[{"issue":"5","publication":"Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing","day":"20","type":"journal_article","intvolume":"       174","status":"public","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"GeKa"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"date_created":"2024-02-22T14:10:40Z","month":"02","article_type":"original","date_published":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","publisher":"Elsevier","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"volume":174,"oa":1,"date_updated":"2024-02-26T10:36:35Z","article_processing_charge":"No","_id":"15018","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1369-8001"]},"acknowledgement":"The Ge project received funding from the European Union's Horizon Europe programme under the Grant Agreement 101069515 – IGNITE. Siltronic AG is acknowledged for providing the SRB wafers. This work was supported by Imec's Industrial Affiliation Program on Quantum Computing.","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","project":[{"grant_number":"101069515","_id":"34c0acea-11ca-11ed-8bc3-8775e10fd452","name":"Integrated GermaNIum quanTum tEchnology"}],"quality_controlled":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","publication_status":"epub_ahead","citation":{"ieee":"Y. Shimura <i>et al.</i>, “Compressively strained epitaxial Ge layers for quantum computing applications,” <i>Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing</i>, vol. 174, no. 5. Elsevier, 2024.","apa":"Shimura, Y., Godfrin, C., Hikavyy, A., Li, R., Aguilera Servin, J. L., Katsaros, G., … Loo, R. (2024). Compressively strained epitaxial Ge layers for quantum computing applications. <i>Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2024.108231\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2024.108231</a>","chicago":"Shimura, Yosuke, Clement Godfrin, Andriy Hikavyy, Roy Li, Juan L Aguilera Servin, Georgios Katsaros, Paola Favia, et al. “Compressively Strained Epitaxial Ge Layers for Quantum Computing Applications.” <i>Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing</i>. Elsevier, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2024.108231\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2024.108231</a>.","mla":"Shimura, Yosuke, et al. “Compressively Strained Epitaxial Ge Layers for Quantum Computing Applications.” <i>Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing</i>, vol. 174, no. 5, 108231, Elsevier, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2024.108231\">10.1016/j.mssp.2024.108231</a>.","ama":"Shimura Y, Godfrin C, Hikavyy A, et al. Compressively strained epitaxial Ge layers for quantum computing applications. <i>Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing</i>. 2024;174(5). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2024.108231\">10.1016/j.mssp.2024.108231</a>","ista":"Shimura Y, Godfrin C, Hikavyy A, Li R, Aguilera Servin JL, Katsaros G, Favia P, Han H, Wan D, de Greve K, Loo R. 2024. Compressively strained epitaxial Ge layers for quantum computing applications. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing. 174(5), 108231.","short":"Y. Shimura, C. Godfrin, A. Hikavyy, R. Li, J.L. Aguilera Servin, G. Katsaros, P. Favia, H. Han, D. Wan, K. de Greve, R. Loo, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing 174 (2024)."},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The epitaxial growth of a strained Ge layer, which is a promising candidate for the channel material of a hole spin qubit, has been demonstrated on 300 mm Si wafers using commercially available Si0.3Ge0.7 strain relaxed buffer (SRB) layers. The assessment of the layer and the interface qualities for a buried strained Ge layer embedded in Si0.3Ge0.7 layers is reported. The XRD reciprocal space mapping confirmed that the reduction of the growth temperature enables the 2-dimensional growth of the Ge layer fully strained with respect to the Si0.3Ge0.7. Nevertheless, dislocations at the top and/or bottom interface of the Ge layer were observed by means of electron channeling contrast imaging, suggesting the importance of the careful dislocation assessment. The interface abruptness does not depend on the selection of the precursor gases, but it is strongly influenced by the growth temperature which affects the coverage of the surface H-passivation. The mobility of 2.7 × 105 cm2/Vs is promising, while the low percolation density of 3 × 1010 /cm2 measured with a Hall-bar device at 7 K illustrates the high quality of the heterostructure thanks to the high Si0.3Ge0.7 SRB quality."}],"author":[{"full_name":"Shimura, Yosuke","last_name":"Shimura","first_name":"Yosuke"},{"first_name":"Clement","full_name":"Godfrin, Clement","last_name":"Godfrin"},{"first_name":"Andriy","last_name":"Hikavyy","full_name":"Hikavyy, Andriy"},{"first_name":"Roy","last_name":"Li","full_name":"Li, Roy"},{"first_name":"Juan L","full_name":"Aguilera Servin, Juan L","last_name":"Aguilera Servin","orcid":"0000-0002-2862-8372","id":"2A67C376-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-8342-202X","last_name":"Katsaros","full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios","first_name":"Georgios","id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Favia","full_name":"Favia, Paola","first_name":"Paola"},{"full_name":"Han, Han","last_name":"Han","first_name":"Han"},{"first_name":"Danny","full_name":"Wan, Danny","last_name":"Wan"},{"first_name":"Kristiaan","last_name":"de Greve","full_name":"de Greve, Kristiaan"},{"first_name":"Roger","full_name":"Loo, Roger","last_name":"Loo"}],"keyword":["Mechanical Engineering","Mechanics of Materials","Condensed Matter Physics","General Materials Science"],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2024.108231","open_access":"1"}],"article_number":"108231","ddc":["530"],"doi":"10.1016/j.mssp.2024.108231","year":"2024","title":"Compressively strained epitaxial Ge layers for quantum computing applications"},{"day":"02","dataavailabilitystatement":"All experimental data included in this work are available at https://zenodo.org/records/10119346.","type":"journal_article","intvolume":"        15","status":"public","publication":"Nature Communications","file_date_updated":"2024-01-17T11:03:00Z","month":"01","oaworkID":1,"article_type":"original","date_published":"2024-01-02T00:00:00Z","scopus_import":"1","publisher":"Springer Nature","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"GeKa"}],"file":[{"success":1,"file_id":"14825","creator":"dernst","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","checksum":"ef79173b45eeaf984ffa61ef2f8a52ab","date_created":"2024-01-17T11:03:00Z","file_size":2336595,"file_name":"2024_NatureComm_Valentini.pdf","access_level":"open_access","date_updated":"2024-01-17T11:03:00Z"}],"date_created":"2024-01-14T23:00:56Z","citation":{"chicago":"Valentini, Marco, Oliver Sagi, Levon Baghumyan, Thijs de Gijsel, Jason Jung, Stefano Calcaterra, Andrea Ballabio, et al. “Parity-Conserving Cooper-Pair Transport and Ideal Superconducting Diode in Planar Germanium.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0</a>.","apa":"Valentini, M., Sagi, O., Baghumyan, L., de Gijsel, T., Jung, J., Calcaterra, S., … Katsaros, G. (2024). Parity-conserving Cooper-pair transport and ideal superconducting diode in planar germanium. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0</a>","ieee":"M. Valentini <i>et al.</i>, “Parity-conserving Cooper-pair transport and ideal superconducting diode in planar germanium,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 15. Springer Nature, 2024.","short":"M. Valentini, O. Sagi, L. Baghumyan, T. de Gijsel, J. Jung, S. Calcaterra, A. Ballabio, J.L. Aguilera Servin, K. Aggarwal, M. Janik, T. Adletzberger, R. Seoane Souto, M. Leijnse, J. Danon, C. Schrade, E. Bakkers, D. Chrastina, G. Isella, G. Katsaros, Nature Communications 15 (2024).","ista":"Valentini M, Sagi O, Baghumyan L, de Gijsel T, Jung J, Calcaterra S, Ballabio A, Aguilera Servin JL, Aggarwal K, Janik M, Adletzberger T, Seoane Souto R, Leijnse M, Danon J, Schrade C, Bakkers E, Chrastina D, Isella G, Katsaros G. 2024. Parity-conserving Cooper-pair transport and ideal superconducting diode in planar germanium. Nature Communications. 15, 169.","ama":"Valentini M, Sagi O, Baghumyan L, et al. Parity-conserving Cooper-pair transport and ideal superconducting diode in planar germanium. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2024;15. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0\">10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0</a>","mla":"Valentini, Marco, et al. “Parity-Conserving Cooper-Pair Transport and Ideal Superconducting Diode in Planar Germanium.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 15, 169, Springer Nature, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0\">10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0</a>."},"publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Superconductor/semiconductor hybrid devices have attracted increasing interest in the past years. Superconducting electronics aims to complement semiconductor technology, while hybrid architectures are at the forefront of new ideas such as topological superconductivity and protected qubits. In this work, we engineer the induced superconductivity in two-dimensional germanium hole gas by varying the distance between the quantum well and the aluminum. We demonstrate a hard superconducting gap and realize an electrically and flux tunable superconducting diode using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). This allows to tune the current phase relation (CPR), to a regime where single Cooper pair tunneling is suppressed, creating a sin(2y) CPR. Shapiro experiments complement this interpretation and the microwave drive allows to create a diode with ≈ 100% efficiency. The reported results open up the path towards integration of spin qubit devices, microwave resonators and (protected) superconducting qubits on  the same silicon technology compatible platform."}],"author":[{"first_name":"Marco","full_name":"Valentini, Marco","last_name":"Valentini","id":"C0BB2FAC-D767-11E9-B658-BC13E6697425"},{"full_name":"Sagi, Oliver","last_name":"Sagi","first_name":"Oliver","id":"71616374-A8E9-11E9-A7CA-09ECE5697425"},{"full_name":"Baghumyan, Levon","last_name":"Baghumyan","first_name":"Levon","id":"7aa1f788-b527-11ee-aa9e-e6111a79e0c7"},{"id":"a0ece13c-b527-11ee-929d-bad130106eee","full_name":"de Gijsel, Thijs","last_name":"de Gijsel","first_name":"Thijs"},{"full_name":"Jung, Jason","last_name":"Jung","first_name":"Jason","id":"4C9ACE7A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Calcaterra","full_name":"Calcaterra, Stefano","first_name":"Stefano"},{"first_name":"Andrea","full_name":"Ballabio, Andrea","last_name":"Ballabio"},{"full_name":"Aguilera Servin, Juan L","last_name":"Aguilera Servin","orcid":"0000-0002-2862-8372","first_name":"Juan L","id":"2A67C376-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"b22ab905-3539-11eb-84c3-fc159dcd79cb","orcid":"0000-0001-9985-9293","last_name":"Aggarwal","full_name":"Aggarwal, Kushagra","first_name":"Kushagra"},{"id":"396A1950-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Marian","last_name":"Janik","full_name":"Janik, Marian"},{"first_name":"Thomas","full_name":"Adletzberger, Thomas","last_name":"Adletzberger","id":"38756BB2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Seoane Souto","full_name":"Seoane Souto, Rubén","first_name":"Rubén"},{"last_name":"Leijnse","full_name":"Leijnse, Martin","first_name":"Martin"},{"first_name":"Jeroen","last_name":"Danon","full_name":"Danon, Jeroen"},{"full_name":"Schrade, Constantin","last_name":"Schrade","first_name":"Constantin"},{"full_name":"Bakkers, Erik","last_name":"Bakkers","first_name":"Erik"},{"full_name":"Chrastina, Daniel","last_name":"Chrastina","first_name":"Daniel"},{"full_name":"Isella, Giovanni","last_name":"Isella","first_name":"Giovanni"},{"id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Katsaros","full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios","orcid":"0000-0001-8342-202X","first_name":"Georgios"}],"article_processing_charge":"Yes","oa":1,"date_updated":"2026-02-26T11:39:00Z","volume":15,"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-1723"]},"pmid":1,"_id":"14793","oa_version":"Published Version","project":[{"grant_number":"862046","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"237E5020-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","name":"TOPOLOGICALLY PROTECTED AND SCALABLE QUANTUM BITS"},{"_id":"34c0acea-11ca-11ed-8bc3-8775e10fd452","name":"Integrated GermaNIum quanTum tEchnology","grant_number":"101069515"},{"grant_number":"101115315","_id":"bdc2ca30-d553-11ed-ba76-cf164a5bb811","name":"Quantum bits with Kitaev Transmons"},{"call_identifier":"FWF","_id":"237B3DA4-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","name":"Towards scalable hut wire quantum devices","grant_number":"P32235"},{"grant_number":"P36507","_id":"bd8bd29e-d553-11ed-ba76-f0070d4b237a","name":"Merging spin and superconducting qubits in planar Ge"},{"name":"Conventional and unconventional topological superconductors","_id":"34a66131-11ca-11ed-8bc3-a31681c6b03e","grant_number":"F8606"}],"quality_controlled":"1","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","acknowledgement":"We acknowledge Alexander Brinkmann, Alessandro Crippa, Francesco Giazotto, Andrew Higginbotham, Andrea Iorio, Giordano Scappucci, Christian Schonenberger, and Lukas Splitthoff for helpful discussions. We thank Marcel Verheijen for the support in the TEM analysis. This research and related results were made possible with the support of the NOMIS\r\nFoundation. It was supported by the Scientific Service Units of ISTA through resources provided by the MIBA Machine Shop and the nanofabrication facility, the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research andinnovation programme under Grant Agreement No 862046, the HORIZONRIA\r\n101069515 project, the European Innovation Council Pathfinder grant no. 101115315 (QuKiT), and the FWF Projects #P-32235, #P-36507 and #F-8606. For the purpose of open access, the authors have applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. R.S.S. acknowledges Spanish CM “Talento Program\"\r\nProject No. 2022-T1/IND-24070. J.J. acknowledges European Research Council TOCINA 834290.","year":"2024","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"ec_funded":1,"title":"Parity-conserving Cooper-pair transport and ideal superconducting diode in planar germanium","external_id":{"oaworkID":["w4390499170"],"pmid":["38167818"]},"researchdata_availability":"yes","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"article_number":"169","supplementarymaterial":"yes","ddc":["530"],"APC_amount":"12345"},{"_id":"13119","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0028-0836"],"eissn":["1476-4687"]},"acknowledgement":"Open access funding provided by EPFL Lausanne.We acknowledge discussions with T. Donner and T. Esslinger. We thank G. del Pace and T. Bühler for their assistance in the final stages of the experiment. We acknowledge funding from the European Research Council under the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Grant no. 714309) and the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant no. 184654). F.M. acknowledges financial support from the Austrian Science Fund (Stand-Alone Project P 35891-N).","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","oa_version":"Published Version","quality_controlled":"1","date_updated":"2023-11-14T13:02:50Z","oa":1,"volume":618,"article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"A density wave (DW) is a fundamental type of long-range order in quantum matter tied to self-organization into a crystalline structure. The interplay of DW order with superfluidity can lead to complex scenarios that pose a great challenge to theoretical analysis. In the past decades, tunable quantum Fermi gases have served as model systems for exploring the physics of strongly interacting fermions, including most notably magnetic ordering1, pairing and superfluidity2, and the crossover from a Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer superfluid to a Bose–Einstein condensate3. Here, we realize a Fermi gas featuring both strong, tunable contact interactions and photon-mediated, spatially structured long-range interactions in a transversely driven high-finesse optical cavity. Above a critical long-range interaction strength, DW order is stabilized in the system, which we identify via its superradiant light-scattering properties. We quantitatively measure the variation of the onset of DW order as the contact interaction is varied across the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer superfluid and Bose–Einstein condensate crossover, in qualitative agreement with a mean-field theory. The atomic DW susceptibility varies over an order of magnitude upon tuning the strength and the sign of the long-range interactions below the self-ordering threshold, demonstrating independent and simultaneous control over the contact and long-range interactions. Therefore, our experimental setup provides a fully tunable and microscopically controllable platform for the experimental study of the interplay of superfluidity and DW order."}],"author":[{"full_name":"Helson, Victor","last_name":"Helson","first_name":"Victor"},{"first_name":"Timo","last_name":"Zwettler","full_name":"Zwettler, Timo"},{"last_name":"Mivehvar","full_name":"Mivehvar, Farokh","first_name":"Farokh"},{"full_name":"Colella, Elvia","last_name":"Colella","first_name":"Elvia"},{"id":"53f93ea2-803f-11ed-ab7e-b283135794ef","first_name":"Kevin Etienne Robert","last_name":"Roux","full_name":"Roux, Kevin Etienne Robert"},{"last_name":"Konishi","full_name":"Konishi, Hideki","first_name":"Hideki"},{"first_name":"Helmut","full_name":"Ritsch, Helmut","last_name":"Ritsch"},{"first_name":"Jean Philippe","last_name":"Brantut","full_name":"Brantut, Jean Philippe"}],"publication_status":"published","citation":{"chicago":"Helson, Victor, Timo Zwettler, Farokh Mivehvar, Elvia Colella, Kevin Etienne Robert Roux, Hideki Konishi, Helmut Ritsch, and Jean Philippe Brantut. “Density-Wave Ordering in a Unitary Fermi Gas with Photon-Mediated Interactions.” <i>Nature</i>. Springer Nature, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06018-3\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06018-3</a>.","apa":"Helson, V., Zwettler, T., Mivehvar, F., Colella, E., Roux, K. E. R., Konishi, H., … Brantut, J. P. (2023). Density-wave ordering in a unitary Fermi gas with photon-mediated interactions. <i>Nature</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06018-3\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06018-3</a>","ieee":"V. Helson <i>et al.</i>, “Density-wave ordering in a unitary Fermi gas with photon-mediated interactions,” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 618. Springer Nature, pp. 716–720, 2023.","short":"V. Helson, T. Zwettler, F. Mivehvar, E. Colella, K.E.R. Roux, H. Konishi, H. Ritsch, J.P. Brantut, Nature 618 (2023) 716–720.","ista":"Helson V, Zwettler T, Mivehvar F, Colella E, Roux KER, Konishi H, Ritsch H, Brantut JP. 2023. Density-wave ordering in a unitary Fermi gas with photon-mediated interactions. Nature. 618, 716–720.","ama":"Helson V, Zwettler T, Mivehvar F, et al. Density-wave ordering in a unitary Fermi gas with photon-mediated interactions. <i>Nature</i>. 2023;618:716-720. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06018-3\">10.1038/s41586-023-06018-3</a>","mla":"Helson, Victor, et al. “Density-Wave Ordering in a Unitary Fermi Gas with Photon-Mediated Interactions.” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 618, Springer Nature, 2023, pp. 716–20, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06018-3\">10.1038/s41586-023-06018-3</a>."},"ddc":["530"],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"isi":1,"external_id":{"isi":["001001139300008"]},"title":"Density-wave ordering in a unitary Fermi gas with photon-mediated interactions","doi":"10.1038/s41586-023-06018-3","year":"2023","publication":"Nature","file_date_updated":"2023-11-14T13:00:19Z","page":"716-720","intvolume":"       618","status":"public","day":"22","type":"journal_article","date_created":"2023-06-04T22:01:03Z","file":[{"date_created":"2023-11-14T13:00:19Z","checksum":"4887a296e3b6f54e8c0b946cbfd24f49","file_name":"2023_Nature_Helson.pdf","file_size":8156497,"date_updated":"2023-11-14T13:00:19Z","access_level":"open_access","success":1,"creator":"dernst","file_id":"14534","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"GeKa"}],"publisher":"Springer Nature","scopus_import":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"06","date_published":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","article_type":"original"},{"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663 - 337X"]},"_id":"13286","oa_version":"Published Version","project":[{"name":"Hybrid Semiconductor - Superconductor Quantum Devices","_id":"262116AA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"_id":"237E5020-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","name":"TOPOLOGICALLY PROTECTED AND SCALABLE QUANTUM BITS","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"862046"},{"name":"Conventional and unconventional topological superconductors","_id":"34a66131-11ca-11ed-8bc3-a31681c6b03e","grant_number":"F8606"}],"user_id":"8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9","article_processing_charge":"No","oa":1,"date_updated":"2024-02-21T12:35:34Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Semiconductor-superconductor hybrid systems are the harbour of many intriguing mesoscopic phenomena. This material combination leads to spatial variations of the superconducting properties, which gives rise to Andreev bound states (ABSs). Some of these states might exhibit remarkable properties that render them highly desirable for topological quantum computing. The most prominent and hunted of such states are Majorana zero modes (MZMs), quasiparticles equals to their own quasiparticles that they follow non-abelian statistics. In this thesis, we first introduce the general framework of such hybrid systems and, then, we unveil a series of mesoscopic phenomena that we discovered. Firstly, we show tunneling spectroscopy experiments on full-shell nanowires (NWs) showing that unwanted quantum-dot states coupled to superconductors (Yu-Shiba-Rusinov states) can mimic MZMs signatures. Then, we introduce a novel protocol which allowed the integration of tunneling spectroscopy with Coulomb spectroscopy within the same device. Employing this approach on both full-shell NWs and partial-shell NWs, we demonstrated that longitudinally confined states reveal charge transport phenomenology similar to the one expected for MZMs. These findings shed light on the intricate interplay between superconductivity and quantum confinement, which brought us to explore another material platform, i.e. a two-dimensional Germanium hole gas. After developing a robust way to induce superconductivity in such system, we showed how to engineer the proximity effect and we revealed a superconducting hard gap. Finally, we created a superconducting radio frequency driven ideal diode and a generator of non-sinusoidal current-phase relations. Our results open the path for the exploration of protected superconducting qubits and more complex hybrid devices in planar Germanium, like Kitaev chains and hybrid qubit devices."}],"author":[{"id":"C0BB2FAC-D767-11E9-B658-BC13E6697425","full_name":"Valentini, Marco","last_name":"Valentini","first_name":"Marco"}],"citation":{"ieee":"M. Valentini, “Mesoscopic phenomena in hybrid semiconductor-superconductor nanodevices : From full-shell nanowires to two-dimensional hole gas in germanium,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023.","apa":"Valentini, M. (2023). <i>Mesoscopic phenomena in hybrid semiconductor-superconductor nanodevices : From full-shell nanowires to two-dimensional hole gas in germanium</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13286\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13286</a>","chicago":"Valentini, Marco. “Mesoscopic Phenomena in Hybrid Semiconductor-Superconductor Nanodevices : From Full-Shell Nanowires to Two-Dimensional Hole Gas in Germanium.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13286\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13286</a>.","ama":"Valentini M. Mesoscopic phenomena in hybrid semiconductor-superconductor nanodevices : From full-shell nanowires to two-dimensional hole gas in germanium. 2023. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13286\">10.15479/at:ista:13286</a>","mla":"Valentini, Marco. <i>Mesoscopic Phenomena in Hybrid Semiconductor-Superconductor Nanodevices : From Full-Shell Nanowires to Two-Dimensional Hole Gas in Germanium</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13286\">10.15479/at:ista:13286</a>.","short":"M. Valentini, Mesoscopic Phenomena in Hybrid Semiconductor-Superconductor Nanodevices : From Full-Shell Nanowires to Two-Dimensional Hole Gas in Germanium, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023.","ista":"Valentini M. 2023. Mesoscopic phenomena in hybrid semiconductor-superconductor nanodevices : From full-shell nanowires to two-dimensional hole gas in germanium. Institute of Science and Technology Austria."},"publication_status":"published","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"13312"},{"status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"12118"},{"status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"8910"},{"relation":"research_data","id":"12522","status":"public"}]},"ddc":["530"],"tmp":{"short":"CC BY-NC-SA (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_sa.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode"},"alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"title":"Mesoscopic phenomena in hybrid semiconductor-superconductor nanodevices : From full-shell nanowires to two-dimensional hole gas in germanium","doi":"10.15479/at:ista:13286","year":"2023","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"NanoFab"},{"_id":"M-Shop"}],"ec_funded":1,"page":"184","file_date_updated":"2023-08-11T14:39:17Z","status":"public","supervisor":[{"id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8342-202X","last_name":"Katsaros","full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios","first_name":"Georgios"}],"day":"21","type":"dissertation","file":[{"access_level":"closed","date_updated":"2023-08-11T10:01:34Z","file_size":56121429,"file_name":"PhD_thesis_Valentini_final.zip","checksum":"666ee31c7eade89679806287c062fa14","date_created":"2023-08-11T09:27:39Z","relation":"source_file","content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed","creator":"mvalenti","file_id":"14033"},{"content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","creator":"mvalenti","file_id":"14035","file_name":"PhD_thesis_Valentini_final_validated.pdf","file_size":38199711,"date_created":"2023-08-11T14:39:17Z","checksum":"0992f2ebef152dee8e70055350ebbb55","date_updated":"2023-08-11T14:39:17Z","access_level":"open_access"}],"date_created":"2023-07-24T14:10:45Z","degree_awarded":"PhD","has_accepted_license":"1","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"GeKa"}],"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"07","date_published":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z"},{"date_created":"2023-07-26T11:17:20Z","department":[{"_id":"GeKa"},{"_id":"M-Shop"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_published":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","month":"06","publication":"arXiv","status":"public","type":"preprint","day":"13","ddc":["530"],"related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"13286","status":"public"}]},"article_number":"2306.07109","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109","open_access":"1"}],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"external_id":{"arxiv":["2306.07109"]},"title":"Radio frequency driven superconducting diode and parity conserving  Cooper pair transport in a two-dimensional germanium hole gas","ec_funded":1,"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"year":"2023","doi":"10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109","user_id":"8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9","acknowledgement":"The authors acknowledge Alexander Brinkmann, Alessandro Crippa, Andrew Higginbotham, Andrea Iorio, Giordano\r\nScappucci and Christian Schonenberger for helpful discussions. We thank Marcel Verheijen for the support in the\r\nTEM analysis. This research and related results were made\r\npossible with the support of the NOMIS Foundation. It was\r\nsupported by the Scientific Service Units of ISTA through resources provided by the MIBA Machine Shop and the\r\nnanofabrication facility, the European Union’s Horizon 2020\r\nresearch and innovation programme under Grant Agreement\r\nNo 862046, the HORIZON-RIA 101069515 project and the\r\nFWF Projects #P-32235, #P-36507 and #F-8606. R.S.S.\r\nacknowledges Spanish CM “Talento Program” Project No.\r\n2022-T1/IND-24070.","oa_version":"Preprint","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"TOPOLOGICALLY PROTECTED AND SCALABLE QUANTUM BITS","_id":"237E5020-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","grant_number":"862046"},{"grant_number":"P32235","call_identifier":"FWF","_id":"237B3DA4-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","name":"Towards scalable hut wire quantum devices"},{"name":"Merging spin and superconducting qubits in planar Ge","_id":"bd8bd29e-d553-11ed-ba76-f0070d4b237a","grant_number":"P36507"},{"name":"Conventional and unconventional topological superconductors","_id":"34a66131-11ca-11ed-8bc3-a31681c6b03e","grant_number":"F8606"},{"name":"Protected states of quantum matter","_id":"bd5b4ec5-d553-11ed-ba76-a6eedb083344"}],"_id":"13312","date_updated":"2024-02-07T07:52:32Z","oa":1,"article_processing_charge":"No","arxiv":1,"author":[{"id":"C0BB2FAC-D767-11E9-B658-BC13E6697425","first_name":"Marco","full_name":"Valentini, Marco","last_name":"Valentini"},{"first_name":"Oliver","full_name":"Sagi, Oliver","last_name":"Sagi","id":"71616374-A8E9-11E9-A7CA-09ECE5697425"},{"first_name":"Levon","last_name":"Baghumyan","full_name":"Baghumyan, Levon"},{"full_name":"Gijsel, Thijs de","last_name":"Gijsel","first_name":"Thijs de"},{"full_name":"Jung, Jason","last_name":"Jung","first_name":"Jason","id":"4C9ACE7A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Stefano","last_name":"Calcaterra","full_name":"Calcaterra, Stefano"},{"first_name":"Andrea","full_name":"Ballabio, Andrea","last_name":"Ballabio"},{"full_name":"Servin, Juan Aguilera","last_name":"Servin","first_name":"Juan Aguilera"},{"id":"b22ab905-3539-11eb-84c3-fc159dcd79cb","full_name":"Aggarwal, Kushagra","last_name":"Aggarwal","orcid":"0000-0001-9985-9293","first_name":"Kushagra"},{"last_name":"Janik","full_name":"Janik, Marian","first_name":"Marian","id":"396A1950-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"38756BB2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Thomas","full_name":"Adletzberger, Thomas","last_name":"Adletzberger"},{"first_name":"Rubén Seoane","last_name":"Souto","full_name":"Souto, Rubén Seoane"},{"first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Leijnse","full_name":"Leijnse, Martin"},{"first_name":"Jeroen","last_name":"Danon","full_name":"Danon, Jeroen"},{"last_name":"Schrade","full_name":"Schrade, Constantin","first_name":"Constantin"},{"first_name":"Erik","last_name":"Bakkers","full_name":"Bakkers, Erik"},{"full_name":"Chrastina, Daniel","last_name":"Chrastina","first_name":"Daniel"},{"last_name":"Isella","full_name":"Isella, Giovanni","first_name":"Giovanni"},{"id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8342-202X","last_name":"Katsaros","full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios","first_name":"Georgios"}],"keyword":["Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics"],"abstract":[{"text":"Superconductor/semiconductor hybrid devices have attracted increasing\r\ninterest in the past years. Superconducting electronics aims to complement\r\nsemiconductor technology, while hybrid architectures are at the forefront of\r\nnew ideas such as topological superconductivity and protected qubits. In this\r\nwork, we engineer the induced superconductivity in two-dimensional germanium\r\nhole gas by varying the distance between the quantum well and the aluminum. We\r\ndemonstrate a hard superconducting gap and realize an electrically and flux\r\ntunable superconducting diode using a superconducting quantum interference\r\ndevice (SQUID). This allows to tune the current phase relation (CPR), to a\r\nregime where single Cooper pair tunneling is suppressed, creating a $ \\sin\r\n\\left( 2 \\varphi \\right)$ CPR. Shapiro experiments complement this\r\ninterpretation and the microwave drive allows to create a diode with $ \\approx\r\n100 \\%$ efficiency. The reported results open up the path towards monolithic\r\nintegration of spin qubit devices, microwave resonators and (protected)\r\nsuperconducting qubits on a silicon technology compatible platform.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_status":"submitted","citation":{"ieee":"M. Valentini <i>et al.</i>, “Radio frequency driven superconducting diode and parity conserving  Cooper pair transport in a two-dimensional germanium hole gas,” <i>arXiv</i>. .","apa":"Valentini, M., Sagi, O., Baghumyan, L., Gijsel, T. de, Jung, J., Calcaterra, S., … Katsaros, G. (n.d.). Radio frequency driven superconducting diode and parity conserving  Cooper pair transport in a two-dimensional germanium hole gas. <i>arXiv</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109\">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109</a>","chicago":"Valentini, Marco, Oliver Sagi, Levon Baghumyan, Thijs de Gijsel, Jason Jung, Stefano Calcaterra, Andrea Ballabio, et al. “Radio Frequency Driven Superconducting Diode and Parity Conserving  Cooper Pair Transport in a Two-Dimensional Germanium Hole Gas.” <i>ArXiv</i>, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109\">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109</a>.","mla":"Valentini, Marco, et al. “Radio Frequency Driven Superconducting Diode and Parity Conserving  Cooper Pair Transport in a Two-Dimensional Germanium Hole Gas.” <i>ArXiv</i>, 2306.07109, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109\">10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109</a>.","ama":"Valentini M, Sagi O, Baghumyan L, et al. Radio frequency driven superconducting diode and parity conserving  Cooper pair transport in a two-dimensional germanium hole gas. <i>arXiv</i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109\">10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109</a>","ista":"Valentini M, Sagi O, Baghumyan L, Gijsel T de, Jung J, Calcaterra S, Ballabio A, Servin JA, Aggarwal K, Janik M, Adletzberger T, Souto RS, Leijnse M, Danon J, Schrade C, Bakkers E, Chrastina D, Isella G, Katsaros G. Radio frequency driven superconducting diode and parity conserving  Cooper pair transport in a two-dimensional germanium hole gas. arXiv, 2306.07109.","short":"M. Valentini, O. Sagi, L. Baghumyan, T. de Gijsel, J. Jung, S. Calcaterra, A. Ballabio, J.A. Servin, K. Aggarwal, M. Janik, T. Adletzberger, R.S. Souto, M. Leijnse, J. Danon, C. Schrade, E. Bakkers, D. Chrastina, G. Isella, G. Katsaros, ArXiv (n.d.)."}},{"month":"03","date_published":"2022-03-24T00:00:00Z","article_type":"original","publisher":"American Physical Society","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"GeKa"}],"file":[{"checksum":"6e66ad548d18db9c131f304acbd5a1f4","date_created":"2022-03-28T06:53:39Z","file_size":1266515,"file_name":"2022_PhysRevLetters_Jirovec.pdf","access_level":"open_access","date_updated":"2022-03-28T06:53:39Z","success":1,"creator":"dernst","file_id":"10928","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"date_created":"2022-03-24T15:51:11Z","day":"24","type":"journal_article","intvolume":"       128","status":"public","publication":"Physical Review Letters","issue":"12","file_date_updated":"2022-03-28T06:53:39Z","doi":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.126803","year":"2022","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"ec_funded":1,"title":"Dynamics of hole singlet-triplet qubits with large g-factor differences","external_id":{"arxiv":["2111.05130"],"isi":["000786542500004"]},"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"isi":1,"article_number":"126803","ddc":["530"],"citation":{"chicago":"Jirovec, Daniel, Philipp M. Mutter, Andrea C Hofmann, Alessandro Crippa, Marek Rychetsky, David L. Craig, Josip Kukucka, et al. “Dynamics of Hole Singlet-Triplet Qubits with Large g-Factor Differences.” <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. American Physical Society, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.126803\">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.126803</a>.","ieee":"D. Jirovec <i>et al.</i>, “Dynamics of hole singlet-triplet qubits with large g-factor differences,” <i>Physical Review Letters</i>, vol. 128, no. 12. American Physical Society, 2022.","apa":"Jirovec, D., Mutter, P. M., Hofmann, A. C., Crippa, A., Rychetsky, M., Craig, D. L., … Katsaros, G. (2022). Dynamics of hole singlet-triplet qubits with large g-factor differences. <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. American Physical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.126803\">https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.126803</a>","ista":"Jirovec D, Mutter PM, Hofmann AC, Crippa A, Rychetsky M, Craig DL, Kukucka J, Martins F, Ballabio A, Ares N, Chrastina D, Isella G, Burkard G, Katsaros G. 2022. Dynamics of hole singlet-triplet qubits with large g-factor differences. Physical Review Letters. 128(12), 126803.","short":"D. Jirovec, P.M. Mutter, A.C. Hofmann, A. Crippa, M. Rychetsky, D.L. Craig, J. Kukucka, F. Martins, A. Ballabio, N. Ares, D. Chrastina, G. Isella, G. Burkard, G. Katsaros, Physical Review Letters 128 (2022).","ama":"Jirovec D, Mutter PM, Hofmann AC, et al. Dynamics of hole singlet-triplet qubits with large g-factor differences. <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. 2022;128(12). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.126803\">10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.126803</a>","mla":"Jirovec, Daniel, et al. “Dynamics of Hole Singlet-Triplet Qubits with Large g-Factor Differences.” <i>Physical Review Letters</i>, vol. 128, no. 12, 126803, American Physical Society, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.126803\">10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.126803</a>."},"publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The spin-orbit interaction permits to control the state of a spin qubit via electric fields. For holes it is particularly strong, allowing for fast all electrical qubit manipulation, and yet an in-depth understanding of this interaction in hole systems is missing. Here we investigate, experimentally and theoretically, the effect of the cubic Rashba spin-orbit interaction on the mixing of the spin states by studying singlet-triplet oscillations in a planar Ge hole double quantum dot. Landau-Zener sweeps at different magnetic field directions allow us to disentangle the effects of the spin-orbit induced spin-flip term from those caused by strongly site-dependent and anisotropic quantum dot g tensors. Our work, therefore, provides new insights into the hole spin-orbit interaction, necessary for optimizing future qubit experiments."}],"author":[{"id":"4C473F58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Daniel","full_name":"Jirovec, Daniel","last_name":"Jirovec","orcid":"0000-0002-7197-4801"},{"last_name":"Mutter","full_name":"Mutter, Philipp M.","first_name":"Philipp M."},{"first_name":"Andrea C","full_name":"Hofmann, Andrea C","last_name":"Hofmann","id":"340F461A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Alessandro","full_name":"Crippa, Alessandro","last_name":"Crippa","orcid":"0000-0002-2968-611X","id":"1F2B21A2-F6E7-11E9-9B82-F7DBE5697425"},{"full_name":"Rychetsky, Marek","last_name":"Rychetsky","first_name":"Marek"},{"full_name":"Craig, David L.","last_name":"Craig","first_name":"David L."},{"last_name":"Kukucka","full_name":"Kukucka, Josip","first_name":"Josip","id":"3F5D8856-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-2668-2401","last_name":"Martins","full_name":"Martins, Frederico","first_name":"Frederico","id":"38F80F9A-1CB8-11EA-BC76-B49B3DDC885E"},{"last_name":"Ballabio","full_name":"Ballabio, Andrea","first_name":"Andrea"},{"first_name":"Natalia","full_name":"Ares, Natalia","last_name":"Ares"},{"first_name":"Daniel","full_name":"Chrastina, Daniel","last_name":"Chrastina"},{"first_name":"Giovanni","last_name":"Isella","full_name":"Isella, Giovanni"},{"full_name":"Burkard, Guido ","last_name":"Burkard","first_name":"Guido "},{"id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Katsaros","full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios","first_name":"Georgios"}],"arxiv":1,"article_processing_charge":"No","oa":1,"volume":128,"date_updated":"2023-08-03T06:14:58Z","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1079-7114"]},"_id":"10920","quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"name":"Majorana bound states in Ge/SiGe heterostructures","_id":"26A151DA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"844511"},{"grant_number":"754411","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships"},{"grant_number":"P30207","_id":"2641CE5E-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Hole spin orbit qubits in Ge quantum wells","call_identifier":"FWF"},{"_id":"c0977eea-5a5b-11eb-8a69-a862db0cf4d1","name":"High impedance circuit quantum electrodynamics with hole spins","grant_number":"I05060"},{"name":"Long-range spin exchange for 2D qubits architectures","_id":"c08c05c4-5a5b-11eb-8a69-dc6ce49d7973","grant_number":"M03032"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","acknowledgement":"This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units of ISTA through resources provided by the MIBA Machine Shop and the nanofabrication facility. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie\r\nSkłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No. 844511, No. 75441, and by the FWF-P 30207, I05060, and M3032-N projects. A. B. acknowledges support from the EU Horizon-2020 FET project microSPIRE, ID: 766955. P.M. M. and G. B. acknowledge funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG—German Research Foundation) under Project No. 450396347. This work was supported by the Royal Society (URF\\R1\\191150) and the European Research Council (Grant Agreement No. 948932), N. A. acknowledges the use of the University of Oxford Advanced Research Computing (ARC) facility.","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8"},{"author":[{"id":"C0BB2FAC-D767-11E9-B658-BC13E6697425","last_name":"Valentini","full_name":"Valentini, Marco","first_name":"Marco"},{"first_name":"Maksim","full_name":"Borovkov, Maksim","last_name":"Borovkov","id":"2ac7a0a2-3562-11eb-9256-fbd18ea55087"},{"full_name":"Prada, Elsa","last_name":"Prada","first_name":"Elsa"},{"last_name":"Martí-Sánchez","full_name":"Martí-Sánchez, Sara","first_name":"Sara"},{"first_name":"Marc","last_name":"Botifoll","full_name":"Botifoll, Marc"},{"id":"340F461A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Andrea C","last_name":"Hofmann","full_name":"Hofmann, Andrea C"},{"last_name":"Arbiol","full_name":"Arbiol, Jordi","first_name":"Jordi"},{"full_name":"Aguado, Ramón","last_name":"Aguado","first_name":"Ramón"},{"full_name":"San-Jose, Pablo","last_name":"San-Jose","first_name":"Pablo"},{"id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Georgios","orcid":"0000-0001-8342-202X","full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios","last_name":"Katsaros"}],"keyword":["Multidisciplinary"],"abstract":[{"text":"Hybrid semiconductor–superconductor devices hold great promise for realizing topological quantum computing with Majorana zero modes1,2,3,4,5. However, multiple claims of Majorana detection, based on either tunnelling6,7,8,9,10 or Coulomb blockade (CB) spectroscopy11,12, remain disputed. Here we devise an experimental protocol that allows us to perform both types of measurement on the same hybrid island by adjusting its charging energy via tunable junctions to the normal leads. This method reduces ambiguities of Majorana detections by checking the consistency between CB spectroscopy and zero-bias peaks in non-blockaded transport. Specifically, we observe junction-dependent, even–odd modulated, single-electron CB peaks in InAs/Al hybrid nanowires without concomitant low-bias peaks in tunnelling spectroscopy. We provide a theoretical interpretation of the experimental observations in terms of low-energy, longitudinally confined island states rather than overlapping Majorana modes. Our results highlight the importance of combined measurements on the same device for the identification of topological Majorana zero modes.","lang":"eng"}],"citation":{"chicago":"Valentini, Marco, Maksim Borovkov, Elsa Prada, Sara Martí-Sánchez, Marc Botifoll, Andrea C Hofmann, Jordi Arbiol, Ramón Aguado, Pablo San-Jose, and Georgios Katsaros. “Majorana-like Coulomb Spectroscopy in the Absence of Zero-Bias Peaks.” <i>Nature</i>. Springer Nature, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05382-w\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05382-w</a>.","apa":"Valentini, M., Borovkov, M., Prada, E., Martí-Sánchez, S., Botifoll, M., Hofmann, A. C., … Katsaros, G. (2022). Majorana-like Coulomb spectroscopy in the absence of zero-bias peaks. <i>Nature</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05382-w\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05382-w</a>","ieee":"M. Valentini <i>et al.</i>, “Majorana-like Coulomb spectroscopy in the absence of zero-bias peaks,” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 612, no. 7940. Springer Nature, pp. 442–447, 2022.","ista":"Valentini M, Borovkov M, Prada E, Martí-Sánchez S, Botifoll M, Hofmann AC, Arbiol J, Aguado R, San-Jose P, Katsaros G. 2022. Majorana-like Coulomb spectroscopy in the absence of zero-bias peaks. Nature. 612(7940), 442–447.","short":"M. Valentini, M. Borovkov, E. Prada, S. Martí-Sánchez, M. Botifoll, A.C. Hofmann, J. Arbiol, R. Aguado, P. San-Jose, G. Katsaros, Nature 612 (2022) 442–447.","mla":"Valentini, Marco, et al. “Majorana-like Coulomb Spectroscopy in the Absence of Zero-Bias Peaks.” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 612, no. 7940, Springer Nature, 2022, pp. 442–47, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05382-w\">10.1038/s41586-022-05382-w</a>.","ama":"Valentini M, Borovkov M, Prada E, et al. Majorana-like Coulomb spectroscopy in the absence of zero-bias peaks. <i>Nature</i>. 2022;612(7940):442-447. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05382-w\">10.1038/s41586-022-05382-w</a>"},"publication_status":"published","project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Majorana bound states in Ge/SiGe heterostructures","_id":"26A151DA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"844511"}],"quality_controlled":"1","oa_version":"Preprint","acknowledgement":"We thank P. Krogstrup for providing us with the NW materials. We thank A. Higginbotham, E. J. H. Lee, C. Marcus and S. Vaitiekėnas for helpful discussions and G. Steffensen for his input on the diffusive Little-Parks theory. This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units of ISTA through resources provided by the MIBA Machine Shop and the nanofabrication facility; the NOMIS Foundation; the CSIC Interdisciplinary Thematic Platform (PTI+) on Quantum Technologies (PTI-QTEP+). A.H. acknowledges support from H2020-MSCA-IF-2018/844511. ICN2 also acknowledges funding from Generalitat de Catalunya 2017 SGR 327. ICN2 is supported by the Severo Ochoa Program from Spanish MINECO (Grant no. SEV-2017-0706) and is funded by the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya. Part of the present work has been performed in the framework of Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Materials Science PhD programme. Authors acknowledge the use of instrumentation as well as the technical advice provided by the National Facility ELECMI ICTS, node ‘Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas’ at University of Zaragoza. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 823717-ESTEEM3. This study was supported by MCIN with funding from European Union NextGenerationEU (PRTR-C17.I1) and Generalitat de Catalunya. This research is part of the CSIC programme for the Spanish Recovery, Transformation and Resilience Plan funded by the Recovery and Resilience Facility of the European Union, established by the Regulation (EU) 2020/2094. We thank support from Grant PGC2018-097018-BI00, project FlagERA TOPOGRAPH (PCI2018-093026) and project NANOGEN (PID2020-116093RB-C43), funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ and by ‘ERDF A way of making Europe’, by the European Union. M. Botifoll acknowledges support from SUR Generalitat de Catalunya and the EU Social Fund (project ref. 2020 FI 00103).","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0028-0836"],"eissn":["1476-4687"]},"_id":"12118","article_processing_charge":"No","volume":612,"date_updated":"2024-02-21T12:35:33Z","oa":1,"arxiv":1,"title":"Majorana-like Coulomb spectroscopy in the absence of zero-bias peaks","external_id":{"isi":["000899725400001"],"arxiv":["2203.07829"]},"ec_funded":1,"doi":"10.1038/s41586-022-05382-w","year":"2022","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"related_material":{"link":[{"relation":"press_release","description":"News on ISTA Website","url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/imposter-particles-revealed-and-explained/"}],"record":[{"status":"public","id":"13286","relation":"dissertation_contains"},{"status":"public","relation":"research_data","id":"12522"}]},"isi":1,"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":" https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2203.07829"}],"status":"public","intvolume":"       612","type":"journal_article","day":"15","page":"442-447","publication":"Nature","issue":"7940","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"scopus_import":"1","publisher":"Springer Nature","article_type":"original","date_published":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","month":"12","date_created":"2023-01-12T11:56:45Z","department":[{"_id":"GeKa"}]},{"author":[{"id":"C0BB2FAC-D767-11E9-B658-BC13E6697425","last_name":"Valentini","full_name":"Valentini, Marco","first_name":"Marco"},{"full_name":"San-Jose, Pablo","last_name":"San-Jose","first_name":"Pablo"},{"full_name":"Arbiol, Jordi","last_name":"Arbiol","first_name":"Jordi"},{"first_name":"Sara","last_name":"Marti-Sanchez","full_name":"Marti-Sanchez, Sara"},{"last_name":"Botifoll","full_name":"Botifoll, Marc","first_name":"Marc"}],"status":"public","abstract":[{"text":"This .zip File contains the transport data, the codes for the data analysis, the microscopy analysis and the codes for the theoretical simulations for \"Majorana-like Coulomb spectroscopy in the absence of zero bias peaks\" by M. Valentini, et. al. The transport data are saved with hdf5 file format. The files can be open with the log browser of Labber.","lang":"eng"}],"type":"research_data","citation":{"ieee":"M. Valentini, P. San-Jose, J. Arbiol, S. Marti-Sanchez, and M. Botifoll, “Data for ‘Majorana-like Coulomb spectroscopy in the absence of zero bias peaks.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2022.","apa":"Valentini, M., San-Jose, P., Arbiol, J., Marti-Sanchez, S., &#38; Botifoll, M. (2022). Data for “Majorana-like Coulomb spectroscopy in the absence of zero bias peaks.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:12102\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:12102</a>","chicago":"Valentini, Marco, Pablo San-Jose, Jordi Arbiol, Sara Marti-Sanchez, and Marc Botifoll. “Data for ‘Majorana-like Coulomb Spectroscopy in the Absence of Zero Bias Peaks.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:12102\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:12102</a>.","ama":"Valentini M, San-Jose P, Arbiol J, Marti-Sanchez S, Botifoll M. Data for “Majorana-like Coulomb spectroscopy in the absence of zero bias peaks.” 2022. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:12102\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:12102</a>","mla":"Valentini, Marco, et al. <i>Data for “Majorana-like Coulomb Spectroscopy in the Absence of Zero Bias Peaks.”</i> Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2022, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:12102\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:12102</a>.","short":"M. Valentini, P. San-Jose, J. Arbiol, S. Marti-Sanchez, M. Botifoll, (2022).","ista":"Valentini M, San-Jose P, Arbiol J, Marti-Sanchez S, Botifoll M. 2022. Data for ‘Majorana-like Coulomb spectroscopy in the absence of zero bias peaks’, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:12102\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:12102</a>."},"day":"25","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","oa_version":"Published Version","_id":"12522","oa":1,"date_updated":"2024-02-21T12:35:34Z","article_processing_charge":"No","file_date_updated":"2023-02-07T08:18:24Z","contributor":[{"last_name":"Valentini","contributor_type":"contact_person","first_name":"Marco","id":"C0BB2FAC-D767-11E9-B658-BC13E6697425"}],"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","title":"Data for \"Majorana-like Coulomb spectroscopy in the absence of zero bias peaks\"","date_published":"2022-09-25T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.15479/AT:ISTA:12102","year":"2022","month":"09","file":[{"file_name":"Majorana_like.zip","file_size":3609122411,"date_created":"2023-02-07T08:18:24Z","checksum":"0dbd6327bf84c7e81b295c4bc9d12826","date_updated":"2023-02-07T08:18:24Z","access_level":"open_access","success":1,"content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed","relation":"main_file","creator":"dernst","file_id":"12523"}],"date_created":"2023-02-07T08:13:39Z","ddc":["530"],"related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"used_in_publication","id":"12118","status":"public"},{"status":"public","id":"13286","relation":"used_in_publication"}]},"department":[{"_id":"GeKa"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"}},{"publisher":"Springer Nature","scopus_import":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"08","article_type":"original","date_published":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","date_created":"2020-12-02T10:50:47Z","department":[{"_id":"GeKa"},{"_id":"NanoFab"},{"_id":"GradSch"}],"intvolume":"        20","status":"public","day":"01","type":"journal_article","issue":"8","publication":"Nature Materials","page":"1106–1112","external_id":{"isi":["000657596400001"],"arxiv":["2011.13755"]},"title":"A singlet triplet hole spin qubit in planar Ge","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"doi":"10.1038/s41563-021-01022-2","year":"2021","ec_funded":1,"related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/quantum-computing-with-holes/","relation":"press_release","description":"News on IST Homepage"}],"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"research_data","id":"9323"},{"id":"10058","relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public"}]},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.13755","open_access":"1"}],"isi":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Spin qubits are considered to be among the most promising candidates for building a quantum processor. Group IV hole spin qubits have moved into the focus of interest due to the ease of operation and compatibility with Si technology. In addition, Ge offers the option for monolithic superconductor-semiconductor integration. Here we demonstrate a hole spin qubit operating at fields below 10 mT, the critical field of Al, by exploiting the large out-of-plane hole g-factors in planar Ge and by encoding the qubit into the singlet-triplet states of a double quantum dot. We observe electrically controlled X and Z-rotations with tunable frequencies exceeding 100 MHz and dephasing times of 1μs which we extend beyond 15μs with echo techniques. These results show that Ge hole singlet triplet qubits outperform their electronic Si and GaAs based counterparts in speed and coherence, respectively. In addition, they are on par with Ge single spin qubits, but can be operated at much lower fields underlining their potential for on chip integration with superconducting technologies."}],"author":[{"full_name":"Jirovec, Daniel","last_name":"Jirovec","orcid":"0000-0002-7197-4801","first_name":"Daniel","id":"4C473F58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"340F461A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Andrea C","last_name":"Hofmann","full_name":"Hofmann, Andrea C"},{"first_name":"Andrea","last_name":"Ballabio","full_name":"Ballabio, Andrea"},{"first_name":"Philipp M.","full_name":"Mutter, Philipp M.","last_name":"Mutter"},{"first_name":"Giulio","last_name":"Tavani","full_name":"Tavani, Giulio"},{"first_name":"Marc","last_name":"Botifoll","full_name":"Botifoll, Marc"},{"id":"1F2B21A2-F6E7-11E9-9B82-F7DBE5697425","first_name":"Alessandro","full_name":"Crippa, Alessandro","last_name":"Crippa","orcid":"0000-0002-2968-611X"},{"full_name":"Kukucka, Josip","last_name":"Kukucka","first_name":"Josip","id":"3F5D8856-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"71616374-A8E9-11E9-A7CA-09ECE5697425","last_name":"Sagi","full_name":"Sagi, Oliver","first_name":"Oliver"},{"id":"38F80F9A-1CB8-11EA-BC76-B49B3DDC885E","orcid":"0000-0003-2668-2401","full_name":"Martins, Frederico","last_name":"Martins","first_name":"Frederico"},{"full_name":"Saez Mollejo, Jaime","last_name":"Saez Mollejo","first_name":"Jaime","id":"e0390f72-f6e0-11ea-865d-862393336714"},{"id":"2A307FE2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-7370-5357","full_name":"Prieto Gonzalez, Ivan","last_name":"Prieto Gonzalez","first_name":"Ivan"},{"full_name":"Borovkov, Maksim","last_name":"Borovkov","first_name":"Maksim","id":"2ac7a0a2-3562-11eb-9256-fbd18ea55087"},{"first_name":"Jordi","full_name":"Arbiol, Jordi","last_name":"Arbiol"},{"first_name":"Daniel","full_name":"Chrastina, Daniel","last_name":"Chrastina"},{"first_name":"Giovanni","last_name":"Isella","full_name":"Isella, Giovanni"},{"first_name":"Georgios","orcid":"0000-0001-8342-202X","full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios","last_name":"Katsaros","id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"publication_status":"published","citation":{"ieee":"D. Jirovec <i>et al.</i>, “A singlet triplet hole spin qubit in planar Ge,” <i>Nature Materials</i>, vol. 20, no. 8. Springer Nature, pp. 1106–1112, 2021.","apa":"Jirovec, D., Hofmann, A. C., Ballabio, A., Mutter, P. M., Tavani, G., Botifoll, M., … Katsaros, G. (2021). A singlet triplet hole spin qubit in planar Ge. <i>Nature Materials</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-021-01022-2\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-021-01022-2</a>","chicago":"Jirovec, Daniel, Andrea C Hofmann, Andrea Ballabio, Philipp M. Mutter, Giulio Tavani, Marc Botifoll, Alessandro Crippa, et al. “A Singlet Triplet Hole Spin Qubit in Planar Ge.” <i>Nature Materials</i>. Springer Nature, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-021-01022-2\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-021-01022-2</a>.","ama":"Jirovec D, Hofmann AC, Ballabio A, et al. A singlet triplet hole spin qubit in planar Ge. <i>Nature Materials</i>. 2021;20(8):1106–1112. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-021-01022-2\">10.1038/s41563-021-01022-2</a>","mla":"Jirovec, Daniel, et al. “A Singlet Triplet Hole Spin Qubit in Planar Ge.” <i>Nature Materials</i>, vol. 20, no. 8, Springer Nature, 2021, pp. 1106–1112, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-021-01022-2\">10.1038/s41563-021-01022-2</a>.","ista":"Jirovec D, Hofmann AC, Ballabio A, Mutter PM, Tavani G, Botifoll M, Crippa A, Kukucka J, Sagi O, Martins F, Saez Mollejo J, Prieto Gonzalez I, Borovkov M, Arbiol J, Chrastina D, Isella G, Katsaros G. 2021. A singlet triplet hole spin qubit in planar Ge. Nature Materials. 20(8), 1106–1112.","short":"D. Jirovec, A.C. Hofmann, A. Ballabio, P.M. Mutter, G. Tavani, M. Botifoll, A. Crippa, J. Kukucka, O. Sagi, F. Martins, J. Saez Mollejo, I. Prieto Gonzalez, M. Borovkov, J. Arbiol, D. Chrastina, G. Isella, G. Katsaros, Nature Materials 20 (2021) 1106–1112."},"_id":"8909","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1476-1122"],"eissn":["1476-4660"]},"user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","acknowledgement":"This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units of Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria through resources provided by the Miba Machine Shop and the nanofabrication facility, and was made possible with the support of the NOMIS Foundation. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreements no. 844511 and no. 75441, and by the Austrian Science Fund FWF-P 30207 project. A.B. acknowledges support from the European Union Horizon 2020 FET project microSPIRE, no. 766955. M. Botifoll and J.A. acknowledge funding from Generalitat de Catalunya 2017 SGR 327. The Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) is supported by the Severo Ochoa programme from the Spanish Ministery of Economy (MINECO) (grant no. SEV-2017-0706) and is funded by the Catalonian Research Centre (CERCA) Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya. Part of the present work has been performed within the framework of the Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona Materials Science PhD programme. Part of the HAADF scanning transmission electron microscopy was conducted in the Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas at Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon, Universidad de Zaragoza. ICN2 acknowledge support from the Spanish Superior Council of Scientific Research (CSIC) Research Platform on Quantum Technologies PTI-001. M.B. acknowledges funding from the Catalan Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR) Generalitat de Catalunya formation of investigators (FI) PhD grant.","project":[{"grant_number":"844511","name":"Majorana bound states in Ge/SiGe heterostructures","_id":"26A151DA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"grant_number":"754411","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships"},{"grant_number":"P30207","call_identifier":"FWF","_id":"2641CE5E-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Hole spin orbit qubits in Ge quantum wells"},{"name":"Hybrid Semiconductor - Superconductor Quantum Devices","_id":"262116AA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"oa_version":"Preprint","quality_controlled":"1","arxiv":1,"volume":20,"date_updated":"2024-03-25T23:30:14Z","oa":1,"article_processing_charge":"No"},{"type":"journal_article","day":"02","status":"public","intvolume":"       373","issue":"6550","publication":"Science","date_published":"2021-07-02T00:00:00Z","article_type":"original","month":"07","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","scopus_import":"1","department":[{"_id":"GeKa"},{"_id":"Bio"}],"date_created":"2020-12-02T10:51:52Z","publication_status":"published","citation":{"apa":"Valentini, M., Peñaranda, F., Hofmann, A. C., Brauns, M., Hauschild, R., Krogstrup, P., … Katsaros, G. (2021). Nontopological zero-bias peaks in full-shell nanowires induced by flux-tunable Andreev states. <i>Science</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf1513\">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf1513</a>","ieee":"M. Valentini <i>et al.</i>, “Nontopological zero-bias peaks in full-shell nanowires induced by flux-tunable Andreev states,” <i>Science</i>, vol. 373, no. 6550. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2021.","chicago":"Valentini, Marco, Fernando Peñaranda, Andrea C Hofmann, Matthias Brauns, Robert Hauschild, Peter Krogstrup, Pablo San-Jose, Elsa Prada, Ramón Aguado, and Georgios Katsaros. “Nontopological Zero-Bias Peaks in Full-Shell Nanowires Induced by Flux-Tunable Andreev States.” <i>Science</i>. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf1513\">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf1513</a>.","ama":"Valentini M, Peñaranda F, Hofmann AC, et al. Nontopological zero-bias peaks in full-shell nanowires induced by flux-tunable Andreev states. <i>Science</i>. 2021;373(6550). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf1513\">10.1126/science.abf1513</a>","mla":"Valentini, Marco, et al. “Nontopological Zero-Bias Peaks in Full-Shell Nanowires Induced by Flux-Tunable Andreev States.” <i>Science</i>, vol. 373, no. 6550, 82–88, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abf1513\">10.1126/science.abf1513</a>.","short":"M. Valentini, F. Peñaranda, A.C. Hofmann, M. Brauns, R. Hauschild, P. Krogstrup, P. San-Jose, E. Prada, R. Aguado, G. Katsaros, Science 373 (2021).","ista":"Valentini M, Peñaranda F, Hofmann AC, Brauns M, Hauschild R, Krogstrup P, San-Jose P, Prada E, Aguado R, Katsaros G. 2021. Nontopological zero-bias peaks in full-shell nanowires induced by flux-tunable Andreev states. Science. 373(6550), 82–88."},"author":[{"first_name":"Marco","last_name":"Valentini","full_name":"Valentini, Marco","id":"C0BB2FAC-D767-11E9-B658-BC13E6697425"},{"full_name":"Peñaranda, Fernando","last_name":"Peñaranda","first_name":"Fernando"},{"first_name":"Andrea C","last_name":"Hofmann","full_name":"Hofmann, Andrea C","id":"340F461A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"33F94E3C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Brauns","full_name":"Brauns, Matthias","first_name":"Matthias"},{"id":"4E01D6B4-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Hauschild","full_name":"Hauschild, Robert","orcid":"0000-0001-9843-3522"},{"last_name":"Krogstrup","full_name":"Krogstrup, Peter","first_name":"Peter"},{"full_name":"San-Jose, Pablo","last_name":"San-Jose","first_name":"Pablo"},{"first_name":"Elsa","last_name":"Prada","full_name":"Prada, Elsa"},{"full_name":"Aguado, Ramón","last_name":"Aguado","first_name":"Ramón"},{"first_name":"Georgios","orcid":"0000-0001-8342-202X","full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios","last_name":"Katsaros","id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"abstract":[{"text":"A semiconducting nanowire fully wrapped by a superconducting shell has been proposed as a platform for obtaining Majorana modes at small magnetic fields. In this study, we demonstrate that the appearance of subgap states in such structures is actually governed by the junction region in tunneling spectroscopy measurements and not the full-shell nanowire itself. Short tunneling regions never show subgap states, whereas longer junctions always do. This can be understood in terms of quantum dots forming in the junction and hosting Andreev levels in the Yu-Shiba-Rusinov regime. The intricate magnetic field dependence of the Andreev levels, through both the Zeeman and Little-Parks effects, may result in robust zero-bias peaks—features that could be easily misinterpreted as originating from Majorana zero modes but are unrelated to topological superconductivity.","lang":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2024-02-21T12:40:09Z","oa":1,"volume":373,"article_processing_charge":"No","arxiv":1,"user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","acknowledgement":"The authors thank A. Higginbotham, E. J. H. Lee and F. R. Martins for helpful discussions. This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units of IST Austria through resources provided by the MIBA Machine Shop and the nanofabrication facility; the NOMIS Foundation and Microsoft; the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie SklodowskaCurie grant agreement No 844511; the FETOPEN Grant Agreement No. 828948; the European Research Commission through the grant agreement HEMs-DAM No 716655; the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through Grants PGC2018-097018-B-I00, PCI2018-093026, FIS2016-80434-P (AEI/FEDER, EU), RYC2011-09345 (Ram´on y Cajal Programme), and the Mar´ıa de Maeztu Programme for Units of Excellence in R&D (CEX2018-000805-M); the CSIC Research Platform on Quantum Technologies PTI-001.","project":[{"_id":"262116AA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Hybrid Semiconductor - Superconductor Quantum Devices"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"26A151DA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Majorana bound states in Ge/SiGe heterostructures","grant_number":"844511"}],"oa_version":"Submitted Version","quality_controlled":"1","_id":"8910","publication_identifier":{"issn":["00368075"],"eissn":["10959203"]},"ec_funded":1,"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"doi":"10.1126/science.abf1513","year":"2021","external_id":{"arxiv":["2008.02348"],"isi":["000677843100034"]},"title":"Nontopological zero-bias peaks in full-shell nanowires induced by flux-tunable Andreev states","article_number":"82-88","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.02348"}],"isi":1,"related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"13286","status":"public"},{"relation":"research_data","id":"9389","status":"public"}],"link":[{"url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/unfinding-a-split-electron/","relation":"press_release","description":"News on IST Homepage"}]}},{"date_created":"2020-12-02T10:52:51Z","department":[{"_id":"GeKa"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"Springer Nature","scopus_import":"1","article_type":"original","date_published":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","month":"10","page":"926–943 ","publication":"Nature Reviews Materials","status":"public","intvolume":"         6","type":"journal_article","day":"01","isi":1,"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.08133","open_access":"1"}],"title":"The germanium quantum information route","external_id":{"arxiv":["2004.08133"],"isi":["000600826100003"]},"ec_funded":1,"year":"2021","doi":"10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z","acknowledgement":"G.S., M.W.,F.A.Z acknowledge financial support from The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). F.Z., D.L., G.K. acknowledge funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grand Agreement Nr. 862046. G.K. acknowledges funding from FP7 ERC Starting Grant 335497, FWF Y 715-N30, FWF P-30207. S.D. acknowledges support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 program under Grant\r\nAgreement No. 81050 and from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche through the TOPONANO and CMOSQSPIN projects. J.Z. acknowledges support from the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0301701) and Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS (Grant No. XDB30000000). D.L. and C.K. acknowledge the Swiss National Science Foundation and NCCR QSIT.","user_id":"3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","oa_version":"Preprint","project":[{"grant_number":"335497","call_identifier":"FP7","name":"Towards Spin qubits and Majorana fermions in Germanium selfassembled hut-wires","_id":"25517E86-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"name":"Loch Spin-Qubits und Majorana-Fermionen in Germanium","_id":"2552F888-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"FWF","grant_number":"Y00715"},{"call_identifier":"FWF","name":"Hole spin orbit qubits in Ge quantum wells","_id":"2641CE5E-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"P30207"}],"quality_controlled":"1","_id":"8911","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2058-8437"]},"date_updated":"2024-03-07T14:48:57Z","volume":6,"oa":1,"article_processing_charge":"No","arxiv":1,"author":[{"first_name":"Giordano","last_name":"Scappucci","full_name":"Scappucci, Giordano"},{"first_name":"Christoph","last_name":"Kloeffel","full_name":"Kloeffel, Christoph"},{"full_name":"Zwanenburg, Floris A.","last_name":"Zwanenburg","first_name":"Floris A."},{"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Loss","full_name":"Loss, Daniel"},{"first_name":"Maksym","last_name":"Myronov","full_name":"Myronov, Maksym"},{"first_name":"Jian-Jun","last_name":"Zhang","full_name":"Zhang, Jian-Jun"},{"last_name":"Franceschi","full_name":"Franceschi, Silvano De","first_name":"Silvano De"},{"id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Georgios","full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios","last_name":"Katsaros","orcid":"0000-0001-8342-202X"},{"full_name":"Veldhorst, Menno","last_name":"Veldhorst","first_name":"Menno"}],"abstract":[{"text":"In the worldwide endeavor for disruptive quantum technologies, germanium is emerging as a versatile material to realize devices capable of encoding, processing, or transmitting quantum information. These devices leverage special properties of the germanium valence-band states, commonly known as holes, such as their inherently strong spin-orbit coupling and the ability to host superconducting pairing correlations. In this Review, we initially introduce the physics of holes in low-dimensional germanium structures with key insights from a theoretical perspective. We then examine the material science progress underpinning germanium-based planar heterostructures and nanowires. We review the most significant experimental results demonstrating key building blocks for quantum technology, such as an electrically driven universal quantum gate set with spin qubits in quantum dots and superconductor-semiconductor devices for hybrid quantum systems. We conclude by identifying the most promising prospects\r\ntoward scalable quantum information processing. ","lang":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","citation":{"ieee":"G. Scappucci <i>et al.</i>, “The germanium quantum information route,” <i>Nature Reviews Materials</i>, vol. 6. Springer Nature, pp. 926–943, 2021.","apa":"Scappucci, G., Kloeffel, C., Zwanenburg, F. A., Loss, D., Myronov, M., Zhang, J.-J., … Veldhorst, M. (2021). The germanium quantum information route. <i>Nature Reviews Materials</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z</a>","chicago":"Scappucci, Giordano, Christoph Kloeffel, Floris A. Zwanenburg, Daniel Loss, Maksym Myronov, Jian-Jun Zhang, Silvano De Franceschi, Georgios Katsaros, and Menno Veldhorst. “The Germanium Quantum Information Route.” <i>Nature Reviews Materials</i>. Springer Nature, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z</a>.","mla":"Scappucci, Giordano, et al. “The Germanium Quantum Information Route.” <i>Nature Reviews Materials</i>, vol. 6, Springer Nature, 2021, pp. 926–943, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z\">10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z</a>.","ama":"Scappucci G, Kloeffel C, Zwanenburg FA, et al. The germanium quantum information route. <i>Nature Reviews Materials</i>. 2021;6:926–943. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z\">10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z</a>","ista":"Scappucci G, Kloeffel C, Zwanenburg FA, Loss D, Myronov M, Zhang J-J, Franceschi SD, Katsaros G, Veldhorst M. 2021. The germanium quantum information route. Nature Reviews Materials. 6, 926–943.","short":"G. Scappucci, C. Kloeffel, F.A. Zwanenburg, D. Loss, M. Myronov, J.-J. Zhang, S.D. Franceschi, G. Katsaros, M. 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Raw transport data for: Enhancement of proximity induced superconductivity in planar germanium. 2021. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:9291\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:9291</a>"},"author":[{"id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Katsaros","full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios","orcid":"0000-0001-8342-202X","first_name":"Georgios"}],"status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"This .zip File contains the transport data for figures presented in the main text and supplementary material of \"Enhancement of Proximity Induced Superconductivity in Planar Germanium\" by K. Aggarwal, et. al. \r\nThe measurements were done using Labber Software and the data is stored in the hdf5 file format. The files can be opened using either the Labber Log Browser (https://labber.org/overview/) or Labber Python API (http://labber.org/online-doc/api/LogFile.html)."}]},{"_id":"9323","oa_version":"Published Version","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","article_processing_charge":"No","file_date_updated":"2021-04-14T09:49:30Z","oa":1,"date_updated":"2024-02-21T12:39:15Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"This .zip File contains the data for figures presented in the main text and supplementary material of \"A singlet triplet hole spin qubit in planar Ge\" by D. Jirovec, et. al. The measurements were done using Labber Software and the data is stored in the hdf5 file format. The files can be opened using either the Labber Log Browser (https://labber.org/overview/) or Labber Python API (http://labber.org/online-doc/api/LogFile.html). A single file is acquired with QCodes and features the corresponding data type. XRD data are in .dat format and a code to open the data is provided. 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Valentini, et. al.  \r\nThe measurements were done using Labber Software and the data is stored in the hdf5 file format.\r\nInstructions of how to read the data are in \"Notebook_Valentini.pdf\"."}],"status":"public","author":[{"first_name":"Marco","last_name":"Valentini","full_name":"Valentini, Marco","id":"C0BB2FAC-D767-11E9-B658-BC13E6697425"}],"citation":{"ama":"Valentini M. Research data for “Non-topological zero bias peaks in full-shell nanowires induced by flux tunable Andreev states.” 2021. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:9389\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:9389</a>","mla":"Valentini, Marco. <i>Research Data for “Non-Topological Zero Bias Peaks in Full-Shell Nanowires Induced by Flux Tunable Andreev States.”</i> Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:9389\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:9389</a>.","short":"M. Valentini, (2021).","ista":"Valentini M. 2021. 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Valentini, “Research data for ‘Non-topological zero bias peaks in full-shell nanowires induced by flux tunable Andreev states.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021.","chicago":"Valentini, Marco. “Research Data for ‘Non-Topological Zero Bias Peaks in Full-Shell Nanowires Induced by Flux Tunable Andreev States.’” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:9389\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:9389</a>."},"type":"research_data","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"used_in_publication","id":"8910","status":"public"}]},"ddc":["530"],"date_created":"2021-05-14T12:07:53Z","file":[{"creator":"mvalenti","file_id":"9390","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","checksum":"80a905c4eef24dab6fb247e81a3d67f5","date_created":"2021-05-14T11:42:23Z","file_size":10572981,"file_name":"Notebook_Valentini.pdf","access_level":"open_access","date_updated":"2021-05-14T11:42:23Z"},{"content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed","relation":"main_file","file_id":"9391","creator":"mvalenti","file_name":"Experimental_data.zip","file_size":99076111,"date_created":"2021-05-14T11:56:48Z","checksum":"1e61a7e63949448a8db0091cdac23570","date_updated":"2021-05-14T11:56:48Z","access_level":"open_access"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication (CC0 1.0)","short":"CC0 (1.0)","image":"/images/cc_0.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode"},"department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"GeKa"}],"title":"Research data for \"Non-topological zero bias peaks in full-shell nanowires induced by flux tunable Andreev states\"","publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","contributor":[{"first_name":"Marco","contributor_type":"contact_person","last_name":"Valentini","id":"C0BB2FAC-D767-11E9-B658-BC13E6697425"}],"doi":"10.15479/AT:ISTA:9389","year":"2021","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"date_published":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z"},{"doi":"10.1109/EDTM50988.2021.9420817","year":"2021","ec_funded":1,"external_id":{"isi":["000675595800006"]},"title":"Ge/Si quantum wires for quantum computing","article_number":"9420817","isi":1,"publication_status":"published","citation":{"mla":"Gao, Fei, et al. “Ge/Si Quantum Wires for Quantum Computing.” <i>2021 5th IEEE Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference, EDTM 2021</i>, 9420817, IEEE, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDTM50988.2021.9420817\">10.1109/EDTM50988.2021.9420817</a>.","ama":"Gao F, Zhang JY, Wang JH, et al. Ge/Si quantum wires for quantum computing. In: <i>2021 5th IEEE Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference, EDTM 2021</i>. IEEE; 2021. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDTM50988.2021.9420817\">10.1109/EDTM50988.2021.9420817</a>","ista":"Gao F, Zhang JY, Wang JH, Ming M, Wang T, Zhang JJ, Watzinger H, Kukucka J, Vukušić L, Katsaros G, Wang K, Xu G, Li HO, Guo GP. 2021. Ge/Si quantum wires for quantum computing. 2021 5th IEEE Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference, EDTM 2021. EDTM: IEEE Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference, 9420817.","short":"F. Gao, J.Y. Zhang, J.H. Wang, M. Ming, T. Wang, J.J. Zhang, H. Watzinger, J. Kukucka, L. Vukušić, G. Katsaros, K. Wang, G. Xu, H.O. Li, G.P. Guo, in:, 2021 5th IEEE Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference, EDTM 2021, IEEE, 2021.","ieee":"F. Gao <i>et al.</i>, “Ge/Si quantum wires for quantum computing,” in <i>2021 5th IEEE Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference, EDTM 2021</i>, Virtual, Online, 2021.","apa":"Gao, F., Zhang, J. Y., Wang, J. H., Ming, M., Wang, T., Zhang, J. J., … Guo, G. P. (2021). Ge/Si quantum wires for quantum computing. In <i>2021 5th IEEE Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference, EDTM 2021</i>. Virtual, Online: IEEE. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDTM50988.2021.9420817\">https://doi.org/10.1109/EDTM50988.2021.9420817</a>","chicago":"Gao, Fei, Jie Yin Zhang, Jian Huan Wang, Ming Ming, Tina Wang, Jian Jun Zhang, Hannes Watzinger, et al. “Ge/Si Quantum Wires for Quantum Computing.” In <i>2021 5th IEEE Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference, EDTM 2021</i>. IEEE, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/EDTM50988.2021.9420817\">https://doi.org/10.1109/EDTM50988.2021.9420817</a>."},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We firstly introduce the self-assembled growth of highly uniform Ge quantum wires with controllable position, distance and length on patterned Si (001) substrates. We then present the electrically tunable strong spin-orbit coupling, the first Ge hole spin qubit and ultrafast operation of hole spin qubit in the Ge/Si quantum wires."}],"author":[{"first_name":"Fei","full_name":"Gao, Fei","last_name":"Gao"},{"last_name":"Zhang","full_name":"Zhang, Jie Yin","first_name":"Jie Yin"},{"first_name":"Jian Huan","full_name":"Wang, Jian Huan","last_name":"Wang"},{"full_name":"Ming, Ming","last_name":"Ming","first_name":"Ming"},{"first_name":"Tina","full_name":"Wang, Tina","last_name":"Wang"},{"full_name":"Zhang, Jian Jun","last_name":"Zhang","first_name":"Jian Jun"},{"id":"35DF8E50-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Watzinger","full_name":"Watzinger, Hannes","first_name":"Hannes"},{"last_name":"Kukucka","full_name":"Kukucka, Josip","first_name":"Josip","id":"3F5D8856-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"31E9F056-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Lada","orcid":"0000-0003-2424-8636","last_name":"Vukušić","full_name":"Vukušić, Lada"},{"full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios","last_name":"Katsaros","orcid":"0000-0001-8342-202X","first_name":"Georgios","id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Wang, Ke","last_name":"Wang","first_name":"Ke"},{"full_name":"Xu, Gang","last_name":"Xu","first_name":"Gang"},{"last_name":"Li","full_name":"Li, Hai Ou","first_name":"Hai Ou"},{"first_name":"Guo Ping","full_name":"Guo, Guo Ping","last_name":"Guo"}],"date_updated":"2023-10-03T12:51:59Z","article_processing_charge":"No","_id":"9464","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9781728181769"]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0301700) and the ERC Starting Grant no. 335497.","quality_controlled":"1","oa_version":"None","project":[{"call_identifier":"FP7","name":"Towards Spin qubits and Majorana fermions in Germanium selfassembled hut-wires","_id":"25517E86-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"335497"}],"month":"04","date_published":"2021-04-08T00:00:00Z","publisher":"IEEE","scopus_import":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"GeKa"}],"conference":{"end_date":"2021-04-11","location":"Virtual, Online","name":"EDTM: IEEE Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference","start_date":"2021-04-08"},"date_created":"2021-06-06T22:01:29Z","day":"08","type":"conference","status":"public","publication":"2021 5th IEEE Electron Devices Technology and Manufacturing Conference, EDTM 2021"},{"article_processing_charge":"No","date_updated":"2023-09-08T11:41:08Z","oa":1,"oa_version":"Published Version","project":[{"call_identifier":"FWF","_id":"2641CE5E-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Hole spin orbit qubits in Ge quantum wells","grant_number":"P30207"}],"acknowledgement":"The author gratefully acknowledges support by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), grants No P30207, and the Nomis foundation.","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663-337X"]},"_id":"10058","citation":{"mla":"Jirovec, Daniel. <i>Singlet-Triplet Qubits and Spin-Orbit Interaction in 2-Dimensional Ge Hole Gases</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:10058\">10.15479/at:ista:10058</a>.","ama":"Jirovec D. Singlet-Triplet qubits and spin-orbit interaction in 2-dimensional Ge hole gases. 2021. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:10058\">10.15479/at:ista:10058</a>","ista":"Jirovec D. 2021. Singlet-Triplet qubits and spin-orbit interaction in 2-dimensional Ge hole gases. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","short":"D. Jirovec, Singlet-Triplet Qubits and Spin-Orbit Interaction in 2-Dimensional Ge Hole Gases, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021.","ieee":"D. Jirovec, “Singlet-Triplet qubits and spin-orbit interaction in 2-dimensional Ge hole gases,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021.","apa":"Jirovec, D. (2021). <i>Singlet-Triplet qubits and spin-orbit interaction in 2-dimensional Ge hole gases</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:10058\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:10058</a>","chicago":"Jirovec, Daniel. “Singlet-Triplet Qubits and Spin-Orbit Interaction in 2-Dimensional Ge Hole Gases.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:10058\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:10058</a>."},"publication_status":"published","author":[{"orcid":"0000-0002-7197-4801","last_name":"Jirovec","full_name":"Jirovec, Daniel","first_name":"Daniel","id":"4C473F58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"keyword":["qubits","quantum computing","holes"],"abstract":[{"text":"Quantum information and computation has become a vast field paved with opportunities for researchers and investors. As large multinational companies and international funds are heavily investing in quantum technologies it is still a question which platform is best suited for the task of realizing a scalable quantum processor. In this work we investigate hole spins in Ge quantum wells. These hold great promise as they possess several favorable properties: a small effective mass, a strong spin-orbit coupling, long relaxation time and an inherent immunity to hyperfine noise. All these characteristics helped Ge hole spin qubits to evolve from a single qubit to a fully entangled four qubit processor in only 3 years. Here, we investigated a qubit approach leveraging the large out-of-plane g-factors of heavy hole states in Ge quantum dots. We found this qubit to be reproducibly operable at extremely low magnetic field and at large speeds while maintaining coherence. This was possible because large differences of g-factors in adjacent dots can be achieved in the out-of-plane direction. In the in-plane direction the small g-factors, on the other hand, can be altered very effectively by the confinement potentials. Here, we found that this can even lead to a sign change of the g-factors. The resulting g-factor difference alters the dynamics of the system drastically and produces effects typically attributed to a spin-orbit induced spin-flip term.  The investigations carried out in this thesis give further insights into the possibilities of holes in Ge and reveal new physical properties that need to be considered when designing future spin qubit experiments.","lang":"eng"}],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"ddc":["621","539"],"related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"8831"},{"status":"public","id":"10065","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"status":"public","id":"10066","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"status":"public","id":"8909","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"status":"public","id":"5816","relation":"part_of_dissertation"}]},"doi":"10.15479/at:ista:10058","year":"2021","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"title":"Singlet-Triplet qubits and spin-orbit interaction in 2-dimensional Ge hole gases","file_date_updated":"2022-12-20T23:30:07Z","page":"151","type":"dissertation","day":"05","status":"public","supervisor":[{"id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Georgios","orcid":"0000-0001-8342-202X","last_name":"Katsaros","full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios"}],"department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"GeKa"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","degree_awarded":"PhD","date_created":"2021-09-30T07:53:49Z","file":[{"date_created":"2021-09-30T14:29:14Z","checksum":"ad6bcb24083ed7c02baaf1885c9ea3d5","file_name":"PHD_Thesis_Jirovec_Source.zip","file_size":32397600,"date_updated":"2022-12-20T23:30:07Z","access_level":"closed","embargo_to":"open_access","creator":"djirovec","file_id":"10061","content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed","relation":"source_file"},{"relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"djirovec","file_id":"10087","access_level":"open_access","date_updated":"2022-12-20T23:30:07Z","file_size":26910829,"embargo":"2022-10-06","file_name":"PHD_Thesis_pdfa2b_1.pdf","checksum":"5fbe08d4f66d1153e04c47971538fae8","date_created":"2021-10-05T07:56:49Z"}],"date_published":"2021-10-05T00:00:00Z","month":"10","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria"},{"oa":1,"date_updated":"2024-03-25T23:30:14Z","article_processing_charge":"No","arxiv":1,"publication":"arXiv","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","acknowledgement":"We acknowledge Ang Li, Erik P. A. M. Bakkers (University of Eindhoven) for the fabrication of the Ge/Si nanowire. This work was supported by the Royal Society, the EPSRC National Quantum Technology Hub in Networked Quantum Information Technology (EP/M013243/1), Quantum Technology Capital (EP/N014995/1), EPSRC Platform Grant\r\n(EP/R029229/1), the European Research Council (Grant agreement 948932), the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, the\r\nNCCR SPIN, the EU H2020 European Microkelvin Platform EMP grant No. 824109, the Scientific Service Units\r\nof IST Austria through resources provided by the nanofabrication facility and, the FWF-P30207 project. This publication was also made possible through support from Templeton World Charity Foundation and John Templeton Foundation. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Templeton Foundations.","oa_version":"Preprint","project":[{"call_identifier":"FWF","_id":"2641CE5E-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Hole spin orbit qubits in Ge quantum wells","grant_number":"P30207"}],"_id":"10066","type":"preprint","publication_status":"submitted","citation":{"mla":"Severin, B., et al. “Cross-Architecture Tuning of Silicon and SiGe-Based Quantum Devices Using Machine Learning.” <i>ArXiv</i>, 2107.12975, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2107.12975\">10.48550/arXiv.2107.12975</a>.","ama":"Severin B, Lennon DT, Camenzind LC, et al. Cross-architecture tuning of silicon and SiGe-based quantum devices using machine learning. <i>arXiv</i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2107.12975\">10.48550/arXiv.2107.12975</a>","short":"B. Severin, D.T. Lennon, L.C. Camenzind, F. Vigneau, F. Fedele, D. Jirovec, A. Ballabio, D. Chrastina, G. Isella, M. de Kruijf, M.J. Carballido, S. Svab, A.V. Kuhlmann, F.R. Braakman, S. Geyer, F.N.M. Froning, H. Moon, M.A. Osborne, D. Sejdinovic, G. Katsaros, D.M. Zumbühl, G.A.D. Briggs, N. Ares, ArXiv (n.d.).","ista":"Severin B, Lennon DT, Camenzind LC, Vigneau F, Fedele F, Jirovec D, Ballabio A, Chrastina D, Isella G, Kruijf M de, Carballido MJ, Svab S, Kuhlmann AV, Braakman FR, Geyer S, Froning FNM, Moon H, Osborne MA, Sejdinovic D, Katsaros G, Zumbühl DM, Briggs GAD, Ares N. Cross-architecture tuning of silicon and SiGe-based quantum devices using machine learning. arXiv, 2107.12975.","apa":"Severin, B., Lennon, D. T., Camenzind, L. C., Vigneau, F., Fedele, F., Jirovec, D., … Ares, N. (n.d.). Cross-architecture tuning of silicon and SiGe-based quantum devices using machine learning. <i>arXiv</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2107.12975\">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2107.12975</a>","ieee":"B. Severin <i>et al.</i>, “Cross-architecture tuning of silicon and SiGe-based quantum devices using machine learning,” <i>arXiv</i>. .","chicago":"Severin, B., D. T. Lennon, L. C. Camenzind, F. Vigneau, F. Fedele, Daniel Jirovec, A. Ballabio, et al. “Cross-Architecture Tuning of Silicon and SiGe-Based Quantum Devices Using Machine Learning.” <i>ArXiv</i>, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2107.12975\">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2107.12975</a>."},"day":"27","author":[{"last_name":"Severin","full_name":"Severin, B.","first_name":"B."},{"first_name":"D. T.","full_name":"Lennon, D. T.","last_name":"Lennon"},{"last_name":"Camenzind","full_name":"Camenzind, L. C.","first_name":"L. C."},{"last_name":"Vigneau","full_name":"Vigneau, F.","first_name":"F."},{"last_name":"Fedele","full_name":"Fedele, F.","first_name":"F."},{"first_name":"Daniel","full_name":"Jirovec, Daniel","last_name":"Jirovec","orcid":"0000-0002-7197-4801","id":"4C473F58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Ballabio","full_name":"Ballabio, A."},{"last_name":"Chrastina","full_name":"Chrastina, D.","first_name":"D."},{"first_name":"G.","full_name":"Isella, G.","last_name":"Isella"},{"last_name":"Kruijf","full_name":"Kruijf, M. de","first_name":"M. de"},{"first_name":"M. J.","full_name":"Carballido, M. J.","last_name":"Carballido"},{"first_name":"S.","last_name":"Svab","full_name":"Svab, S."},{"first_name":"A. V.","full_name":"Kuhlmann, A. V.","last_name":"Kuhlmann"},{"full_name":"Braakman, F. R.","last_name":"Braakman","first_name":"F. R."},{"first_name":"S.","last_name":"Geyer","full_name":"Geyer, S."},{"first_name":"F. N. M.","full_name":"Froning, F. N. M.","last_name":"Froning"},{"last_name":"Moon","full_name":"Moon, H.","first_name":"H."},{"first_name":"M. A.","last_name":"Osborne","full_name":"Osborne, M. A."},{"first_name":"D.","last_name":"Sejdinovic","full_name":"Sejdinovic, D."},{"id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8342-202X","last_name":"Katsaros","full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios","first_name":"Georgios"},{"first_name":"D. M.","last_name":"Zumbühl","full_name":"Zumbühl, D. M."},{"first_name":"G. A. D.","full_name":"Briggs, G. A. D.","last_name":"Briggs"},{"first_name":"N.","full_name":"Ares, N.","last_name":"Ares"}],"status":"public","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The potential of Si and SiGe-based devices for the scaling of quantum circuits is tainted by device variability. Each device needs to be tuned to operation conditions. We give a key step towards tackling this variability with an algorithm that, without modification, is capable of tuning a 4-gate Si FinFET, a 5-gate GeSi nanowire and a 7-gate SiGe heterostructure double quantum dot device from scratch. We achieve tuning times of 30, 10, and 92 minutes, respectively. The algorithm also provides insight into the parameter space landscape for each of these devices. These results show that overarching solutions for the tuning of quantum devices are enabled by machine learning."}],"department":[{"_id":"GeKa"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2107.12975","open_access":"1"}],"article_number":"2107.12975","date_created":"2021-10-01T12:40:22Z","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains","id":"10058"}]},"date_published":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"year":"2021","doi":"10.48550/arXiv.2107.12975","month":"07","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"external_id":{"arxiv":["2107.12975"]},"title":"Cross-architecture tuning of silicon and SiGe-based quantum devices using machine learning"},{"article_processing_charge":"No","date_updated":"2024-02-21T12:41:26Z","volume":3,"oa":1,"arxiv":1,"project":[{"grant_number":"844511","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"26A151DA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Majorana bound states in Ge/SiGe heterostructures"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"TOPOLOGICALLY PROTECTED AND SCALABLE QUANTUM BITS","_id":"237E5020-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","grant_number":"862046"}],"quality_controlled":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","user_id":"8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9","acknowledgement":"This research and related results were made possible with the support of the NOMIS Foundation. This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units of IST Austria through resources provided by the MIBA Machine Shop and the nanofabrication facility, the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant agreement No. 844511 Grant Agreement No. 862046. ICN2 acknowledge funding from Generalitat de Catalunya 2017 SGR 327. ICN2 is supported by the Severo Ochoa program from Spanish MINECO (Grant No. SEV-2017-0706) and is funded by the CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya. Part of the present work has been performed in the framework of Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona Materials Science PhD program. The HAADF-STEM microscopy was conducted in the Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas at Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon-Universidad de Zaragoza. Authors acknowledge the LMA-INA for offering access to their instruments and expertise. We acknowledge support from CSIC Research Platform on Quantum Technologies PTI-001. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 823717 ESTEEM3. M.B. acknowledges support from SUR Generalitat de Catalunya and the EU Social Fund; project ref. 2020 FI 00103. G.S. and M.V. acknowledge support through a projectruimte grant associated with the Netherlands Organization of Scientific Research (NWO). J.D. acknowledges support through FRIPRO-project 274853, which is funded by the Research Council of Norway.","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2643-1564"]},"_id":"10559","citation":{"chicago":"Aggarwal, Kushagra, Andrea C Hofmann, Daniel Jirovec, Ivan Prieto Gonzalez, Amir Sammak, Marc Botifoll, Sara Martí-Sánchez, et al. “Enhancement of Proximity-Induced Superconductivity in a Planar Ge Hole Gas.” <i>Physical Review Research</i>. American Physical Society, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.3.l022005\">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.3.l022005</a>.","apa":"Aggarwal, K., Hofmann, A. C., Jirovec, D., Prieto Gonzalez, I., Sammak, A., Botifoll, M., … Katsaros, G. (2021). Enhancement of proximity-induced superconductivity in a planar Ge hole gas. <i>Physical Review Research</i>. American Physical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.3.l022005\">https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.3.l022005</a>","ieee":"K. Aggarwal <i>et al.</i>, “Enhancement of proximity-induced superconductivity in a planar Ge hole gas,” <i>Physical Review Research</i>, vol. 3, no. 2. American Physical Society, 2021.","short":"K. Aggarwal, A.C. Hofmann, D. Jirovec, I. Prieto Gonzalez, A. Sammak, M. Botifoll, S. Martí-Sánchez, M. Veldhorst, J. Arbiol, G. Scappucci, J. Danon, G. Katsaros, Physical Review Research 3 (2021).","ista":"Aggarwal K, Hofmann AC, Jirovec D, Prieto Gonzalez I, Sammak A, Botifoll M, Martí-Sánchez S, Veldhorst M, Arbiol J, Scappucci G, Danon J, Katsaros G. 2021. Enhancement of proximity-induced superconductivity in a planar Ge hole gas. Physical Review Research. 3(2), L022005.","mla":"Aggarwal, Kushagra, et al. “Enhancement of Proximity-Induced Superconductivity in a Planar Ge Hole Gas.” <i>Physical Review Research</i>, vol. 3, no. 2, L022005, American Physical Society, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.3.l022005\">10.1103/physrevresearch.3.l022005</a>.","ama":"Aggarwal K, Hofmann AC, Jirovec D, et al. Enhancement of proximity-induced superconductivity in a planar Ge hole gas. <i>Physical Review Research</i>. 2021;3(2). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevresearch.3.l022005\">10.1103/physrevresearch.3.l022005</a>"},"publication_status":"published","author":[{"first_name":"Kushagra","orcid":"0000-0001-9985-9293","last_name":"Aggarwal","full_name":"Aggarwal, Kushagra","id":"b22ab905-3539-11eb-84c3-fc159dcd79cb"},{"id":"340F461A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Andrea C","last_name":"Hofmann","full_name":"Hofmann, Andrea C"},{"id":"4C473F58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-7197-4801","full_name":"Jirovec, Daniel","last_name":"Jirovec","first_name":"Daniel"},{"first_name":"Ivan","orcid":"0000-0002-7370-5357","last_name":"Prieto Gonzalez","full_name":"Prieto Gonzalez, Ivan","id":"2A307FE2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Amir","full_name":"Sammak, Amir","last_name":"Sammak"},{"last_name":"Botifoll","full_name":"Botifoll, Marc","first_name":"Marc"},{"first_name":"Sara","last_name":"Martí-Sánchez","full_name":"Martí-Sánchez, Sara"},{"first_name":"Menno","last_name":"Veldhorst","full_name":"Veldhorst, Menno"},{"first_name":"Jordi","full_name":"Arbiol, Jordi","last_name":"Arbiol"},{"full_name":"Scappucci, Giordano","last_name":"Scappucci","first_name":"Giordano"},{"full_name":"Danon, Jeroen","last_name":"Danon","first_name":"Jeroen"},{"id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-8342-202X","full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios","last_name":"Katsaros","first_name":"Georgios"}],"keyword":["general engineering"],"abstract":[{"text":"Hole gases in planar germanium can have high mobilities in combination with strong spin-orbit interaction and electrically tunable g factors, and are therefore emerging as a promising platform for creating hybrid superconductor-semiconductor devices. A key challenge towards hybrid Ge-based quantum technologies is the design of high-quality interfaces and superconducting contacts that are robust against magnetic fields. In this work, by combining the assets of aluminum, which provides good contact to the Ge, and niobium, which has a significant superconducting gap, we demonstrate highly transparent low-disordered JoFETs with relatively large ICRN products that are capable of withstanding high magnetic fields. We furthermore demonstrate the ability of phase-biasing individual JoFETs, opening up an avenue to explore topological superconductivity in planar Ge. The persistence of superconductivity in the reported hybrid devices beyond 1.8 T paves the way towards integrating spin qubits and proximity-induced superconductivity on the same chip.","lang":"eng"}],"article_number":"L022005","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"ddc":["620"],"related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"8831","relation":"earlier_version"},{"status":"public","relation":"research_data","id":"8834"}]},"ec_funded":1,"doi":"10.1103/physrevresearch.3.l022005","year":"2021","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"NanoFab"},{"_id":"M-Shop"}],"title":"Enhancement of proximity-induced superconductivity in a planar Ge hole gas","external_id":{"arxiv":["2012.00322"]},"file_date_updated":"2021-12-17T08:12:37Z","publication":"Physical Review Research","issue":"2","type":"journal_article","day":"15","status":"public","intvolume":"         3","department":[{"_id":"GeKa"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","date_created":"2021-12-16T18:50:57Z","file":[{"success":1,"file_id":"10561","creator":"cchlebak","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","date_created":"2021-12-17T08:12:37Z","checksum":"60a1bc9c9b616b1b155044bb8cfc6484","file_name":"2021_PhysRevResearch_Aggarwal.pdf","file_size":1917512,"date_updated":"2021-12-17T08:12:37Z","access_level":"open_access"}],"article_type":"original","date_published":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","month":"04","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"scopus_import":"1","publisher":"American Physical Society"},{"day":"22","type":"dissertation","status":"public","supervisor":[{"last_name":"Katsaros","full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios","orcid":"0000-0001-8342-202X","first_name":"Georgios","id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:07Z","page":"178","month":"06","date_published":"2020-06-22T00:00:00Z","publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","degree_awarded":"PhD","department":[{"_id":"GeKa"}],"file":[{"file_size":392794743,"file_name":"JK_thesis_latex_source_files.zip","checksum":"467e52feb3e361ce8cf5fe8d5c254ece","date_created":"2020-06-22T09:22:04Z","access_level":"closed","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:07Z","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed","creator":"dernst","file_id":"7997"},{"checksum":"1de716bf110dbd77d383e479232bf496","date_created":"2020-06-22T09:21:29Z","file_size":28453247,"file_name":"PhD_thesis_JK_pdfa.pdf","access_level":"open_access","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:48:07Z","creator":"dernst","file_id":"7998","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf"}],"date_created":"2020-06-22T09:22:23Z","citation":{"chicago":"Kukucka, Josip. “Implementation of a Hole Spin Qubit in Ge Hut Wires and Dispersive Spin Sensing.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:7996\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:7996</a>.","ieee":"J. Kukucka, “Implementation of a hole spin qubit in Ge hut wires and dispersive spin sensing,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2020.","apa":"Kukucka, J. (2020). <i>Implementation of a hole spin qubit in Ge hut wires and dispersive spin sensing</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:7996\">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:7996</a>","ista":"Kukucka J. 2020. Implementation of a hole spin qubit in Ge hut wires and dispersive spin sensing. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","short":"J. Kukucka, Implementation of a Hole Spin Qubit in Ge Hut Wires and Dispersive Spin Sensing, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2020.","ama":"Kukucka J. Implementation of a hole spin qubit in Ge hut wires and dispersive spin sensing. 2020. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:7996\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:7996</a>","mla":"Kukucka, Josip. <i>Implementation of a Hole Spin Qubit in Ge Hut Wires and Dispersive Spin Sensing</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2020, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:7996\">10.15479/AT:ISTA:7996</a>."},"publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"text":"Quantum computation enables the execution of algorithms that have exponential complexity. This might open the path towards the synthesis of new materials or medical drugs, optimization of transport or financial strategies etc., intractable on even the fastest classical computers. A quantum computer consists of interconnected two level quantum systems, called qubits, that satisfy DiVincezo’s criteria. Worldwide, there are ongoing efforts to find the qubit architecture which will unite quantum error correction compatible single and two qubit fidelities, long distance qubit to qubit coupling and \r\n calability. Superconducting qubits have gone the furthest in this race, demonstrating an algorithm running on 53 coupled qubits, but still the fidelities are not even close to those required for realizing a single logical qubit.  emiconductor qubits offer extremely good characteristics, but they are currently investigated across different platforms. Uniting those good characteristics into a single platform might be a big step towards the quantum computer realization.\r\nHere we describe the implementation of a hole spin qubit hosted in a Ge hut wire double quantum dot. The high and tunable spin-orbit coupling together with a heavy hole state character is expected to allow fast spin manipulation and long coherence times. Furthermore large lever arms, for hut wire devices, should allow good coupling to superconducting resonators enabling efficient long distance spin to spin coupling and a sensitive gate reflectometry spin readout. The developed cryogenic setup (printed circuit board sample holders, filtering, high-frequency wiring) enabled us to perform low temperature spin dynamics experiments. Indeed, we measured the fastest single spin qubit Rabi frequencies reported so far, reaching 140 MHz, while the dephasing times of 130 ns oppose the long decoherence predictions. In order to further investigate this, a double quantum dot gate was connected directly to a lumped element\r\nresonator which enabled gate reflectometry readout. The vanishing inter-dot transition signal, for increasing external magnetic field, revealed the spin nature of the measured quantity.","lang":"eng"}],"author":[{"id":"3F5D8856-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Josip","last_name":"Kukucka","full_name":"Kukucka, Josip"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","date_updated":"2023-09-26T15:50:22Z","oa":1,"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663-337X"]},"_id":"7996","oa_version":"Published Version","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","year":"2020","doi":"10.15479/AT:ISTA:7996","title":"Implementation of a hole spin qubit in Ge hut wires and dispersive spin sensing","alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"1328","relation":"part_of_dissertation","status":"public"},{"relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"7541","status":"public"},{"status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"77"},{"status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"23"},{"id":"840","relation":"part_of_dissertation","status":"public"}]},"ddc":["530"]},{"publication_status":"published","citation":{"ieee":"G. Katsaros <i>et al.</i>, “Zero field splitting of heavy-hole states in quantum dots,” <i>Nano Letters</i>, vol. 20, no. 7. American Chemical Society, pp. 5201–5206, 2020.","apa":"Katsaros, G., Kukucka, J., Vukušić, L., Watzinger, H., Gao, F., Wang, T., … Held, K. (2020). Zero field splitting of heavy-hole states in quantum dots. <i>Nano Letters</i>. American Chemical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01466\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01466</a>","chicago":"Katsaros, Georgios, Josip Kukucka, Lada Vukušić, Hannes Watzinger, Fei Gao, Ting Wang, Jian-Jun Zhang, and Karsten Held. “Zero Field Splitting of Heavy-Hole States in Quantum Dots.” <i>Nano Letters</i>. American Chemical Society, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01466\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01466</a>.","ama":"Katsaros G, Kukucka J, Vukušić L, et al. Zero field splitting of heavy-hole states in quantum dots. <i>Nano Letters</i>. 2020;20(7):5201-5206. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01466\">10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01466</a>","mla":"Katsaros, Georgios, et al. “Zero Field Splitting of Heavy-Hole States in Quantum Dots.” <i>Nano Letters</i>, vol. 20, no. 7, American Chemical Society, 2020, pp. 5201–06, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01466\">10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01466</a>.","short":"G. Katsaros, J. Kukucka, L. Vukušić, H. Watzinger, F. Gao, T. Wang, J.-J. Zhang, K. Held, Nano Letters 20 (2020) 5201–5206.","ista":"Katsaros G, Kukucka J, Vukušić L, Watzinger H, Gao F, Wang T, Zhang J-J, Held K. 2020. Zero field splitting of heavy-hole states in quantum dots. Nano Letters. 20(7), 5201–5206."},"abstract":[{"text":"Using inelastic cotunneling spectroscopy we observe a zero field splitting within the spin triplet manifold of Ge hut wire quantum dots. The states with spin ±1 in the confinement direction are energetically favored by up to 55 μeV compared to the spin 0 triplet state because of the strong spin–orbit coupling. The reported effect should be observable in a broad class of strongly confined hole quantum-dot systems and might need to be considered when operating hole spin qubits.","lang":"eng"}],"author":[{"first_name":"Georgios","orcid":"0000-0001-8342-202X","last_name":"Katsaros","full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios","id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Kukucka","full_name":"Kukucka, Josip","first_name":"Josip","id":"3F5D8856-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"31E9F056-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-2424-8636","full_name":"Vukušić, Lada","last_name":"Vukušić","first_name":"Lada"},{"id":"35DF8E50-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Hannes","last_name":"Watzinger","full_name":"Watzinger, Hannes"},{"full_name":"Gao, Fei","last_name":"Gao","first_name":"Fei"},{"last_name":"Wang","full_name":"Wang, Ting","orcid":"0000-0002-4619-9575","first_name":"Ting"},{"first_name":"Jian-Jun","full_name":"Zhang, Jian-Jun","last_name":"Zhang"},{"full_name":"Held, Karsten","last_name":"Held","first_name":"Karsten"}],"volume":20,"date_updated":"2024-02-21T12:44:01Z","oa":1,"article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","pmid":1,"_id":"8203","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1530-6992"],"issn":["1530-6984"]},"acknowledgement":"We acknowledge G. Burkard, V. N. Golovach, C. Kloeffel, D.Loss, P. Rabl, and M. Rancič ́ for helpful discussions. We\r\nfurther acknowledge T. Adletzberger, J. Aguilera, T. Asenov, S. Bagiante, T. Menner, L. Shafeek, P. Taus, P. Traunmüller, and D. Waldhausl for their invaluable assistance. This research was supported by the Scientific Service Units of IST Austria through resources provided by the MIBA Machine Shop and the nanofabrication facility, by the FWF-P 32235 project, by the National Key R&D Program of China (2016YFA0301701, 2016YFA0300600), and by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 862046. All data of this publication are available at 10.15479/AT:ISTA:7689.","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","project":[{"call_identifier":"FWF","name":"Towards scalable hut wire quantum devices","_id":"237B3DA4-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","grant_number":"P32235"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","name":"TOPOLOGICALLY PROTECTED AND SCALABLE QUANTUM BITS","_id":"237E5020-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","grant_number":"862046"}],"quality_controlled":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"NanoFab"},{"_id":"M-Shop"}],"year":"2020","doi":"10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01466","ec_funded":1,"external_id":{"pmid":["32479090"],"isi":["000548893200066"]},"title":"Zero field splitting of heavy-hole states in quantum dots","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"isi":1,"related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","id":"7689","status":"public"}]},"ddc":["530"],"day":"01","type":"journal_article","intvolume":"        20","status":"public","issue":"7","publication":"Nano Letters","page":"5201-5206","file_date_updated":"2020-08-06T09:35:37Z","month":"06","date_published":"2020-06-01T00:00:00Z","article_type":"original","publisher":"American Chemical Society","scopus_import":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"GeKa"}],"date_created":"2020-08-06T09:25:04Z","file":[{"file_id":"8204","creator":"dernst","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","success":1,"date_updated":"2020-08-06T09:35:37Z","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2020-08-06T09:35:37Z","file_name":"2020_NanoLetters_Katsaros.pdf","file_size":3308906}]}]