09-13T09:37:32Z","citation":{"apa":"Liutkeviciute, Z., Gil Mansilla, E., Eder, T., Casillas Perez, B. E., Giulia Di Giglio, M., Muratspahić, E., … Gruber, C. (2018). Oxytocin-like signaling in ants influences metabolic gene expression and locomotor activity. The FASEB Journal. FASEB. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201800443","ama":"Liutkeviciute Z, Gil Mansilla E, Eder T, et al. Oxytocin-like signaling in ants influences metabolic gene expression and locomotor activity. The FASEB Journal. 2018;32(12):6808-6821. doi:10.1096/fj.201800443","chicago":"Liutkeviciute, Zita, Esther Gil Mansilla, Thomas Eder, Barbara E Casillas Perez, Maria Giulia Di Giglio, Edin Muratspahić, Florian Grebien, et al. “Oxytocin-like Signaling in Ants Influences Metabolic Gene Expression and Locomotor Activity.” The FASEB Journal. FASEB, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201800443.","ieee":"Z. Liutkeviciute et al., “Oxytocin-like signaling in ants influences metabolic gene expression and locomotor activity,” The FASEB Journal, vol. 32, no. 12. FASEB, pp. 6808–6821, 2018.","short":"Z. Liutkeviciute, E. Gil Mansilla, T. Eder, B.E. Casillas Perez, M. Giulia Di Giglio, E. Muratspahić, F. Grebien, T. Rattei, M. Muttenthaler, S. Cremer, C. Gruber, The FASEB Journal 32 (2018) 6808–6821.","mla":"Liutkeviciute, Zita, et al. “Oxytocin-like Signaling in Ants Influences Metabolic Gene Expression and Locomotor Activity.” The FASEB Journal, vol. 32, no. 12, FASEB, 2018, pp. 6808–21, doi:10.1096/fj.201800443.","ista":"Liutkeviciute Z, Gil Mansilla E, Eder T, Casillas Perez BE, Giulia Di Giglio M, Muratspahić E, Grebien F, Rattei T, Muttenthaler M, Cremer S, Gruber C. 2018. Oxytocin-like signaling in ants influences metabolic gene expression and locomotor activity. The FASEB Journal. 32(12), 6808–6821."},"year":"2018","isi":1,"external_id":{"pmid":["29939785"],"isi":["000449359700035"]},"volume":32},{"status":"public","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","id":"13055","status":"public"}],"link":[{"url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/for-ants-unity-is-strength-and-health/","relation":"press_release","description":"News on IST Homepage"}]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_E9228C205467.P001/REF.pdf","open_access":"1"}],"oa":1,"publist_id":"8049","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1095-9203"]},"date_published":"2018-11-23T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"11","oa_version":"Published Version","project":[{"call_identifier":"FP7","_id":"25DC711C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"243071","name":"Social Vaccination in Ant Colonies: from Individual Mechanisms to Society Effects"}],"publication":"Science","volume":362,"acknowledgement":"This project was funded by two European Research Council Advanced Grants (Social Life, 249375, and resiliANT, 741491) and two Swiss National Science Foundation grants (CR32I3_141063 and 310030_156732) to L.K. and a European Research Council Starting Grant (SocialVaccines, 243071) to S.C.","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Animal social networks are shaped by multiple selection pressures, including the need to ensure efficient communication and functioning while simultaneously limiting disease transmission. Social animals could potentially further reduce epidemic risk by altering their social networks in the presence of pathogens, yet there is currently no evidence for such pathogen-triggered responses. We tested this hypothesis experimentally in the ant Lasius niger using a combination of automated tracking, controlled pathogen exposure, transmission quantification, and temporally explicit simulations. Pathogen exposure induced behavioral changes in both exposed ants and their nestmates, which helped contain the disease by reinforcing key transmission-inhibitory properties of the colony's contact network. This suggests that social network plasticity in response to pathogens is an effective strategy for mitigating the effects of disease in social groups."}],"doi":"10.1126/science.aat4793","day":"23","isi":1,"external_id":{"isi":["000451124500041"]},"date_updated":"2023-10-17T11:50:05Z","year":"2018","citation":{"ieee":"N. Stroeymeyt, A. V. Grasse, A. Crespi, D. Mersch, S. Cremer, and L. Keller, “Social network plasticity decreases disease transmission in a eusocial insect,” Science, vol. 362, no. 6417. AAAS, pp. 941–945, 2018.","chicago":"Stroeymeyt, Nathalie, Anna V Grasse, Alessandro Crespi, Danielle Mersch, Sylvia Cremer, and Laurent Keller. “Social Network Plasticity Decreases Disease Transmission in a Eusocial Insect.” Science. AAAS, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat4793.","ama":"Stroeymeyt N, Grasse AV, Crespi A, Mersch D, Cremer S, Keller L. Social network plasticity decreases disease transmission in a eusocial insect. Science. 2018;362(6417):941-945. doi:10.1126/science.aat4793","apa":"Stroeymeyt, N., Grasse, A. V., Crespi, A., Mersch, D., Cremer, S., & Keller, L. (2018). Social network plasticity decreases disease transmission in a eusocial insect. Science. AAAS. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat4793","ista":"Stroeymeyt N, Grasse AV, Crespi A, Mersch D, Cremer S, Keller L. 2018. Social network plasticity decreases disease transmission in a eusocial insect. Science. 362(6417), 941–945.","mla":"Stroeymeyt, Nathalie, et al. “Social Network Plasticity Decreases Disease Transmission in a Eusocial Insect.” Science, vol. 362, no. 6417, AAAS, 2018, pp. 941–45, doi:10.1126/science.aat4793.","short":"N. Stroeymeyt, A.V. Grasse, A. Crespi, D. Mersch, S. Cremer, L. Keller, Science 362 (2018) 941–945."},"article_type":"original","publisher":"AAAS","page":"941 - 945","quality_controlled":"1","ec_funded":1,"title":"Social network plasticity decreases disease transmission in a eusocial insect","intvolume":" 362","publication_status":"published","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"date_created":"2018-12-11T11:44:07Z","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"last_name":"Stroeymeyt","first_name":"Nathalie","full_name":"Stroeymeyt, Nathalie"},{"id":"406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Grasse","first_name":"Anna V","full_name":"Grasse, Anna V"},{"last_name":"Crespi","first_name":"Alessandro","full_name":"Crespi, Alessandro"},{"first_name":"Danielle","last_name":"Mersch","full_name":"Mersch, Danielle"},{"id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","last_name":"Cremer","first_name":"Sylvia"},{"last_name":"Keller","first_name":"Laurent","full_name":"Keller, Laurent"}],"issue":"6417","_id":"7","scopus_import":"1"},{"month":"10","oa_version":"Published Version","publication":"Current Biology","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa":1,"publist_id":"7999","date_published":"2018-10-08T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.063","open_access":"1"}],"title":"Protection against the lethal side effects of social immunity in ants","intvolume":" 28","publication_status":"published","article_processing_charge":"No","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"date_created":"2018-12-11T11:44:23Z","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0003-1122-3982","full_name":"Pull, Christopher","first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Pull","id":"3C7F4840-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"48204546-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-9547-2494","full_name":"Metzler, Sina","first_name":"Sina","last_name":"Metzler"},{"id":"31757262-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Naderlinger","first_name":"Elisabeth","full_name":"Naderlinger, Elisabeth"},{"first_name":"Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"issue":"19","_id":"55","scopus_import":"1","article_type":"original","publisher":"Cell Press","page":"R1139 - R1140","quality_controlled":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Many animals use antimicrobials to prevent or cure disease [1,2]. For example, some animals will ingest plants with medicinal properties, both prophylactically to prevent infection and therapeutically to self-medicate when sick. Antimicrobial substances are also used as topical disinfectants, to prevent infection, protect offspring and to sanitise their surroundings [1,2]. Social insects (ants, bees, wasps and termites) build nests in environments with a high abundance and diversity of pathogenic microorganisms — such as soil and rotting wood — and colonies are often densely crowded, creating conditions that favour disease outbreaks. Consequently, social insects have evolved collective disease defences to protect their colonies from epidemics. These traits can be seen as functionally analogous to the immune system of individual organisms [3,4]. This ‘social immunity’ utilises antimicrobials to prevent and eradicate infections, and to keep the brood and nest clean. However, these antimicrobial compounds can be harmful to the insects themselves, and it is unknown how colonies prevent collateral damage when using them. Here, we demonstrate that antimicrobial acids, produced by workers to disinfect the colony, are harmful to the delicate pupal brood stage, but that the pupae are protected from the acids by the presence of a silk cocoon. Garden ants spray their nests with an antimicrobial poison to sanitize contaminated nestmates and brood. Here, Pull et al show that they also prophylactically sanitise their colonies, and that the silk cocoon serves as a barrier to protect developing pupae, thus preventing collateral damage during nest sanitation."}],"doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.063","day":"08","isi":1,"external_id":{"isi":["000446693400008"]},"date_updated":"2023-09-15T12:06:46Z","citation":{"short":"C. Pull, S. Metzler, E. Naderlinger, S. Cremer, Current Biology 28 (2018) R1139–R1140.","mla":"Pull, Christopher, et al. “Protection against the Lethal Side Effects of Social Immunity in Ants.” Current Biology, vol. 28, no. 19, Cell Press, 2018, pp. R1139–40, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.063.","ista":"Pull C, Metzler S, Naderlinger E, Cremer S. 2018. Protection against the lethal side effects of social immunity in ants. Current Biology. 28(19), R1139–R1140.","apa":"Pull, C., Metzler, S., Naderlinger, E., & Cremer, S. (2018). Protection against the lethal side effects of social immunity in ants. Current Biology. Cell Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.063","ama":"Pull C, Metzler S, Naderlinger E, Cremer S. Protection against the lethal side effects of social immunity in ants. Current Biology. 2018;28(19):R1139-R1140. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.063","chicago":"Pull, Christopher, Sina Metzler, Elisabeth Naderlinger, and Sylvia Cremer. “Protection against the Lethal Side Effects of Social Immunity in Ants.” Current Biology. Cell Press, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.063.","ieee":"C. Pull, S. Metzler, E. Naderlinger, and S. Cremer, “Protection against the lethal side effects of social immunity in ants,” Current Biology, vol. 28, no. 19. Cell Press, pp. R1139–R1140, 2018."},"year":"2018","volume":28},{"ec_funded":1,"quality_controlled":"1","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:20Z","publisher":"eLife Sciences Publications","scopus_import":"1","_id":"616","author":[{"id":"3C7F4840-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Pull, Christopher","orcid":"0000-0003-1122-3982","last_name":"Pull","first_name":"Christopher"},{"id":"3DC97C8E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1832-8883","full_name":"Ugelvig, Line V","first_name":"Line V","last_name":"Ugelvig"},{"last_name":"Wiesenhofer","first_name":"Florian","full_name":"Wiesenhofer, Florian","id":"39523C54-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Grasse, Anna V","first_name":"Anna V","last_name":"Grasse","id":"406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"35A7A418-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Simon","last_name":"Tragust","full_name":"Tragust, Simon"},{"full_name":"Schmitt, Thomas","last_name":"Schmitt","first_name":"Thomas"},{"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Brown","full_name":"Brown, Mark"},{"id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","last_name":"Cremer","first_name":"Sylvia"}],"department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"date_created":"2018-12-11T11:47:31Z","article_processing_charge":"Yes","publication_status":"published","intvolume":" 7","pubrep_id":"978","title":"Destructive disinfection of infected brood prevents systemic disease spread in ant colonies","volume":7,"ddc":["570","590"],"citation":{"apa":"Pull, C., Ugelvig, L. V., Wiesenhofer, F., Grasse, A. V., Tragust, S., Schmitt, T., … Cremer, S. (2018). Destructive disinfection of infected brood prevents systemic disease spread in ant colonies. ELife. eLife Sciences Publications. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.32073","ama":"Pull C, Ugelvig LV, Wiesenhofer F, et al. Destructive disinfection of infected brood prevents systemic disease spread in ant colonies. eLife. 2018;7. doi:10.7554/eLife.32073","chicago":"Pull, Christopher, Line V Ugelvig, Florian Wiesenhofer, Anna V Grasse, Simon Tragust, Thomas Schmitt, Mark Brown, and Sylvia Cremer. “Destructive Disinfection of Infected Brood Prevents Systemic Disease Spread in Ant Colonies.” ELife. eLife Sciences Publications, 2018. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.32073.","ieee":"C. Pull et al., “Destructive disinfection of infected brood prevents systemic disease spread in ant colonies,” eLife, vol. 7. eLife Sciences Publications, 2018.","short":"C. Pull, L.V. Ugelvig, F. Wiesenhofer, A.V. Grasse, S. Tragust, T. Schmitt, M. Brown, S. Cremer, ELife 7 (2018).","mla":"Pull, Christopher, et al. “Destructive Disinfection of Infected Brood Prevents Systemic Disease Spread in Ant Colonies.” ELife, vol. 7, e32073, eLife Sciences Publications, 2018, doi:10.7554/eLife.32073.","ista":"Pull C, Ugelvig LV, Wiesenhofer F, Grasse AV, Tragust S, Schmitt T, Brown M, Cremer S. 2018. Destructive disinfection of infected brood prevents systemic disease spread in ant colonies. eLife. 7, e32073."},"year":"2018","date_updated":"2023-09-11T12:54:26Z","external_id":{"isi":["000419601300001"]},"isi":1,"day":"09","doi":"10.7554/eLife.32073","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Social insects protect their colonies from infectious disease through collective defences that result in social immunity. In ants, workers first try to prevent infection of colony members. Here, we show that if this fails and a pathogen establishes an infection, ants employ an efficient multicomponent behaviour − "destructive disinfection" − to prevent further spread of disease through the colony. Ants specifically target infected pupae during the pathogen's non-contagious incubation period, relying on chemical 'sickness cues' emitted by pupae. They then remove the pupal cocoon, perforate its cuticle and administer antimicrobial poison, which enters the body and prevents pathogen replication from the inside out. Like the immune system of a body that specifically targets and eliminates infected cells, this social immunity measure sacrifices infected brood to stop the pathogen completing its lifecycle, thus protecting the rest of the colony. Hence, the same principles of disease defence apply at different levels of biological organisation."}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","publication":"eLife","project":[{"grant_number":"243071","name":"Social Vaccination in Ant Colonies: from Individual Mechanisms to Society Effects","call_identifier":"FP7","_id":"25DC711C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"call_identifier":"FP7","_id":"25DDF0F0-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Pathogen Detectors Collective disease defence and pathogen detection abilities in ant societies: a chemo-neuro-immunological approach","grant_number":"302004"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","article_number":"e32073","month":"01","file":[{"date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:20Z","file_name":"IST-2018-978-v1+1_elife-32073-v1.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","date_created":"2018-12-12T10:10:43Z","checksum":"540f941e8d3530a9441e4affd94f07d7","file_size":1435585,"file_id":"4832","creator":"system","access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file"}],"user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","status":"public","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"819","relation":"dissertation_contains"}]},"tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"type":"journal_article","date_published":"2018-01-09T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"publist_id":"7188"},{"publication_status":"published","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:47:31Z","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"title":"Genotype and diet affect resistance, survival, and fecundity but not fecundity tolerance","intvolume":" 31","_id":"617","pmid":1,"scopus_import":"1","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-8696-6978","full_name":"Kutzer, Megan","first_name":"Megan","last_name":"Kutzer","id":"29D0B332-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Kurtz, Joachim","first_name":"Joachim","last_name":"Kurtz"},{"last_name":"Armitage","first_name":"Sophie","full_name":"Armitage, Sophie"}],"issue":"1","publisher":"Wiley","article_type":"original","page":"159 - 171","quality_controlled":"1","doi":"10.1111/jeb.13211","day":"01","abstract":[{"text":"Insects are exposed to a variety of potential pathogens in their environment, many of which can severely impact fitness and health. Consequently, hosts have evolved resistance and tolerance strategies to suppress or cope with infections. Hosts utilizing resistance improve fitness by clearing or reducing pathogen loads, and hosts utilizing tolerance reduce harmful fitness effects per pathogen load. To understand variation in, and selective pressures on, resistance and tolerance, we asked to what degree they are shaped by host genetic background, whether plasticity in these responses depends upon dietary environment, and whether there are interactions between these two factors. Females from ten wild-type Drosophila melanogaster genotypes were kept on high- or low-protein (yeast) diets and infected with one of two opportunistic bacterial pathogens, Lactococcus lactis or Pseudomonas entomophila. We measured host resistance as the inverse of bacterial load in the early infection phase. The relationship (slope) between fly fecundity and individual-level bacteria load provided our fecundity tolerance measure. Genotype and dietary yeast determined host fecundity and strongly affected survival after infection with pathogenic P. entomophila. There was considerable genetic variation in host resistance, a commonly found phenomenon resulting from for example varying resistance costs or frequency-dependent selection. Despite this variation and the reproductive cost of higher P. entomophila loads, fecundity tolerance did not vary across genotypes. The absence of genetic variation in tolerance may suggest that at this early infection stage, fecundity tolerance is fixed or that any evolved tolerance mechanisms are not expressed under these infection conditions.","lang":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2023-09-11T14:06:04Z","citation":{"ista":"Kutzer M, Kurtz J, Armitage S. 2018. Genotype and diet affect resistance, survival, and fecundity but not fecundity tolerance. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 31(1), 159–171.","mla":"Kutzer, Megan, et al. “Genotype and Diet Affect Resistance, Survival, and Fecundity but Not Fecundity Tolerance.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. 31, no. 1, Wiley, 2018, pp. 159–71, doi:10.1111/jeb.13211.","short":"M. Kutzer, J. Kurtz, S. Armitage, Journal of Evolutionary Biology 31 (2018) 159–171.","ieee":"M. Kutzer, J. Kurtz, and S. Armitage, “Genotype and diet affect resistance, survival, and fecundity but not fecundity tolerance,” Journal of Evolutionary Biology, vol. 31, no. 1. Wiley, pp. 159–171, 2018.","chicago":"Kutzer, Megan, Joachim Kurtz, and Sophie Armitage. “Genotype and Diet Affect Resistance, Survival, and Fecundity but Not Fecundity Tolerance.” Journal of Evolutionary Biology. Wiley, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13211.","ama":"Kutzer M, Kurtz J, Armitage S. Genotype and diet affect resistance, survival, and fecundity but not fecundity tolerance. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 2018;31(1):159-171. doi:10.1111/jeb.13211","apa":"Kutzer, M., Kurtz, J., & Armitage, S. (2018). Genotype and diet affect resistance, survival, and fecundity but not fecundity tolerance. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13211"},"year":"2018","isi":1,"external_id":{"pmid":["29150962"],"isi":["000419307000014"]},"acknowledgement":"We would like to thank Susann Wicke for performing the genome-wide SNP/indel analyses, as well as Veronica Alves, Kevin Ferro, Momir Futo, Barbara Hasert, Dafne Maximo, Nora Schulz, Marlene Sroka, and Barth Wieczorek for technical help. We thank Brian Lazzaro for the L. lactis strain and Bruno Lemaitre for the Pseudomonas entomophila strain. We would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. We are grateful to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) priority programme 1399 ‘Host parasite coevolution’ for funding this project (AR 872/1-1). ","volume":31,"oa_version":"Published Version","month":"01","publication":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1420-9101"],"issn":["1010-061X"]},"publist_id":"7187","oa":1,"date_published":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13211","open_access":"1"}],"status":"public","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1"},{"title":"Social network plasticity decreases disease transmission in a eusocial insect","month":"10","oa_version":"Published Version","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2023-05-23T13:24:51Z","author":[{"full_name":"Stroeymeyt, Nathalie","last_name":"Stroeymeyt","first_name":"Nathalie"},{"full_name":"Grasse, Anna V","last_name":"Grasse","first_name":"Anna V","id":"406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Crespi, Alessandro","last_name":"Crespi","first_name":"Alessandro"},{"full_name":"Mersch, Danielle","first_name":"Danielle","last_name":"Mersch"},{"id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","first_name":"Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer"},{"last_name":"Keller","first_name":"Laurent","full_name":"Keller, Laurent"}],"_id":"13055","publisher":"Zenodo","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Dataset for manuscript 'Social network plasticity decreases disease transmission in a eusocial insect'\r\nCompared to previous versions: - raw image files added\r\n - correction of URLs within README.txt file\r\n"}],"oa":1,"doi":"10.5281/ZENODO.1322669","day":"23","date_published":"2018-10-23T00:00:00Z","type":"research_data_reference","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"date_updated":"2023-10-17T11:50:04Z","citation":{"apa":"Stroeymeyt, N., Grasse, A. V., Crespi, A., Mersch, D., Cremer, S., & Keller, L. (2018). Social network plasticity decreases disease transmission in a eusocial insect. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.1322669","ama":"Stroeymeyt N, Grasse AV, Crespi A, Mersch D, Cremer S, Keller L. Social network plasticity decreases disease transmission in a eusocial insect. 2018. doi:10.5281/ZENODO.1322669","chicago":"Stroeymeyt, Nathalie, Anna V Grasse, Alessandro Crespi, Danielle Mersch, Sylvia Cremer, and Laurent Keller. “Social Network Plasticity Decreases Disease Transmission in a Eusocial Insect.” Zenodo, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.1322669.","ieee":"N. Stroeymeyt, A. V. Grasse, A. Crespi, D. Mersch, S. Cremer, and L. Keller, “Social network plasticity decreases disease transmission in a eusocial insect.” Zenodo, 2018.","mla":"Stroeymeyt, Nathalie, et al. Social Network Plasticity Decreases Disease Transmission in a Eusocial Insect. Zenodo, 2018, doi:10.5281/ZENODO.1322669.","short":"N. Stroeymeyt, A.V. Grasse, A. Crespi, D. Mersch, S. Cremer, L. Keller, (2018).","ista":"Stroeymeyt N, Grasse AV, Crespi A, Mersch D, Cremer S, Keller L. 2018. Social network plasticity decreases disease transmission in a eusocial insect, Zenodo, 10.5281/ZENODO.1322669."},"year":"2018","ddc":["570"],"related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"used_in_publication","id":"7"}]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1480665"}]},{"publication":"PNAS","month":"03","project":[{"_id":"25DC711C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"FP7","grant_number":"243071","name":"Social Vaccination in Ant Colonies: from Individual Mechanisms to Society Effects"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"type":"journal_article","date_published":"2018-03-13T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"publist_id":"7416","related_material":{"link":[{"description":"News on IST Homepage","relation":"press_release","url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/helping-in-spite-of-risk-ants-perform-risk-averse-sanitary-care-of-infectious-nest-mates/"}]},"status":"public","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29463746"}],"issue":"11","author":[{"full_name":"Konrad, Matthias","last_name":"Konrad","first_name":"Matthias","id":"46528076-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"3C7F4840-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Pull, Christopher","orcid":"0000-0003-1122-3982","last_name":"Pull","first_name":"Christopher"},{"id":"48204546-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-9547-2494","full_name":"Metzler, Sina","first_name":"Sina","last_name":"Metzler"},{"id":"90F7894A-02CF-11E9-976E-E38CFE5CBC1D","last_name":"Seif","first_name":"Katharina","full_name":"Seif, Katharina"},{"last_name":"Naderlinger","first_name":"Elisabeth","full_name":"Naderlinger, Elisabeth","id":"31757262-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Grasse, Anna V","last_name":"Grasse","first_name":"Anna V"},{"full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","last_name":"Cremer","first_name":"Sylvia","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"scopus_import":"1","pmid":1,"_id":"413","intvolume":" 115","title":"Ants avoid superinfections by performing risk-adjusted sanitary care","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:46:20Z","publication_status":"published","ec_funded":1,"quality_controlled":"1","page":"2782 - 2787","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","external_id":{"isi":["000427245400069"],"pmid":["29463746"]},"isi":1,"year":"2018","citation":{"ama":"Konrad M, Pull C, Metzler S, et al. Ants avoid superinfections by performing risk-adjusted sanitary care. PNAS. 2018;115(11):2782-2787. doi:10.1073/pnas.1713501115","apa":"Konrad, M., Pull, C., Metzler, S., Seif, K., Naderlinger, E., Grasse, A. V., & Cremer, S. (2018). Ants avoid superinfections by performing risk-adjusted sanitary care. PNAS. National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713501115","ieee":"M. Konrad et al., “Ants avoid superinfections by performing risk-adjusted sanitary care,” PNAS, vol. 115, no. 11. National Academy of Sciences, pp. 2782–2787, 2018.","chicago":"Konrad, Matthias, Christopher Pull, Sina Metzler, Katharina Seif, Elisabeth Naderlinger, Anna V Grasse, and Sylvia Cremer. “Ants Avoid Superinfections by Performing Risk-Adjusted Sanitary Care.” PNAS. National Academy of Sciences, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713501115.","mla":"Konrad, Matthias, et al. “Ants Avoid Superinfections by Performing Risk-Adjusted Sanitary Care.” PNAS, vol. 115, no. 11, National Academy of Sciences, 2018, pp. 2782–87, doi:10.1073/pnas.1713501115.","short":"M. Konrad, C. Pull, S. Metzler, K. Seif, E. Naderlinger, A.V. Grasse, S. Cremer, PNAS 115 (2018) 2782–2787.","ista":"Konrad M, Pull C, Metzler S, Seif K, Naderlinger E, Grasse AV, Cremer S. 2018. Ants avoid superinfections by performing risk-adjusted sanitary care. PNAS. 115(11), 2782–2787."},"date_updated":"2023-09-08T13:22:21Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Being cared for when sick is a benefit of sociality that can reduce disease and improve survival of group members. However, individuals providing care risk contracting infectious diseases themselves. If they contract a low pathogen dose, they may develop low-level infections that do not cause disease but still affect host immunity by either decreasing or increasing the host’s vulnerability to subsequent infections. Caring for contagious individuals can thus significantly alter the future disease susceptibility of caregivers. Using ants and their fungal pathogens as a model system, we tested if the altered disease susceptibility of experienced caregivers, in turn, affects their expression of sanitary care behavior. We found that low-level infections contracted during sanitary care had protective or neutral effects on secondary exposure to the same (homologous) pathogen but consistently caused high mortality on superinfection with a different (heterologous) pathogen. In response to this risk, the ants selectively adjusted the expression of their sanitary care. Specifically, the ants performed less grooming and more antimicrobial disinfection when caring for nestmates contaminated with heterologous pathogens compared with homologous ones. By modulating the components of sanitary care in this way the ants acquired less infectious particles of the heterologous pathogens, resulting in reduced superinfection. The performance of risk-adjusted sanitary care reveals the remarkable capacity of ants to react to changes in their disease susceptibility, according to their own infection history and to flexibly adjust collective care to individual risk."}],"day":"13","doi":"10.1073/pnas.1713501115","volume":115},{"volume":107,"acknowledgement":"Research with C. obscurior from Brazil was permitted by Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis, IBAMA (permit no. 20324-1). We thank the German Science Foundation ( DFG ) for funding ( Schr1135/2-1 ), T. Suckert for help with sperm length measurements and A.K. Huylmans for advice concerning graphs. One referee made helpful comments on the manuscript.\r\n","date_updated":"2023-09-12T07:43:26Z","citation":{"ista":"Metzler S, Schrempf A, Heinze J. 2018. Individual- and ejaculate-specific sperm traits in ant males. Journal of Insect Physiology. 107, 284–290.","short":"S. Metzler, A. Schrempf, J. Heinze, Journal of Insect Physiology 107 (2018) 284–290.","mla":"Metzler, Sina, et al. “Individual- and Ejaculate-Specific Sperm Traits in Ant Males.” Journal of Insect Physiology, vol. 107, Elsevier, 2018, pp. 284–90, doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.12.003.","chicago":"Metzler, Sina, Alexandra Schrempf, and Jürgen Heinze. “Individual- and Ejaculate-Specific Sperm Traits in Ant Males.” Journal of Insect Physiology. Elsevier, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.12.003.","ieee":"S. Metzler, A. Schrempf, and J. Heinze, “Individual- and ejaculate-specific sperm traits in ant males,” Journal of Insect Physiology, vol. 107. Elsevier, pp. 284–290, 2018.","apa":"Metzler, S., Schrempf, A., & Heinze, J. (2018). Individual- and ejaculate-specific sperm traits in ant males. Journal of Insect Physiology. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.12.003","ama":"Metzler S, Schrempf A, Heinze J. Individual- and ejaculate-specific sperm traits in ant males. Journal of Insect Physiology. 2018;107:284-290. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.12.003"},"year":"2018","isi":1,"external_id":{"isi":["000434751100034"]},"doi":"10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.12.003","day":"01","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Sperm cells are the most morphologically diverse cells across animal taxa. Within species, sperm and ejaculate traits have been suggested to vary with the male's competitive environment, e.g., level of sperm competition, female mating status and quality, and also with male age, body mass, physiological condition, and resource availability. Most previous studies have based their conclusions on the analysis of only one or a few ejaculates per male without investigating differences among the ejaculates of the same individual. This masks potential ejaculate-specific traits. Here, we provide data on the length, quantity, and viability of sperm ejaculated by wingless males of the ant Cardiocondyla obscurior. Males of this ant species are relatively long-lived and can mate with large numbers of female sexuals throughout their lives. We analyzed all ejaculates across the individuals' lifespan and manipulated the availability of mating partners. Our study shows that both the number and size of sperm cells transferred during copulations differ among individuals and also among ejaculates of the same male. Sperm quality does not decrease with male age, but the variation in sperm number between ejaculates indicates that males need considerable time to replenish their sperm supplies. Producing many ejaculates in a short time appears to be traded-off against male longevity rather than sperm quality."}],"page":"284-290","quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"Elsevier","_id":"426","scopus_import":"1","author":[{"id":"48204546-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-9547-2494","full_name":"Metzler, Sina","first_name":"Sina","last_name":"Metzler"},{"last_name":"Schrempf","first_name":"Alexandra","full_name":"Schrempf, Alexandra"},{"last_name":"Heinze","first_name":"Jürgen","full_name":"Heinze, Jürgen"}],"publication_status":"published","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:46:25Z","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"title":"Individual- and ejaculate-specific sperm traits in ant males","intvolume":" 107","status":"public","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","date_published":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","publist_id":"7397","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Journal of Insect Physiology","oa_version":"None","month":"05"},{"date_updated":"2023-09-28T11:31:32Z","year":"2017","citation":{"ista":"Pull C. 2017. Disease defence in garden ants. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","short":"C. Pull, Disease Defence in Garden Ants, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2017.","mla":"Pull, Christopher. Disease Defence in Garden Ants. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2017, doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_861.","chicago":"Pull, Christopher. “Disease Defence in Garden Ants.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2017. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_861.","ieee":"C. Pull, “Disease defence in garden ants,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2017.","apa":"Pull, C. (2017). Disease defence in garden ants. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_861","ama":"Pull C. Disease defence in garden ants. 2017. doi:10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_861"},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Contagious diseases must transmit from infectious to susceptible hosts in order to reproduce. Whilst vectored pathogens can rely on intermediaries to find new hosts for them, many infectious pathogens require close contact or direct interaction between hosts for transmission. Hence, this means that conspecifics are often the main source of infection for most animals and so, in theory, animals should avoid conspecifics to reduce their risk of infection. Of course, in reality animals must interact with one another, as a bare minimum, to mate. However, being social provides many additional benefits and group living has become a taxonomically diverse and widespread trait. How then do social animals overcome the issue of increased disease? Over the last few decades, the social insects (ants, termites and some bees and wasps) have become a model system for studying disease in social animals. On paper, a social insect colony should be particularly susceptible to disease, given that they often contain thousands of potential hosts that are closely related and frequently interact, as well as exhibiting stable environmental conditions that encourage microbial growth. Yet, disease outbreaks appear to be rare and attempts to eradicate pest species using pathogens have failed time and again. Evolutionary biologists investigating this observation have discovered that the reduced disease susceptibility in social insects is, in part, due to collectively performed disease defences of the workers. These defences act like a “social immune system” for the colony, resulting in a per capita decrease in disease, termed social immunity. Our understanding of social immunity, and its importance in relation to the immunological defences of each insect, continues to grow, but there remain many open questions. In this thesis I have studied disease defence in garden ants. In the first data chapter, I use the invasive garden ant, Lasius neglectus, to investigate how colonies mitigate lethal infections and prevent them from spreading systemically. I find that ants have evolved ‘destructive disinfection’ – a behaviour that uses endogenously produced acidic poison to kill diseased brood and to prevent the pathogen from replicating. In the second experimental chapter, I continue to study the use of poison in invasive garden ant colonies, finding that it is sprayed prophylactically within the nest. However, this spraying has negative effects on developing pupae when they have had their cocoons artificially removed. Hence, I suggest that acidic nest sanitation may be maintaining larval cocoon spinning in this species. In the next experimental chapter, I investigated how colony founding black garden ant queens (Lasius niger) prevent disease when a co-foundress dies. I show that ant queens prophylactically perform undertaking behaviours, similar to those performed by the workers in mature nests. When a co-foundress was infected, these undertaking behaviours improved the survival of the healthy queen. In the final data chapter, I explored how immunocompetence (measured as antifungal activity) changes as incipient black garden ant colonies grow and mature, from the solitary queen phase to colonies with several hundred workers. Queen and worker antifungal activity varied throughout this time period, but despite social immunity, did not decrease as colonies matured. In addition to the above data chapters, this thesis includes two co-authored reviews. In the first, we examine the state of the art in the field of social immunity and how it might develop in the future. In the second, we identify several challenges and open questions in the study of disease defence in animals. We highlight how social insects offer a unique model to tackle some of these problems, as disease defence can be studied from the cell to the society. "}],"doi":"10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_861","degree_awarded":"PhD","day":"26","ddc":["576","577","578","579","590","592"],"acknowledgement":"ERC FP7 programme (grant agreement no. 240371)\r\nI have been supremely spoilt to work in a lab with such good resources and I must thank the wonderful Cremer group technicians, Anna, Barbara, Eva and Florian, for all of their help and keeping the lab up and running. You guys will probably be the most missed once I realise just how much work you have been saving me! For the same reason, I must say a big Dzi ę kuj ę Ci to Wonder Woman Wanda, for her tireless efforts feeding my colonies and cranking out thousands of petri dishes and sugar tubes. Again, you will be sorely missed now that I will have to take this task on myself. Of course, I will be eternally indebted to Prof. Sylvia Cremer for taking me under her wing and being a constant source of guidance and inspiration. You have given me the perfect balance of independence and supervision. I cannot thank you enough for creating such a great working environment and allowing me the freedom to follow my own research questions. I have had so many exceptional opportunities – attending and presenting at conferences all over the world, inviting me to write the ARE with you, going to workshops in Panama and Switzerland, and even organising our own PhD course – that I often think I must have had the best PhD in the world. You have taught me so much and made me a scientist. I sincerely hope we get the chance to work together again in the future. Thank you for everything. I must also thank my PhD Committee, Daria Siekhaus and Jacobus “Koos” Boomsma, for being very supportive throughout the duration of my PhD. ","author":[{"id":"3C7F4840-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Pull, Christopher","orcid":"0000-0003-1122-3982","last_name":"Pull","first_name":"Christopher"}],"_id":"819","pubrep_id":"861","alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"title":"Disease defence in garden ants","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:48:40Z","article_processing_charge":"No","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:09Z","page":"122","publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","date_published":"2017-09-26T00:00:00Z","type":"dissertation","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"supervisor":[{"full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia M","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","last_name":"Cremer","first_name":"Sylvia M","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"publist_id":"6830","oa":1,"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663-337X"]},"related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"616"},{"status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"806"},{"status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"734"},{"id":"732","relation":"part_of_dissertation","status":"public"}]},"status":"public","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","file":[{"creator":"dernst","file_id":"6199","access_level":"closed","relation":"source_file","content_type":"application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","file_name":"2017_Thesis_Pull.docx","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:09Z","file_size":18580400,"checksum":"4993cdd5382295758ecc3ecbd2a9aaff","date_created":"2019-04-05T07:53:04Z"},{"file_size":14400681,"checksum":"ee2e3ebb5b53c154c866f5b052b25153","date_created":"2019-04-05T07:53:04Z","file_name":"2017_Thesis_Pull.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:09Z","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst","file_id":"6200"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","month":"09","oa_version":"Published Version","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","project":[{"call_identifier":"FP7","_id":"25DC711C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Social Vaccination in Ant Colonies: from Individual Mechanisms to Society Effects","grant_number":"243071"}],"month":"10","article_number":"219","publication":"BMC Evolutionary Biology","has_accepted_license":"1","file":[{"date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:55Z","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"IST-2017-882-v1+1_12862_2017_Article_1062.pdf","date_created":"2018-12-12T10:17:18Z","file_size":949857,"checksum":"3e24a2cfd48f49f7b3643d08d30fb480","file_id":"5271","creator":"system","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access"}],"user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"819","relation":"dissertation_contains"}]},"status":"public","publication_identifier":{"issn":["14712148"]},"publist_id":"6937","oa":1,"tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"date_published":"2017-10-13T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","publisher":"BioMed Central","article_type":"original","quality_controlled":"1","ec_funded":1,"file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:47:55Z","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:48:12Z","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes","pubrep_id":"882","title":"Co-founding ant queens prevent disease by performing prophylactic undertaking behaviour","intvolume":" 17","_id":"732","scopus_import":"1","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0003-1122-3982","full_name":"Pull, Christopher","first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Pull","id":"3C7F4840-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","last_name":"Cremer","first_name":"Sylvia"}],"issue":"1","volume":17,"ddc":["576","592"],"doi":"10.1186/s12862-017-1062-4","day":"13","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Background: Social insects form densely crowded societies in environments with high pathogen loads, but have evolved collective defences that mitigate the impact of disease. However, colony-founding queens lack this protection and suffer high rates of mortality. The impact of pathogens may be exacerbated in species where queens found colonies together, as healthy individuals may contract pathogens from infectious co-founders. Therefore, we tested whether ant queens avoid founding colonies with pathogen-exposed conspecifics and how they might limit disease transmission from infectious individuals. Results: Using Lasius Niger queens and a naturally infecting fungal pathogen Metarhizium brunneum, we observed that queens were equally likely to found colonies with another pathogen-exposed or sham-treated queen. However, when one queen died, the surviving individual performed biting, burial and removal of the corpse. These undertaking behaviours were performed prophylactically, i.e. targeted equally towards non-infected and infected corpses, as well as carried out before infected corpses became infectious. Biting and burial reduced the risk of the queens contracting and dying from disease from an infectious corpse of a dead co-foundress. Conclusions: We show that co-founding ant queens express undertaking behaviours that, in mature colonies, are performed exclusively by workers. Such infection avoidance behaviours act before the queens can contract the disease and will therefore improve the overall chance of colony founding success in ant queens."}],"date_updated":"2023-09-28T11:31:32Z","year":"2017","citation":{"apa":"Pull, C., & Cremer, S. (2017). Co-founding ant queens prevent disease by performing prophylactic undertaking behaviour. BMC Evolutionary Biology. BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-1062-4","ama":"Pull C, Cremer S. Co-founding ant queens prevent disease by performing prophylactic undertaking behaviour. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2017;17(1). doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1062-4","ieee":"C. Pull and S. Cremer, “Co-founding ant queens prevent disease by performing prophylactic undertaking behaviour,” BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 17, no. 1. BioMed Central, 2017.","chicago":"Pull, Christopher, and Sylvia Cremer. “Co-Founding Ant Queens Prevent Disease by Performing Prophylactic Undertaking Behaviour.” BMC Evolutionary Biology. BioMed Central, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-017-1062-4.","short":"C. Pull, S. Cremer, BMC Evolutionary Biology 17 (2017).","mla":"Pull, Christopher, and Sylvia Cremer. “Co-Founding Ant Queens Prevent Disease by Performing Prophylactic Undertaking Behaviour.” BMC Evolutionary Biology, vol. 17, no. 1, 219, BioMed Central, 2017, doi:10.1186/s12862-017-1062-4.","ista":"Pull C, Cremer S. 2017. Co-founding ant queens prevent disease by performing prophylactic undertaking behaviour. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17(1), 219."},"isi":1,"external_id":{"isi":["000412816800001"]}}]