---
_id: '2487'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Distribution of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR3, which
is coupled to the inhibitory cAMP cascade, was examined in the central nervous
system of the adult albino rat by in situ hybridization. The hybridization signals
of mGluR3 were detected not only on neuronal cells but also on many glial cells
throughout the brain and spinal cord. In the neuronal cells, prominent expression
of mGluR3 mRNA was seen in the thalamic reticular nucleus. Moderately labeled
neurons were seen in the anterior olfactory nucleus, cerebral neo- and mesocortical
regions, lateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part of the basolateral amygdaloid
nucleus, dorsal endopiriform nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, superficial layers of
the superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, interpeduncular nucleus, superior
olivary nuclei, and Golgi cells in the cerebellar cortex. Weakly labeled neurons
were observed in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, globus pallidus,
entopeduncular nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, hypothalamic paraventricular
nucleus, medial habenular nucleus, anterior pretectal nucleus, Barrington's nucleus,
Nucleus O, paragenual nucleus, trigeminal sensory complex, cochlear nuclei, dorsal
motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, dorsal cap of the inferior olive, spinal
dorsal horn, and lamina X of the spinal cord. The stellate cells in the cerebellar
cortex, and neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei were also labeled weakly. The
granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, as a whole, appeared to be labeled intensely,
but each of the granule cells was labeled only weakly. No significant labeling
was detected in the mitral and tufted cells in the olfactory bulb, hippocampal
pyramidal cells, Purkinje and granule cells in the cerebellar cortex, or somatic
motoneurons. The distribution of mGluR3 mRNA in particular neurons and glial cells
indicates specific roles of mGluR3 in the glutamatergic system of the central
nervous system.
acknowledgement: We are grateful for the photographic help of Mr. Akira Uesugi and
the support of Drs. Satoru Fukuchi, Toshio Fukuda, Ritsu Hayashi, Mizuho Katsurada,
Yutaka Kitani, Keiko Kumagai, Toshihiko Kuroda, Hiroshi Matsubara, Hiroshi Matsushima,
Chisato Minakuchi, Masatoshi Nishio, Gonpei Niwa, Hajime Oda, Masahiko Ohbayashi,
Sei-ichi Ohbayashi, Hiroyasu Ohtsuka, Shigeo Tamaki, Eizo Watan- abe, Kazuo Yoshino,
and Toshiaki Yoshino. This work was supported in part by grants-in-aid from the
Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Hitoshi
full_name: Ohishi, Hitoshi
last_name: Ohishi
- first_name: Ryuichi
full_name: Shigemoto, Ryuichi
id: 499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Shigemoto
orcid: 0000-0001-8761-9444
- first_name: Shigetada
full_name: Nakanishi, Shigetada
last_name: Nakanishi
- first_name: Noboru
full_name: Mizuno, Noboru
last_name: Mizuno
citation:
ama: 'Ohishi H, Shigemoto R, Nakanishi S, Mizuno N. Distribution of the mRNA for
a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR3) in the rat brain: An in situ hybridization
study. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 1993;335(2):252-266. doi:10.1002/cne.903350209'
apa: 'Ohishi, H., Shigemoto, R., Nakanishi, S., & Mizuno, N. (1993). Distribution
of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR3) in the rat brain: An
in situ hybridization study. Journal of Comparative Neurology. Wiley-Blackwell.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350209'
chicago: 'Ohishi, Hitoshi, Ryuichi Shigemoto, Shigetada Nakanishi, and Noboru Mizuno.
“ Distribution of the MRNA for a Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor (MGluR3) in the
Rat Brain: An in Situ Hybridization Study.” Journal of Comparative Neurology.
Wiley-Blackwell, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350209.'
ieee: 'H. Ohishi, R. Shigemoto, S. Nakanishi, and N. Mizuno, “ Distribution of the
mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR3) in the rat brain: An in situ
hybridization study,” Journal of Comparative Neurology, vol. 335, no. 2.
Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 252–266, 1993.'
ista: 'Ohishi H, Shigemoto R, Nakanishi S, Mizuno N. 1993. Distribution of the
mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR3) in the rat brain: An in situ
hybridization study. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 335(2), 252–266.'
mla: 'Ohishi, Hitoshi, et al. “ Distribution of the MRNA for a Metabotropic Glutamate
Receptor (MGluR3) in the Rat Brain: An in Situ Hybridization Study.” Journal
of Comparative Neurology, vol. 335, no. 2, Wiley-Blackwell, 1993, pp. 252–66,
doi:10.1002/cne.903350209.'
short: H. Ohishi, R. Shigemoto, S. Nakanishi, N. Mizuno, Journal of Comparative
Neurology 335 (1993) 252–266.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:57:57Z
date_published: 1993-09-08T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-06-01T11:58:11Z
day: '08'
doi: 10.1002/cne.903350209
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '8227517'
intvolume: ' 335'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.903350209
month: '09'
oa_version: None
page: 252 - 266
pmid: 1
publication: Journal of Comparative Neurology
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-9967
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
publist_id: '4414'
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: ' Distribution of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR3) in
the rat brain: An in situ hybridization study'
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 335
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '2536'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: A cDNA clone for a new metabotropic glutamate receptor, termed mGluR6, was
isolated from a rat retinal cDNA library by cross-hybridization with the previously
isolated cDNA clone for a metabotropic glutamate receptor. The cloned mGluR6 subtype
consists of 871 amino acid residues and exhibits a structural architecture common
to the metabotropic receptor family, possessing a large extracellular domain preceding
the seven putative membrane-spanning domains. mGluR6 shows the highest sequence
similarity to mGluR4 among the metabotropic receptor subtypes and inhibits the
forskolin- stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected
with the cloned cDNA. mGluR6 potently reacts with L-2-amino-4- phosphonobutyrate
(L-AP4) and L-serine-O-phosphate, and the potencies of these compounds are one
order of magnitude greater than that of L-glutamate. Blot and in situ hybridization
analyses indicated that mGluR6 mRNA is restrictedly expressed in the inner nuclear
layer of the retina where ON- bipolar cells are distributed. The metabotropic
receptor that responds strongly to L-AP4 and L-serine-O-phosphate in ON-bipolar
cells is known to mediate glutamate synaptic transmission between photoreceptor
cells and ON- bipolar cells. On the basis of the agonist selectivity of mGluR6
and its specific expression in retinal cells, the physiological role of this receptor
subtype in the visual system is discussed.
acknowledgement: "This work was supported in part by research grants from the Ministry
of Education, Science and Culture of Japan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare,
the Yamanouchi Foundation for Research on Metabolic Disorders, the Uehara Memorial
Foundation, and the Inamori Foundation. The costs of publication of this article
were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore
be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely
to indicate this fact. \r\n\r\nWe are grateful to Akira Uesugi for photographic
assistance."
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Yoshiaki
full_name: Nakajima, Yoshiaki
last_name: Nakajima
- first_name: Hideki
full_name: Iwakabe, Hideki
last_name: Iwakabe
- first_name: Chihiro
full_name: Akazawa, Chihiro
last_name: Akazawa
- first_name: Hiroyuki
full_name: Nawa, Hiroyuki
last_name: Nawa
- first_name: Ryuichi
full_name: Shigemoto, Ryuichi
id: 499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Shigemoto
orcid: 0000-0001-8761-9444
- first_name: Noboru
full_name: Mizuno, Noboru
last_name: Mizuno
- first_name: Shigetada
full_name: Nakanishi, Shigetada
last_name: Nakanishi
citation:
ama: Nakajima Y, Iwakabe H, Akazawa C, et al. Molecular characterization of a novel
retinal metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR6 with a high agonist selectivity
for L-2-amino-4- phosphonobutyrate. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1993;268(16):11868-11873.
doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50280-0
apa: Nakajima, Y., Iwakabe, H., Akazawa, C., Nawa, H., Shigemoto, R., Mizuno, N.,
& Nakanishi, S. (1993). Molecular characterization of a novel retinal metabotropic
glutamate receptor mGluR6 with a high agonist selectivity for L-2-amino-4- phosphonobutyrate.
Journal of Biological Chemistry. American Society for Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50280-0
chicago: Nakajima, Yoshiaki, Hideki Iwakabe, Chihiro Akazawa, Hiroyuki Nawa, Ryuichi
Shigemoto, Noboru Mizuno, and Shigetada Nakanishi. “Molecular Characterization
of a Novel Retinal Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor MGluR6 with a High Agonist
Selectivity for L-2-Amino-4- Phosphonobutyrate.” Journal of Biological Chemistry.
American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50280-0.
ieee: Y. Nakajima et al., “Molecular characterization of a novel retinal
metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR6 with a high agonist selectivity for L-2-amino-4-
phosphonobutyrate,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 268, no. 16.
American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, pp. 11868–11873, 1993.
ista: Nakajima Y, Iwakabe H, Akazawa C, Nawa H, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi
S. 1993. Molecular characterization of a novel retinal metabotropic glutamate
receptor mGluR6 with a high agonist selectivity for L-2-amino-4- phosphonobutyrate.
Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268(16), 11868–11873.
mla: Nakajima, Yoshiaki, et al. “Molecular Characterization of a Novel Retinal Metabotropic
Glutamate Receptor MGluR6 with a High Agonist Selectivity for L-2-Amino-4- Phosphonobutyrate.”
Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 268, no. 16, American Society for
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1993, pp. 11868–73, doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50280-0.
short: Y. Nakajima, H. Iwakabe, C. Akazawa, H. Nawa, R. Shigemoto, N. Mizuno, S.
Nakanishi, Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 (1993) 11868–11873.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:58:15Z
date_published: 1993-06-05T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-04-26T06:56:15Z
day: '05'
doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50280-0
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '8389366'
intvolume: ' 268'
issue: '16'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50280-0
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 11868 - 11873
pmid: 1
publication: Journal of Biological Chemistry
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-9258
publication_status: published
publisher: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
publist_id: '4362'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Molecular characterization of a novel retinal metabotropic glutamate receptor
mGluR6 with a high agonist selectivity for L-2-amino-4- phosphonobutyrate
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 268
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '2537'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'The metabotropic glutamate receptors are coupled to intracellular signal
transduction via G-proteins and consist of a family of at least five different
subtypes, termed mGluR1-mGluR5. We studied the signal transduction mechanism and
pharmacological characteristics of the rat mGluR3 and mGluR4 subtypes in Chinese
hamster ovary cells permanently expressing the cloned receptors. Both mGluR3 and
mGluR4 inhibit the forskolin-stimulated accumulation of intracellular cAMP formation
in response to agonist interaction. Consistent with the high degree of sequence
similarity to mGluR2, mGluR3 closely resembles mGluR2 in its agonist selectivity;
the potency rank order of agonists is L-glutamate > trans-1-aminocyclopentane-
1,3-dicarboxylate > ibotenate > quisqualate. mGluR4 is totally different
in its agonist specificity from any other member of the metabotropic receptors.
This receptor potently reacts with L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate(L-AP4) in a stereo-selective
manner and moderately responds to L-serine-O-phosphate. mGluR4 thus corresponds
well to the putative L-AP4 receptor characterized from brain preparations. Blot
and in situ hybridization analyses indicated that both mRNAs are widely distributed
in the rat brain. mGluR3 mRNA is highly expressed in neuronal cells of the cerebral
cortex and the caudate- putamen, and in granule cells of the hippocampal dentate
gyrus. The expression pattern of mGluR4 mRNA is more restricted, and this expression
is prominent in the cerebellum, olfactory bulb, and thalamus. Furthermore, the
mGluR3 mRNA, unlike the other mRNAs for the metabotropic receptors, is highly
expressed in glial cells throughout the brain regions. The metabotropic glutamate
receptor subtypes can thus be classified into three subgroups according to the
similarity in their amino acid sequences, signal transduction, and agonist selectivity:
mGluR1/mGluR5, mGluR2/mGluR3, and mGluR4. The mRNAs for the individual receptor
subtypes, however, show overlapping but distinct patterns of expression in the
rat CNS.'
acknowledgement: 'We are grateful to Mr. Akira Uesugi for photographic assistance.
This work was supported in part by research grants from the Ministry of Education,
Science and Culture of Japan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, the Uehara
Memorial Foundation, and the Semi Life Science Foundation. '
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Yasuto
full_name: Tanabe, Yasuto
last_name: Tanabe
- first_name: Akinori
full_name: Nomura, Akinori
last_name: Nomura
- first_name: Masayuki
full_name: Masu, Masayuki
last_name: Masu
- first_name: Ryuichi
full_name: Shigemoto, Ryuichi
id: 499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Shigemoto
orcid: 0000-0001-8761-9444
- first_name: Noboru
full_name: Mizuno, Noboru
last_name: Mizuno
- first_name: Shigetada
full_name: Nakanishi, Shigetada
last_name: Nakanishi
citation:
ama: Tanabe Y, Nomura A, Masu M, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi S. Signal transduction,
pharmacological properties, and expression patterns of two rat metabotropic glutamate
receptors, mGluR3 and mGluR4. Journal of Neuroscience. 1993;13(4):1372-1378.
doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01372.1993
apa: Tanabe, Y., Nomura, A., Masu, M., Shigemoto, R., Mizuno, N., & Nakanishi,
S. (1993). Signal transduction, pharmacological properties, and expression patterns
of two rat metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR3 and mGluR4. Journal of
Neuroscience. Society for Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01372.1993
chicago: Tanabe, Yasuto, Akinori Nomura, Masayuki Masu, Ryuichi Shigemoto, Noboru
Mizuno, and Shigetada Nakanishi. “Signal Transduction, Pharmacological Properties,
and Expression Patterns of Two Rat Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, MGluR3 and
MGluR4.” Journal of Neuroscience. Society for Neuroscience, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01372.1993.
ieee: Y. Tanabe, A. Nomura, M. Masu, R. Shigemoto, N. Mizuno, and S. Nakanishi,
“Signal transduction, pharmacological properties, and expression patterns of two
rat metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR3 and mGluR4,” Journal of Neuroscience,
vol. 13, no. 4. Society for Neuroscience, pp. 1372–1378, 1993.
ista: Tanabe Y, Nomura A, Masu M, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi S. 1993. Signal
transduction, pharmacological properties, and expression patterns of two rat metabotropic
glutamate receptors, mGluR3 and mGluR4. Journal of Neuroscience. 13(4), 1372–1378.
mla: Tanabe, Yasuto, et al. “Signal Transduction, Pharmacological Properties, and
Expression Patterns of Two Rat Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, MGluR3 and MGluR4.”
Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 13, no. 4, Society for Neuroscience, 1993,
pp. 1372–78, doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01372.1993.
short: Y. Tanabe, A. Nomura, M. Masu, R. Shigemoto, N. Mizuno, S. Nakanishi, Journal
of Neuroscience 13 (1993) 1372–1378.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:58:15Z
date_published: 1993-04-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-03-31T14:49:42Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01372.1993
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '8463825'
intvolume: ' 13'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8463825/
month: '04'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 1372 - 1378
pmid: 1
publication: Journal of Neuroscience
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0270-6474
publication_status: published
publisher: Society for Neuroscience
publist_id: '4361'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Signal transduction, pharmacological properties, and expression patterns of
two rat metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR3 and mGluR4
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 13
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '2538'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Rat mRNAs encoding two subtypes of the endothelin (ET) receptor (ET(A) and
ET(B)) were studied in the rat ovary and fallopian tube by means of Northern blotting
and in situ hybridization. The mRNA transcripts for the endothelin- 1-specific
type receptor (ET(A)) in pooled RNA from the ovary and fallopian tube were 4.2
and 5.2 kilonucleotides, and that for the nonselective type receptor (ET(B)) was
4.7 kilonucleotides; these were similar to transcripts for endothelin receptors
from other tissues. ET(A) mRNA expression was abundant in the muscle cell layer
of the fallopian tube, but low in the ovary. On the other hand, ET(B) mRNA was
abundant in the granulosa cells in the developing follicles, but low in atretic
follicles and absent in the fallopian tube. These results demonstrated that the
mRNAs for the two subtypes of the rat endothelin receptor have different expression
profiles in the ovary and fallopian tube. ETs may mainly affect the granulosa
cells in the dominant follicles as well as the muscle cells of the fallopian tube
through ET(B) and ET(A), respectively.
acknowledgement: We thank Ms. Fumiko Kosaka for her excellent technical assistance.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Masazumi
full_name: Iwai, Masazumi
last_name: Iwai
- first_name: Seiji
full_name: Hori, Seiji
last_name: Hori
- first_name: Ryuichi
full_name: Shigemoto, Ryuichi
id: 499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Shigemoto
orcid: 0000-0001-8761-9444
- first_name: Hideharu
full_name: Kanzaki, Hideharu
last_name: Kanzaki
- first_name: Takahide
full_name: Mori, Takahide
last_name: Mori
- first_name: Shigetada
full_name: Nakanishi, Shigetada
last_name: Nakanishi
citation:
ama: Iwai M, Hori S, Shigemoto R, Kanzaki H, Mori T, Nakanishi S. Localization of
endothelin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat ovary and fallopian
tube by in situ hybridization. Biology of Reproduction. 1993;49(4):675-680.
doi:10.1095/biolreprod49.4.675
apa: Iwai, M., Hori, S., Shigemoto, R., Kanzaki, H., Mori, T., & Nakanishi,
S. (1993). Localization of endothelin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the
rat ovary and fallopian tube by in situ hybridization. Biology of Reproduction.
Society for the Study of Reproduction. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod49.4.675
chicago: Iwai, Masazumi, Seiji Hori, Ryuichi Shigemoto, Hideharu Kanzaki, Takahide
Mori, and Shigetada Nakanishi. “Localization of Endothelin Receptor Messenger
Ribonucleic Acid in the Rat Ovary and Fallopian Tube by in Situ Hybridization.”
Biology of Reproduction. Society for the Study of Reproduction, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod49.4.675.
ieee: M. Iwai, S. Hori, R. Shigemoto, H. Kanzaki, T. Mori, and S. Nakanishi, “Localization
of endothelin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat ovary and fallopian
tube by in situ hybridization,” Biology of Reproduction, vol. 49, no. 4.
Society for the Study of Reproduction, pp. 675–680, 1993.
ista: Iwai M, Hori S, Shigemoto R, Kanzaki H, Mori T, Nakanishi S. 1993. Localization
of endothelin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat ovary and fallopian
tube by in situ hybridization. Biology of Reproduction. 49(4), 675–680.
mla: Iwai, Masazumi, et al. “Localization of Endothelin Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic
Acid in the Rat Ovary and Fallopian Tube by in Situ Hybridization.” Biology
of Reproduction, vol. 49, no. 4, Society for the Study of Reproduction, 1993,
pp. 675–80, doi:10.1095/biolreprod49.4.675.
short: M. Iwai, S. Hori, R. Shigemoto, H. Kanzaki, T. Mori, S. Nakanishi, Biology
of Reproduction 49 (1993) 675–680.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:58:16Z
date_published: 1993-10-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-03-31T12:32:51Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1095/biolreprod49.4.675
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '8218631'
intvolume: ' 49'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://academic.oup.com/biolreprod/article/49/4/675/2762375?login=true
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 675 - 680
pmid: 1
publication: Biology of Reproduction
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0006-3363
publication_status: published
publisher: Society for the Study of Reproduction
publist_id: '4359'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Localization of endothelin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat ovary
and fallopian tube by in situ hybridization
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 49
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '2539'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: cDNA clones for four different N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits
(NMDAR2A-NMDAR2D) were isolated through polymerase chain reactions followed by
molecular screening of a rat brain cDNA library. These subunits are only about
15% identical with the key subunit of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR1) but are highly
homologous (~50% homology) with one another. They also commonly possess large
hydrophilic domains at both amino- and carboxyl- terminal sides of the four putative
transmembrane segments. NMDAR2A and NMDAR2C expressed individually in Xenopus
oocytes showed no electrophysiological response to agonists. However, these subunits
in combined expression with NMDAR1 markedly potentiated the NMDAR1 activity and
produced functional variability in the affinity of agonists, the effectiveness
of antagonists, and the sensitivity to Mg2+ blockade. Thus, NMDAR1 is essential
for the function of the NMDA receptor, and multiple NMDAR2 subunits potentiate
and differentiate the function of the NMDA receptor by forming different heteromeric
configurations with NMDAR1. Northern blotting and in situ hybridization analyses
revealed that the expressions of individual mRNAs for the NMDAR2 subunits overlap
in some brain regions but are also specialized in many other regions. This investigation
demonstrates the anatomical and functional differences of the NMDAR2 subunits,
which provide the molecular basis for the functional diversity of the NMDA receptor.
acknowledgement: This work was supported in part by research grants from the Ministry
of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare
of Japan, the Senri Life Science Foundation, and Yamanouchi Foundation for Research
on Metabolic Disorders. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in
part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked
“aduertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this
fact.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Takahiro
full_name: Ishii, Takahiro
last_name: Ishii
- first_name: Koki
full_name: Moriyoshi, Koki
last_name: Moriyoshi
- first_name: Hidemitsu
full_name: Sugihara, Hidemitsu
last_name: Sugihara
- first_name: Kazuhir
full_name: Sakurada, Kazuhir
last_name: Sakurada
- first_name: Hiroshi
full_name: Kadotani, Hiroshi
last_name: Kadotani
- first_name: Mineto
full_name: Yokoi, Mineto
last_name: Yokoi
- first_name: Chihiro
full_name: Akazawa, Chihiro
last_name: Akazawa
- first_name: Ryuichi
full_name: Shigemoto, Ryuichi
id: 499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Shigemoto
orcid: 0000-0001-8761-9444
- first_name: Noboru
full_name: Mizuno, Noboru
last_name: Mizuno
- first_name: Masayuki
full_name: Masu, Masayuki
last_name: Masu
- first_name: Shigetada
full_name: Nakanishi, Shigetada
last_name: Nakanishi
citation:
ama: Ishii T, Moriyoshi K, Sugihara H, et al. Molecular characterization of the
family of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits. Journal of Biological
Chemistry. 1993;268(4):2836-2843. doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53849-7
apa: Ishii, T., Moriyoshi, K., Sugihara, H., Sakurada, K., Kadotani, H., Yokoi,
M., … Nakanishi, S. (1993). Molecular characterization of the family of the N-methyl-D-aspartate
receptor subunits. Journal of Biological Chemistry. American Society for
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53849-7
chicago: Ishii, Takahiro, Koki Moriyoshi, Hidemitsu Sugihara, Kazuhir Sakurada,
Hiroshi Kadotani, Mineto Yokoi, Chihiro Akazawa, et al. “Molecular Characterization
of the Family of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Subunits.” Journal of Biological
Chemistry. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1993.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53849-7
.
ieee: T. Ishii et al., “Molecular characterization of the family of the N-methyl-D-aspartate
receptor subunits,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 268, no. 4. American
Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, pp. 2836–2843, 1993.
ista: Ishii T, Moriyoshi K, Sugihara H, Sakurada K, Kadotani H, Yokoi M, Akazawa
C, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Masu M, Nakanishi S. 1993. Molecular characterization
of the family of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits. Journal of Biological
Chemistry. 268(4), 2836–2843.
mla: Ishii, Takahiro, et al. “Molecular Characterization of the Family of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
Receptor Subunits.” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 268, no. 4, American
Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1993, pp. 2836–43, doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53849-7 .
short: T. Ishii, K. Moriyoshi, H. Sugihara, K. Sakurada, H. Kadotani, M. Yokoi,
C. Akazawa, R. Shigemoto, N. Mizuno, M. Masu, S. Nakanishi, Journal of Biological
Chemistry 268 (1993) 2836–2843.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:58:16Z
date_published: 1993-02-05T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-03-31T14:29:17Z
day: '05'
doi: '10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53849-7 '
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '8428958'
intvolume: ' 268'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(18)53849-7/fulltext
month: '02'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 2836 - 2843
pmid: 1
publication: Journal of Biological Chemistry
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0021-9258
publication_status: published
publisher: American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
publist_id: '4360'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Molecular characterization of the family of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
subunits
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 268
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '2540'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Distribution of the messenger RNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2,
which is coupled to the inhibitory cyclic AMP cascade, was investigated in the
central nervous system of the adult rat by in situ hybridization. Transcripts
of mGluR2 were specifically localized to neuronal cells of the brain. Although
the hybridization signals were widely distributed in the brain, the most prominent
expression of mGluR2 messenger RNA was seen in Golgi cells of the cerebellum.
Marked expression of mGluR2 messenger RNA was further observed in the mitral cells
of the accessory olfactory bulb, neurons in the external part of the anterior
olfactory nucleus, and pyramidal neurons in the entorhinal and parasubicular cortical
regions. The granule cells of the accessory olfactory bulb, and many pyramidal
and non-pyramidal neurons in the neocortical, cingulate, retrosplenial and subicular
cortices, were moderately labeled. All of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus
were also labeled moderately, whereas no significant hybridization signals were
detected in Ammon's horn. In the basal forebrain regions, moderately labeled neurons
were distributed in the triangular septal nucleus, in the lateral, basolateral
and basomedial amygdaloid nuclei, and in the medial mammillary nucleus. Weakly
labeled neurons were sparsely scattered in the striatum, globus pallidus, ventral
pallidum and claustrum. The subthalamic nucleus was also labeled weakly. No significant
labeling was found in the entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra. In the
thalamus, moderately labeled neurons were distributed in the anterodorsal, anteromedial,
ventromedial, intralaminar and midline nuclei; the ventrolateral part of the anteroventral
nucleus and the rostral pole of the ventrolateral nucleus also contained moderately
labeled neurons. No significant labeling was found in the thalamic reticular,
submedius, ventroposterior, lateral geniculate and medial geniculate nuclei. In
the lower brainstem, labeling was generally weak. No significant hybridization
signals were found in the spinal cord. Some neurons in the inner part of the inner
nuclear layer of the retina and some retinal ganglion cells were labeled moderately.
The pattern of distribution of mGluR2 messenger RNA revealed in the present study
indicates specific roles of mGluR2 in the glutamatergic system in the brain.
acknowledgement: We are grateful for the photographic help of Mr Akira Uesugi and
the support of Drs Ryosuke Fujimori, Satoru Fukuchi, Toshio Fukuda, Ritsu Hayashi,
Sozaburo Hayashi, Mizuho Katsurada, Yutaka Kitani, Keiko Kumagai, Hiroshi Kuroda,
Toshio Kuroda, Hiroshi Matsubara. Hiroshi Matsushima. Chisato Minakuchi. Masatoshi
‘Nishio, Gonpei Niwa, Hajime Oda, Masahiko Ohbayashi, Seiichi Ohbayashi, Hiroyasu
Ohtsuka, Shigeo Tamaki, Eizo Watanabe, Kazuo Yoshino and Toshiaki Yoshino. This
work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Science
and Culture of Japan.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Hitoshi
full_name: Ohishi, Hitoshi
last_name: Ohishi
- first_name: Ryuichi
full_name: Shigemoto, Ryuichi
id: 499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Shigemoto
orcid: 0000-0001-8761-9444
- first_name: Shigetada
full_name: Nakanishi, Shigetada
last_name: Nakanishi
- first_name: Noboru
full_name: Mizuno, Noboru
last_name: Mizuno
citation:
ama: Ohishi H, Shigemoto R, Nakanishi S, Mizuno N. Distribution of the messenger
RNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, in the central nervous system
of the rat. Neuroscience. 1993;53(4):1009-1018. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90485-X
apa: Ohishi, H., Shigemoto, R., Nakanishi, S., & Mizuno, N. (1993). Distribution
of the messenger RNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, in the central
nervous system of the rat. Neuroscience. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(93)90485-X
chicago: Ohishi, Hitoshi, Ryuichi Shigemoto, Shigetada Nakanishi, and Noboru Mizuno.
“Distribution of the Messenger RNA for a Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor, MGluR2,
in the Central Nervous System of the Rat.” Neuroscience. Elsevier, 1993.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(93)90485-X.
ieee: H. Ohishi, R. Shigemoto, S. Nakanishi, and N. Mizuno, “Distribution of the
messenger RNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, in the central nervous
system of the rat,” Neuroscience, vol. 53, no. 4. Elsevier, pp. 1009–1018,
1993.
ista: Ohishi H, Shigemoto R, Nakanishi S, Mizuno N. 1993. Distribution of the messenger
RNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, in the central nervous system
of the rat. Neuroscience. 53(4), 1009–1018.
mla: Ohishi, Hitoshi, et al. “Distribution of the Messenger RNA for a Metabotropic
Glutamate Receptor, MGluR2, in the Central Nervous System of the Rat.” Neuroscience,
vol. 53, no. 4, Elsevier, 1993, pp. 1009–18, doi:10.1016/0306-4522(93)90485-X.
short: H. Ohishi, R. Shigemoto, S. Nakanishi, N. Mizuno, Neuroscience 53 (1993)
1009–1018.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:58:16Z
date_published: 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-03-31T12:19:44Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1016/0306-4522(93)90485-X
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '8389425'
intvolume: ' 53'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030645229390485X?via%3Dihub
month: '01'
oa_version: None
page: 1009 - 1018
pmid: 1
publication: Neuroscience
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0306-4522
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
publist_id: '4358'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Distribution of the messenger RNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2,
in the central nervous system of the rat
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 53
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '2541'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: A trp E fusion protein containing a C-terminal portion of the rat substance
P receptor (SPR) was expressed in bacteria and used to produce an antibody. The
antibody specifically reacted with SPR expressed in a mammalian cell line and
rat striatum. Light and electron microscope analyses of the rat striatum revealed
intense SPR-like immunoreactivity in neuronal somata and dendrites. These immunoreactive
neurons constituted ∼ 3% of the total population of striatal neurons; they were
putative interneurons of large and medium-sized aspiny types.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Ryuichi
full_name: Shigemoto, Ryuichi
id: 499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Shigemoto
orcid: 0000-0001-8761-9444
- first_name: Yoshifumi
full_name: Nakaya, Yoshifumi
last_name: Nakaya
- first_name: Sakashi
full_name: Nomura, Sakashi
last_name: Nomura
- first_name: Reiko
full_name: Ogawa Meguro, Reiko
last_name: Ogawa Meguro
- first_name: Hitoshi
full_name: Ohishi, Hitoshi
last_name: Ohishi
- first_name: Takeshi
full_name: Kaneko, Takeshi
last_name: Kaneko
- first_name: Shigetada
full_name: Nakanishi, Shigetada
last_name: Nakanishi
- first_name: Noboru
full_name: Mizuno, Noboru
last_name: Mizuno
citation:
ama: Shigemoto R, Nakaya Y, Nomura S, et al. Immunocytochemical localization of
rat substance P receptor in the striatum. Neuroscience Letters. 1993;153(2):157-160.
doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90311-8
apa: Shigemoto, R., Nakaya, Y., Nomura, S., Ogawa Meguro, R., Ohishi, H., Kaneko,
T., … Mizuno, N. (1993). Immunocytochemical localization of rat substance P receptor
in the striatum. Neuroscience Letters. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(93)90311-8
chicago: Shigemoto, Ryuichi, Yoshifumi Nakaya, Sakashi Nomura, Reiko Ogawa Meguro,
Hitoshi Ohishi, Takeshi Kaneko, Shigetada Nakanishi, and Noboru Mizuno. “Immunocytochemical
Localization of Rat Substance P Receptor in the Striatum.” Neuroscience Letters.
Elsevier, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(93)90311-8.
ieee: R. Shigemoto et al., “Immunocytochemical localization of rat substance
P receptor in the striatum,” Neuroscience Letters, vol. 153, no. 2. Elsevier,
pp. 157–160, 1993.
ista: Shigemoto R, Nakaya Y, Nomura S, Ogawa Meguro R, Ohishi H, Kaneko T, Nakanishi
S, Mizuno N. 1993. Immunocytochemical localization of rat substance P receptor
in the striatum. Neuroscience Letters. 153(2), 157–160.
mla: Shigemoto, Ryuichi, et al. “Immunocytochemical Localization of Rat Substance
P Receptor in the Striatum.” Neuroscience Letters, vol. 153, no. 2, Elsevier,
1993, pp. 157–60, doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90311-8.
short: R. Shigemoto, Y. Nakaya, S. Nomura, R. Ogawa Meguro, H. Ohishi, T. Kaneko,
S. Nakanishi, N. Mizuno, Neuroscience Letters 153 (1993) 157–160.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:58:17Z
date_published: 1993-04-30T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-03-31T12:10:05Z
day: '30'
doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90311-8
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '8392153 '
intvolume: ' 153'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304394093903118?via%3Dihub
month: '04'
oa_version: None
page: 157 - 160
pmid: 1
publication: Neuroscience Letters
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0304-3940
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
publist_id: '4357'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Immunocytochemical localization of rat substance P receptor in the striatum
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 153
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '2542'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: A trpE-fusion protein containing a C-terminal sequence of a rat metabotropic
glutamate receptor, mGluR5, was used to produce an antibody. On immunoblot, the
antibody specifically reacted with mGluR5 expressed in mammalian cells and rat
brain. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed intense mGluR5-like immunoreactivity
(LI) in the olfactory bulb, anterior olfactory nuclei, olfactory tubercle, cerebral
cortex, hippocampus, lateral septum, striatum, nucleus accumbens, inferior colliculus,
and spinal trigeminal nuclei. The distribution pattern of mGluR5-LI corresponds
very well with that of mGluR5 mRNA. Electron microscope analysis of the striatum
revealed dense accumulation of immunoreaction products in dendrites which were
often provided with asymmetrical synapses. These results suggest that mGluR5 is
predominantly located in postsynaptic elements.
acknowledgement: We are grateful to Mr. Akira Uesugi for photographic help
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Ryuichi
full_name: Shigemoto, Ryuichi
id: 499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Shigemoto
orcid: 0000-0001-8761-9444
- first_name: Sakashi
full_name: Nomura, Sakashi
last_name: Nomura
- first_name: Hitoshi
full_name: Ohishi, Hitoshi
last_name: Ohishi
- first_name: Hidemitsu
full_name: Sugihara, Hidemitsu
last_name: Sugihara
- first_name: Shigetada
full_name: Nakanishi, Shigetada
last_name: Nakanishi
- first_name: Noboru
full_name: Mizuno, Noboru
last_name: Mizuno
citation:
ama: Shigemoto R, Nomura S, Ohishi H, Sugihara H, Nakanishi S, Mizuno N. Immunohistochemical
localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR5, in the rat brain. Neuroscience
Letters. 1993;163(1):53-57. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90227-C
apa: Shigemoto, R., Nomura, S., Ohishi, H., Sugihara, H., Nakanishi, S., & Mizuno,
N. (1993). Immunohistochemical localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor,
mGluR5, in the rat brain. Neuroscience Letters. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(93)90227-C
chicago: Shigemoto, Ryuichi, Sakashi Nomura, Hitoshi Ohishi, Hidemitsu Sugihara,
Shigetada Nakanishi, and Noboru Mizuno. “Immunohistochemical Localization of a
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor, MGluR5, in the Rat Brain.” Neuroscience Letters.
Elsevier, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(93)90227-C.
ieee: R. Shigemoto, S. Nomura, H. Ohishi, H. Sugihara, S. Nakanishi, and N. Mizuno,
“Immunohistochemical localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR5,
in the rat brain,” Neuroscience Letters, vol. 163, no. 1. Elsevier, pp.
53–57, 1993.
ista: Shigemoto R, Nomura S, Ohishi H, Sugihara H, Nakanishi S, Mizuno N. 1993.
Immunohistochemical localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR5,
in the rat brain. Neuroscience Letters. 163(1), 53–57.
mla: Shigemoto, Ryuichi, et al. “Immunohistochemical Localization of a Metabotropic
Glutamate Receptor, MGluR5, in the Rat Brain.” Neuroscience Letters, vol.
163, no. 1, Elsevier, 1993, pp. 53–57, doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90227-C.
short: R. Shigemoto, S. Nomura, H. Ohishi, H. Sugihara, S. Nakanishi, N. Mizuno,
Neuroscience Letters 163 (1993) 53–57.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:58:17Z
date_published: 1993-11-26T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-03-31T10:21:52Z
day: '26'
doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90227-C
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '8295733'
intvolume: ' 163'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030439409390227C?via%3Dihub
month: '11'
oa_version: None
page: 53 - 57
pmid: 1
publication: Neuroscience Letters
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0304-3940
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
publist_id: '4356'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Immunohistochemical localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR5,
in the rat brain
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 163
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '2543'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a polypeptide
hormone related to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). Rat PACAP receptor
cDNA was isolated from a brain cDNA library by cross-hybridization with rat VIP
receptor cDNA. The recombinant PACAP receptor expressed in COS cells bound PACAP
with about 1000 times higher affinity than VIP, and PACAP stimulated adenylate
cyclase through the cloned PACAP receptor. The rat PACAP receptor consists of
495 amino acids, contains seven transmembrane segments, and has a significant
similarity with other Gs-coupled receptors, such as VIP, glucagon, and secretin
receptors. PACAP receptor mRNA was abundantly expressed in the brain, but not
in the peripheral tissues except for the adrenal gland. In situ hybridization
revealed a high level of expression of PACAP receptor mRNA in the hippocampal
dentate gyrus, olfactory bulb, and cerebellar cortex.
acknowledgement: We are grateful to Drs. Y. Sugimoto, A. Ichikawa, J. Ogasawara, R.
Fukunaga, H. Aino, and A. Baba for discussion and advice. We also thank Ms. K. Mimura
for secretarial assistance. This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Education,
Science and Culture of Japan. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed
in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked
“advertisement” in accordance with 18 USC Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Hitoshi
full_name: Hashimoto, Hitoshi
last_name: Hashimoto
- first_name: Takeshi
full_name: Ishihara, Takeshi
last_name: Ishihara
- first_name: Ryuichi
full_name: Shigemoto, Ryuichi
id: 499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Shigemoto
orcid: 0000-0001-8761-9444
- first_name: Kensaku
full_name: Mori, Kensaku
last_name: Mori
- first_name: Shigekazu
full_name: Nagata, Shigekazu
last_name: Nagata
citation:
ama: Hashimoto H, Ishihara T, Shigemoto R, Mori K, Nagata S. Molecular cloning
and tissue distribution of a receptor for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating
polypeptide. Neuron. 1993;11(2):333-342. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(93)90188-W
apa: Hashimoto, H., Ishihara, T., Shigemoto, R., Mori, K., & Nagata, S. (1993). Molecular
cloning and tissue distribution of a receptor for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating
polypeptide. Neuron. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(93)90188-W
chicago: Hashimoto, Hitoshi, Takeshi Ishihara, Ryuichi Shigemoto, Kensaku Mori,
and Shigekazu Nagata. “ Molecular Cloning and Tissue Distribution of a Receptor
for Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide.” Neuron. Elsevier,
1993. https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(93)90188-W.
ieee: H. Hashimoto, T. Ishihara, R. Shigemoto, K. Mori, and S. Nagata, “ Molecular
cloning and tissue distribution of a receptor for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating
polypeptide,” Neuron, vol. 11, no. 2. Elsevier, pp. 333–342, 1993.
ista: Hashimoto H, Ishihara T, Shigemoto R, Mori K, Nagata S. 1993. Molecular cloning
and tissue distribution of a receptor for pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating
polypeptide. Neuron. 11(2), 333–342.
mla: Hashimoto, Hitoshi, et al. “ Molecular Cloning and Tissue Distribution of a
Receptor for Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide.” Neuron,
vol. 11, no. 2, Elsevier, 1993, pp. 333–42, doi:10.1016/0896-6273(93)90188-W.
short: H. Hashimoto, T. Ishihara, R. Shigemoto, K. Mori, S. Nagata, Neuron 11 (1993)
333–342.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:58:17Z
date_published: 1993-08-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-03-31T09:56:46Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1016/0896-6273(93)90188-W
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '8394723'
intvolume: ' 11'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/089662739390188W?via%3Dihub
month: '08'
oa_version: None
page: 333 - 342
pmid: 1
publication: Neuron
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0896-6273
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
publist_id: '4355'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: ' Molecular cloning and tissue distribution of a receptor for pituitary adenylate
cyclase-activating polypeptide'
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 11
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '2544'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: VARIOUS functions of glutamate transmission are mediated by both ionotropic
and metabotropic glutamate receptors1. The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs)
consist of at least six different subtypes that are classified into three subgroups,
mGluR1/mGluR5, mGluR2/mGluR3, and mGluR4/mGluR6 (refs 1-5), but their physiological
roles are largely unknown. Here we report the identification of a very potent
agonist for mGluR2/mGluR3, DCG-IV, and the specific localization of mGluR2 in
granule cell dendrites that form dendrodendritic synapses with mitral cells in
the accessory olfactory bulb. Using the DCG-IV agonist for mGluR2 in combination
with slice patchrecording, we demonstrate that the granule cell mGluR2 presynaptically
suppresses inhibitory GABA (γ-aminobutyrate) transmission to the mitral cell.
Our results indicate that mGluR2 in granule cells plays an important role in the
persistent excitation of olfactory sensory transmission in the accessory olfactory
bulb by relieving mitral cells from the GABA inhibition.
acknowledgement: 'We thank Y. Ohfune and K. Shimamoto for DCG-IV, M. Kuno for advice
and A. Uesugi for photographic assistance. Partly supported by research grants from
the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan, the Ministry of Health
and Welfare of Japan and the Senri Life Science Foundation. '
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Yasunori
full_name: Hayashi, Yasunori
last_name: Hayashi
- first_name: Akiko
full_name: Momiyama, Akiko
last_name: Momiyama
- first_name: Tomoyuki
full_name: Takahashi, Tomoyuki
last_name: Takahashi
- first_name: Hitoshi
full_name: Ohishi, Hitoshi
last_name: Ohishi
- first_name: Reiko
full_name: Ogawa Meguro, Reiko
last_name: Ogawa Meguro
- first_name: Ryuichi
full_name: Shigemoto, Ryuichi
id: 499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Shigemoto
orcid: 0000-0001-8761-9444
- first_name: Noboru
full_name: Mizuno, Noboru
last_name: Mizuno
- first_name: Shigetada
full_name: Nakanishi, Shigetada
last_name: Nakanishi
citation:
ama: Hayashi Y, Momiyama A, Takahashi T, et al. Role of a metabotropic glutamate
receptor in synaptic modulation in the accessory olfactory bulb. Nature.
1993;366(6456):687-690. doi:10.1038/366687a0
apa: Hayashi, Y., Momiyama, A., Takahashi, T., Ohishi, H., Ogawa Meguro, R., Shigemoto,
R., … Nakanishi, S. (1993). Role of a metabotropic glutamate receptor in synaptic
modulation in the accessory olfactory bulb. Nature. Nature Publishing Group.
https://doi.org/10.1038/366687a0
chicago: Hayashi, Yasunori, Akiko Momiyama, Tomoyuki Takahashi, Hitoshi Ohishi,
Reiko Ogawa Meguro, Ryuichi Shigemoto, Noboru Mizuno, and Shigetada Nakanishi.
“Role of a Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor in Synaptic Modulation in the Accessory
Olfactory Bulb.” Nature. Nature Publishing Group, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1038/366687a0.
ieee: Y. Hayashi et al., “Role of a metabotropic glutamate receptor in synaptic
modulation in the accessory olfactory bulb,” Nature, vol. 366, no. 6456.
Nature Publishing Group, pp. 687–690, 1993.
ista: Hayashi Y, Momiyama A, Takahashi T, Ohishi H, Ogawa Meguro R, Shigemoto R,
Mizuno N, Nakanishi S. 1993. Role of a metabotropic glutamate receptor in synaptic
modulation in the accessory olfactory bulb. Nature. 366(6456), 687–690.
mla: Hayashi, Yasunori, et al. “Role of a Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor in Synaptic
Modulation in the Accessory Olfactory Bulb.” Nature, vol. 366, no. 6456,
Nature Publishing Group, 1993, pp. 687–90, doi:10.1038/366687a0.
short: Y. Hayashi, A. Momiyama, T. Takahashi, H. Ohishi, R. Ogawa Meguro, R. Shigemoto,
N. Mizuno, S. Nakanishi, Nature 366 (1993) 687–690.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:58:18Z
date_published: 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-03-31T09:36:00Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1038/366687a0
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '7903116 '
intvolume: ' 366'
issue: '6456'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.nature.com/articles/366687a0
month: '01'
oa_version: None
page: 687 - 690
pmid: 1
publication: Nature
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0028-0836
publication_status: published
publisher: Nature Publishing Group
publist_id: '4354'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Role of a metabotropic glutamate receptor in synaptic modulation in the accessory
olfactory bulb
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 366
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '2546'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'Immunochemical characteristics of neostriatal neurons producing substance
P receptor (SPR) were examined in adult rats by double- and triple-immunofluorescence
methods. In the neostriatum, SPR immunoreactivity was detected in large and medium-sized
aspiny neurons. Virtually all SPR-immunoreactive neurons in the neostriatum contained
somatostatin (SS) or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), but not parvalbumin. All
SS- and ChAT-immunoreactive neurons in the neostriatum showed SPR immunoreactivity.
The co-existence of SS and ChAT was, however, not found in single neurons expressing
SPR immunoreactivity. The present results indicate that neostriatal neurons immunoreactive
for SPR are segregated into 2 groups: (1) medium-sized, aspiny somatostatinergic,
and (2) large, aspiny cholinergic neurons.'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Takeshi
full_name: Kaneko, Takeshi
last_name: Kaneko
- first_name: Ryuichi
full_name: Shigemoto, Ryuichi
id: 499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Shigemoto
orcid: 0000-0001-8761-9444
- first_name: Shigetada
full_name: Nakanishi, Shigetada
last_name: Nakanishi
- first_name: Noboru
full_name: Mizuno, Noboru
last_name: Mizuno
citation:
ama: Kaneko T, Shigemoto R, Nakanishi S, Mizuno N. Substance P receptor-immunoreactive
neurons in the rat neostriatum are segregated into somatostatinergic and cholinergic
aspiny neurons. Brain Research. 1993;631(2):297-303. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)91548-7
apa: Kaneko, T., Shigemoto, R., Nakanishi, S., & Mizuno, N. (1993). Substance
P receptor-immunoreactive neurons in the rat neostriatum are segregated into somatostatinergic
and cholinergic aspiny neurons. Brain Research. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(93)91548-7
chicago: Kaneko, Takeshi, Ryuichi Shigemoto, Shigetada Nakanishi, and Noboru Mizuno.
“Substance P Receptor-Immunoreactive Neurons in the Rat Neostriatum Are Segregated
into Somatostatinergic and Cholinergic Aspiny Neurons.” Brain Research.
Elsevier, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(93)91548-7.
ieee: T. Kaneko, R. Shigemoto, S. Nakanishi, and N. Mizuno, “Substance P receptor-immunoreactive
neurons in the rat neostriatum are segregated into somatostatinergic and cholinergic
aspiny neurons,” Brain Research, vol. 631, no. 2. Elsevier, pp. 297–303,
1993.
ista: Kaneko T, Shigemoto R, Nakanishi S, Mizuno N. 1993. Substance P receptor-immunoreactive
neurons in the rat neostriatum are segregated into somatostatinergic and cholinergic
aspiny neurons. Brain Research. 631(2), 297–303.
mla: Kaneko, Takeshi, et al. “Substance P Receptor-Immunoreactive Neurons in the
Rat Neostriatum Are Segregated into Somatostatinergic and Cholinergic Aspiny Neurons.”
Brain Research, vol. 631, no. 2, Elsevier, 1993, pp. 297–303, doi:10.1016/0006-8993(93)91548-7.
short: T. Kaneko, R. Shigemoto, S. Nakanishi, N. Mizuno, Brain Research 631 (1993)
297–303.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:58:18Z
date_published: 1993-12-24T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-03-31T09:14:23Z
day: '24'
doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)91548-7
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '7907524'
intvolume: ' 631'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899393915487?via%3Dihub
month: '12'
oa_version: None
page: 297 - 303
pmid: 1
publication: Brain Research
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0006-8993
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
publist_id: '4353'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Substance P receptor-immunoreactive neurons in the rat neostriatum are segregated
into somatostatinergic and cholinergic aspiny neurons
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 631
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '2723'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'The ground-state density of the Pauli operator in the case of a nonconstant
magnetic field with constant direction is studied. It is shown that in the large
field limit, the naturally rescaled ground-state density function is bounded from
above by the megnetic field, and under some additional conditions, the limit density
function is equal to the magnetic field. A restatement of this result yields an
estimate on the density of complex orthogonal polynomials with respect to a fairly
general weight function. We also prove a special case of the paramagnetic inequality. '
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: László
full_name: Erdös, László
id: 4DBD5372-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Erdös
orcid: 0000-0001-5366-9603
citation:
ama: Erdös L. Ground-state density of the Pauli operator in the large field limit.
Letters in Mathematical Physics. 1993;29(3):219-240. doi:10.1007/BF00761110
apa: Erdös, L. (1993). Ground-state density of the Pauli operator in the large field
limit. Letters in Mathematical Physics. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00761110
chicago: Erdös, László. “Ground-State Density of the Pauli Operator in the Large
Field Limit.” Letters in Mathematical Physics. Springer, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00761110.
ieee: L. Erdös, “Ground-state density of the Pauli operator in the large field limit,”
Letters in Mathematical Physics, vol. 29, no. 3. Springer, pp. 219–240,
1993.
ista: Erdös L. 1993. Ground-state density of the Pauli operator in the large field
limit. Letters in Mathematical Physics. 29(3), 219–240.
mla: Erdös, László. “Ground-State Density of the Pauli Operator in the Large Field
Limit.” Letters in Mathematical Physics, vol. 29, no. 3, Springer, 1993,
pp. 219–40, doi:10.1007/BF00761110.
short: L. Erdös, Letters in Mathematical Physics 29 (1993) 219–240.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:59:16Z
date_published: 1993-11-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-03-30T15:02:00Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1007/BF00761110
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 29'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00761110
month: '11'
oa_version: None
page: 219 - 240
publication: Letters in Mathematical Physics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0377-9017
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
publist_id: '4169'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Ground-state density of the Pauli operator in the large field limit
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 29
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '1947'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Mitochondrial transhydrogenase has been reported previously to be inhibited
by high, rather non-physiological concentrations (in the range of 2-20 mM) of
divalent cations. We show that the enzyme could be activated by low (from about
1 μM to 1 mM) concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+, which are within physiological
range. These results bring in line the effects observed with mitochondrial enzyme
to the findings with bacterial transhydrogenases. The activation of transhydrogenase
by divalent cations is interpreted as an increase in affinity of the NADP(H)-binding
site of the enzyme-NAD(H) complex. Reported effects of the metal ions could be
important for the enzyme function in vivo.
acknowledgement: 'This work was supported by a Wellcome Trust fellowship to L.A.S. '
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Leonid A
full_name: Sazanov, Leonid A
id: 338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Sazanov
orcid: 0000-0002-0977-7989
- first_name: Julie
full_name: Jackson, Julie
last_name: Jackson
citation:
ama: Sazanov LA, Jackson J. Activation and inhibition of mitochondrial transhydrogenase
by metal ions. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics. 1993;1144(2):225-228.
doi:10.1016/0005-2728(93)90177-H
apa: Sazanov, L. A., & Jackson, J. (1993). Activation and inhibition of mitochondrial
transhydrogenase by metal ions. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics.
Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(93)90177-H
chicago: Sazanov, Leonid A, and Julie Jackson. “Activation and Inhibition of Mitochondrial
Transhydrogenase by Metal Ions.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics.
Elsevier, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(93)90177-H.
ieee: L. A. Sazanov and J. Jackson, “Activation and inhibition of mitochondrial
transhydrogenase by metal ions,” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics,
vol. 1144, no. 2. Elsevier, pp. 225–228, 1993.
ista: Sazanov LA, Jackson J. 1993. Activation and inhibition of mitochondrial transhydrogenase
by metal ions. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics. 1144(2), 225–228.
mla: Sazanov, Leonid A., and Julie Jackson. “Activation and Inhibition of Mitochondrial
Transhydrogenase by Metal Ions.” Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics,
vol. 1144, no. 2, Elsevier, 1993, pp. 225–28, doi:10.1016/0005-2728(93)90177-H.
short: L.A. Sazanov, J. Jackson, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics 1144
(1993) 225–228.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:54:52Z
date_published: 1993-09-13T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-06-01T12:51:32Z
day: '13'
doi: 10.1016/0005-2728(93)90177-H
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '8369341 '
intvolume: ' 1144'
issue: '2'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000527289390177H?via%3Dihub
month: '09'
oa_version: None
page: 225 - 228
pmid: 1
publication: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0005-2728
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
publist_id: '5136'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Activation and inhibition of mitochondrial transhydrogenase by metal ions
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 1144
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '1948'
acknowledgement: 'We acknowledge financial support from the Wellcome Trust (fellowship
to L.A.S) '
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Leonid A
full_name: Sazanov, Leonid A
id: 338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Sazanov
orcid: 0000-0002-0977-7989
- first_name: Julie
full_name: Jackson, Julie
last_name: Jackson
citation:
ama: Sazanov LA, Jackson J. Possible functions of the NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase
and H+ -transhydrogenase in heart mitochondria . Biochemical Society Transactions.
1993;21(3):260. doi:10.1042/bst021260s
apa: Sazanov, L. A., & Jackson, J. (1993). Possible functions of the NADP-linked
isocitrate dehydrogenase and H+ -transhydrogenase in heart mitochondria . Biochemical
Society Transactions. Portland Press. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst021260s
chicago: Sazanov, Leonid A, and Julie Jackson. “Possible Functions of the NADP-Linked
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase and H+ -Transhydrogenase in Heart Mitochondria .” Biochemical
Society Transactions. Portland Press, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst021260s.
ieee: L. A. Sazanov and J. Jackson, “Possible functions of the NADP-linked isocitrate
dehydrogenase and H+ -transhydrogenase in heart mitochondria ,” Biochemical
Society Transactions, vol. 21, no. 3. Portland Press, p. 260, 1993.
ista: Sazanov LA, Jackson J. 1993. Possible functions of the NADP-linked isocitrate
dehydrogenase and H+ -transhydrogenase in heart mitochondria . Biochemical Society
Transactions. 21(3), 260.
mla: Sazanov, Leonid A., and Julie Jackson. “Possible Functions of the NADP-Linked
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase and H+ -Transhydrogenase in Heart Mitochondria .” Biochemical
Society Transactions, vol. 21, no. 3, Portland Press, 1993, p. 260, doi:10.1042/bst021260s.
short: L.A. Sazanov, J. Jackson, Biochemical Society Transactions 21 (1993) 260.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:54:52Z
date_published: 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-06-01T13:17:02Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1042/bst021260s
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '8224412 '
intvolume: ' 21'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://portlandpress.com/biochemsoctrans/article-abstract/21/3/260S/83260/Possible-functions-of-the-NADP-linked-isocitrate?redirectedFrom=fulltext
month: '01'
oa_version: None
page: '260'
pmid: 1
publication: Biochemical Society Transactions
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0300-5127
publication_status: published
publisher: Portland Press
publist_id: '5137'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Possible functions of the NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase and H+ -transhydrogenase
in heart mitochondria '
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 21
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '1950'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Julie
full_name: Jackson, Julie
last_name: Jackson
- first_name: N P J
full_name: Cotton, N P J
last_name: Cotton
- first_name: Ross
full_name: Williams, Ross
last_name: Williams
- first_name: Tania
full_name: Bizouarn, Tania
last_name: Bizouarn
- first_name: Mike
full_name: Hutton, Mike
last_name: Hutton
- first_name: Leonid A
full_name: Sazanov, Leonid A
id: 338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Sazanov
orcid: 0000-0002-0977-7989
- first_name: Christopher
full_name: Thomas, Christopher
last_name: Thomas
citation:
ama: Jackson J, Cotton NPJ, Williams R, et al. Proton-translocating transhydrogenase
in bacteria. Biochemical Society Transactions. 1993;21(4):1010-1013. doi:10.1042/bst0211010
apa: Jackson, J., Cotton, N. P. J., Williams, R., Bizouarn, T., Hutton, M., Sazanov,
L. A., & Thomas, C. (1993). Proton-translocating transhydrogenase in bacteria.
Biochemical Society Transactions. Portland Press. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0211010
chicago: Jackson, Julie, N P J Cotton, Ross Williams, Tania Bizouarn, Mike Hutton,
Leonid A Sazanov, and Christopher Thomas. “Proton-Translocating Transhydrogenase
in Bacteria.” Biochemical Society Transactions. Portland Press, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0211010.
ieee: J. Jackson et al., “Proton-translocating transhydrogenase in bacteria,”
Biochemical Society Transactions, vol. 21, no. 4. Portland Press, pp. 1010–1013,
1993.
ista: Jackson J, Cotton NPJ, Williams R, Bizouarn T, Hutton M, Sazanov LA, Thomas
C. 1993. Proton-translocating transhydrogenase in bacteria. Biochemical Society
Transactions. 21(4), 1010–1013.
mla: Jackson, Julie, et al. “Proton-Translocating Transhydrogenase in Bacteria.”
Biochemical Society Transactions, vol. 21, no. 4, Portland Press, 1993,
pp. 1010–13, doi:10.1042/bst0211010.
short: J. Jackson, N.P.J. Cotton, R. Williams, T. Bizouarn, M. Hutton, L.A. Sazanov,
C. Thomas, Biochemical Society Transactions 21 (1993) 1010–1013.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:54:52Z
date_published: 1993-11-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-06-01T12:16:19Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1042/bst0211010
extern: '1'
external_id:
pmid:
- '8131888'
intvolume: ' 21'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://portlandpress.com/biochemsoctrans/article-abstract/21/4/1010/86733/Proton-translocating-transhydrogenase-in-bacteria?redirectedFrom=fulltext
month: '11'
oa_version: None
page: 1010 - 1013
pmid: 1
publication: Biochemical Society Transactions
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 0300-5127
publication_status: published
publisher: Portland Press
publist_id: '5135'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Proton-translocating transhydrogenase in bacteria
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 21
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '4589'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "The theory of the natural numbers with linear order and monadic predicates
underlies propositional linear temporal logic. To study temporal logics that are
suitable for reasoning about real-time systems, we combine this classical theory
of infinite state sequences with a theory of discrete time, via a monotonic function
that maps every state to its time. The resulting theory of timed state sequences
is shown to be decidable, albeit nonelementary, and its expressive power is characterized
by ω-regular sets. Several more expressive variants are proved to be highly undecidable.
This framework allows us to classify a wide variety of real-time logics according
to their complexity and expressiveness. Indeed, it follows that most formalisms
proposed in the literature cannot be decided. We are, however, able to identify
two elementary real-time temporal logics as expressively complete fragments of
the theory of timed state sequences, and we present tableau-based decision procedures
for checking validity. Consequently, these two formalisms are well-suited for
the specification and verification of real-time systems.\r\n\r\nCopyright © 1993
Academic Press. All rights reserved."
acknowledgement: We thank David Dill, Zohar Manna, and Amir Pnueli for helpful discussion.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Rajeev
full_name: Alur, Rajeev
last_name: Alur
- first_name: Thomas A
full_name: Henzinger, Thomas A
id: 40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Henzinger
orcid: 0000−0002−2985−7724
citation:
ama: 'Alur R, Henzinger TA. Real-time logics: Complexity and expressiveness. Information
and Computation. 1993;104(1):35-77. doi:10.1006/inco.1993.1025'
apa: 'Alur, R., & Henzinger, T. A. (1993). Real-time logics: Complexity and
expressiveness. Information and Computation. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1006/inco.1993.1025'
chicago: 'Alur, Rajeev, and Thomas A Henzinger. “Real-Time Logics: Complexity and
Expressiveness.” Information and Computation. Elsevier, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1006/inco.1993.1025.'
ieee: 'R. Alur and T. A. Henzinger, “Real-time logics: Complexity and expressiveness,”
Information and Computation, vol. 104, no. 1. Elsevier, pp. 35–77, 1993.'
ista: 'Alur R, Henzinger TA. 1993. Real-time logics: Complexity and expressiveness.
Information and Computation. 104(1), 35–77.'
mla: 'Alur, Rajeev, and Thomas A. Henzinger. “Real-Time Logics: Complexity and Expressiveness.”
Information and Computation, vol. 104, no. 1, Elsevier, 1993, pp. 35–77,
doi:10.1006/inco.1993.1025.'
short: R. Alur, T.A. Henzinger, Information and Computation 104 (1993) 35–77.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:09:38Z
date_published: 1993-05-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-03-23T13:08:27Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1006/inco.1993.1025
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 104'
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890540183710254?via%3Dihub
month: '05'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 35 - 77
publication: Information and Computation
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 0890-5401
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
publist_id: '116'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Real-time logics: Complexity and expressiveness'
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 104
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '4616'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: We present a model checking procedure and its implementation for the automatic
verification of embedded systems. Systems are represented by hybrid automata -
machines with finite control and real-valued variables modeling continuous environment
parameters such as time, pressure, and temperature. System properties are specified
in a real-time temporal logic and verified by symbolic computation. The verification
procedure, implemented in Mathematica, is used to prove digital controllers and
distributed algorithms correct. The verifier checks safety, liveness, time-bounded,
and duration properties of hybrid automata
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Rajeev
full_name: Alur, Rajeev
last_name: Alur
- first_name: Thomas A
full_name: Henzinger, Thomas A
id: 40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Henzinger
orcid: 0000−0002−2985−7724
- first_name: Pei
full_name: Ho, Pei
last_name: Ho
citation:
ama: 'Alur R, Henzinger TA, Ho P. Automatic symbolic verification of embedded systems.
In: 1993 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium. IEEE; 1993:2-11. doi:10.1109/REAL.1993.393520 '
apa: 'Alur, R., Henzinger, T. A., & Ho, P. (1993). Automatic symbolic verification
of embedded systems. In 1993 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium (pp.
2–11). Raleigh, NC, United States of America: IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/REAL.1993.393520 '
chicago: Alur, Rajeev, Thomas A Henzinger, and Pei Ho. “Automatic Symbolic Verification
of Embedded Systems.” In 1993 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium,
2–11. IEEE, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1109/REAL.1993.393520
.
ieee: R. Alur, T. A. Henzinger, and P. Ho, “Automatic symbolic verification of embedded
systems,” in 1993 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium, Raleigh, NC,
United States of America, 1993, pp. 2–11.
ista: 'Alur R, Henzinger TA, Ho P. 1993. Automatic symbolic verification of embedded
systems. 1993 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium. RTSS: Real-Time Systems
Symposium, 2–11.'
mla: Alur, Rajeev, et al. “Automatic Symbolic Verification of Embedded Systems.”
1993 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium, IEEE, 1993, pp. 2–11, doi:10.1109/REAL.1993.393520 .
short: R. Alur, T.A. Henzinger, P. Ho, in:, 1993 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium,
IEEE, 1993, pp. 2–11.
conference:
end_date: 1993-12-03
location: Raleigh, NC, United States of America
name: 'RTSS: Real-Time Systems Symposium'
start_date: 1993-12-01
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:09:46Z
date_published: 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-03-23T13:01:41Z
day: '01'
doi: '10.1109/REAL.1993.393520 '
extern: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/393520
month: '01'
oa_version: None
page: 2 - 11
publication: 1993 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium
publication_identifier:
isbn:
- 0-8186-4480-X
publication_status: published
publisher: IEEE
publist_id: '90'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Automatic symbolic verification of embedded systems
type: conference
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '4618'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: We introduce the framework of hybrid automata as a model and specification
language for hybrid systems. Hybrid automata can be viewed as a generalization
of timed automata, in which the behavior of variables is governed in each state
by a set of differential equations. We show that many of the examples considered
in the workshop can be defined by hybrid automata. While the reachability problem
is undecidable even for very restricted classes of hybrid automata, we present
two semidecision procedures for verifying safety properties of piecewiselinear
hybrid automata, in which all variables change at constant rates. The two procedures
are based, respectively, on minimizing and computing fixpoints on generally infinite
state spaces. We show that if the procedures terminate, then they give correct
answers. We then demonstrate that for many of the typical workshop examples, the
procedures do terminate and thus provide an automatic way for verifying their
properties.
acknowledgement: BRA ESPRIT project REACT, National Science Foundation under grant
CCR-9200794 , United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research contract F49620-93-1-0056.
alternative_title:
- LNCS
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Rajeev
full_name: Alur, Rajeev
last_name: Alur
- first_name: Costas
full_name: Courcoubetis, Costas
last_name: Courcoubetis
- first_name: Thomas A
full_name: Henzinger, Thomas A
id: 40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Henzinger
orcid: 0000−0002−2985−7724
- first_name: Pei
full_name: Ho, Pei
last_name: Ho
citation:
ama: 'Alur R, Courcoubetis C, Henzinger TA, Ho P. Hybrid automata: An algorithmic
approach to the specification and verification of hybrid systems. In: Grossman
R, Nerode A, Ravn A, Rischel H, eds. Hybrid Systems. Vol 736. Springer;
1993:209-229. doi:10.1007/3-540-57318-6_30'
apa: 'Alur, R., Courcoubetis, C., Henzinger, T. A., & Ho, P. (1993). Hybrid
automata: An algorithmic approach to the specification and verification of hybrid
systems. In R. Grossman, A. Nerode, A. Ravn, & H. Rischel (Eds.), Hybrid
Systems (Vol. 736, pp. 209–229). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57318-6_30'
chicago: 'Alur, Rajeev, Costas Courcoubetis, Thomas A Henzinger, and Pei Ho. “Hybrid
Automata: An Algorithmic Approach to the Specification and Verification of Hybrid
Systems.” In Hybrid Systems, edited by Robert Grossman, Anil Nerode, Anders
Ravn, and Hans Rischel, 736:209–29. Springer, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57318-6_30.'
ieee: 'R. Alur, C. Courcoubetis, T. A. Henzinger, and P. Ho, “Hybrid automata: An
algorithmic approach to the specification and verification of hybrid systems,”
in Hybrid Systems, 1993, vol. 736, pp. 209–229.'
ista: 'Alur R, Courcoubetis C, Henzinger TA, Ho P. 1993. Hybrid automata: An algorithmic
approach to the specification and verification of hybrid systems. Hybrid Systems.
, LNCS, vol. 736, 209–229.'
mla: 'Alur, Rajeev, et al. “Hybrid Automata: An Algorithmic Approach to the Specification
and Verification of Hybrid Systems.” Hybrid Systems, edited by Robert Grossman
et al., vol. 736, Springer, 1993, pp. 209–29, doi:10.1007/3-540-57318-6_30.'
short: R. Alur, C. Courcoubetis, T.A. Henzinger, P. Ho, in:, R. Grossman, A. Nerode,
A. Ravn, H. Rischel (Eds.), Hybrid Systems, Springer, 1993, pp. 209–229.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:09:47Z
date_published: 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-03-21T11:04:54Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1007/3-540-57318-6_30
editor:
- first_name: Robert
full_name: Grossman, Robert
last_name: Grossman
- first_name: Anil
full_name: Nerode, Anil
last_name: Nerode
- first_name: Anders
full_name: Ravn, Anders
last_name: Ravn
- first_name: Hans
full_name: Rischel, Hans
last_name: Rischel
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 736'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-57318-6_30
month: '01'
oa_version: None
page: 209 - 229
publication: Hybrid Systems
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
publist_id: '87'
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Hybrid automata: An algorithmic approach to the specification and verification
of hybrid systems'
type: conference
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 736
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '4619'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Traditional approaches to the algorithmic verification of real-time systems
are limited to checking program correctness with respect to concrete timing properties
(e.g., "message delivery within 10 milliseconds"). We address the more
realistic and more ambitious problem of deriving symbolic constraints on the timing
properties required of real-time systems (e.g., "message delivery within
the time it takes to execute two assignment statements"). To model this problem,
we introduce parametric timed automata -- finite-state machines whose transitions
are constrained with parametric timing requirements. The emptiness question for
parametric timed automata is central to the verification problem. On the negative
side, we show that in general this question is undecidable. On the positive side,
we provide algorithms for checking the emptiness of restricted classes of parametric
timed automata. The practical relevance of these classes is illustrated with several
verification examples. There remains a gap between the automata classes for which
we know that emptiness is decidable and undecidable, respectively, and this gap
is related to various hard and open problems of logic and automata theory.
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Rajeev
full_name: Alur, Rajeev
last_name: Alur
- first_name: Thomas A
full_name: Henzinger, Thomas A
id: 40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Henzinger
orcid: 0000−0002−2985−7724
- first_name: Moshe
full_name: Vardi, Moshe
last_name: Vardi
citation:
ama: 'Alur R, Henzinger TA, Vardi M. Parametric real-time reasoning. In: Proceedings
of the 25th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing. ACM; 1993:592-601.
doi:10.1145/167088.167242'
apa: 'Alur, R., Henzinger, T. A., & Vardi, M. (1993). Parametric real-time reasoning.
In Proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing
(pp. 592–601). San Diego, CA, United States of America: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/167088.167242'
chicago: Alur, Rajeev, Thomas A Henzinger, and Moshe Vardi. “Parametric Real-Time
Reasoning.” In Proceedings of the 25th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing,
592–601. ACM, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1145/167088.167242.
ieee: R. Alur, T. A. Henzinger, and M. Vardi, “Parametric real-time reasoning,”
in Proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing,
San Diego, CA, United States of America, 1993, pp. 592–601.
ista: 'Alur R, Henzinger TA, Vardi M. 1993. Parametric real-time reasoning. Proceedings
of the 25th annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing. STOC: Symposium on the
Theory of Computing, 592–601.'
mla: Alur, Rajeev, et al. “Parametric Real-Time Reasoning.” Proceedings of the
25th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, ACM, 1993, pp. 592–601,
doi:10.1145/167088.167242.
short: R. Alur, T.A. Henzinger, M. Vardi, in:, Proceedings of the 25th Annual ACM
Symposium on Theory of Computing, ACM, 1993, pp. 592–601.
conference:
end_date: 1993-05-18
location: San Diego, CA, United States of America
name: 'STOC: Symposium on the Theory of Computing'
start_date: 1993-05-16
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:09:47Z
date_published: 1993-06-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-03-21T11:11:37Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1145/167088.167242
extern: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/167088.167242
month: '06'
oa_version: None
page: 592 - 601
publication: Proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing
publication_status: published
publisher: ACM
publist_id: '88'
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Parametric real-time reasoning
type: conference
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
year: '1993'
...
---
_id: '4620'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: We present a verification algorithm for duration properties of finite-state
real-time systems. While simple real-time properties constrain the total elapsed
time between events, duration properties constrain the accumulated time during
which certain state predicates hold. We formalize the concept of durations by
introducing duration measures for (dense-time) timed automata. Given a timed automaton
with a duration measure, a start and a target state, and a duration constraint,
the duration-bounded reachability problem asks if there is a run of the automaton
from the start state to the target state such that the accumulated duration along
the run satisfies the constraint. Our main result is a novel decision procedure
for solving the duration-bounded reachability problem. We also prove that the
problem is PSPACE-complete and demonstrate how the solution can be used to verify
interesting duration properties of real-time systems.
acknowledgement: BRA ESPRIT project REACT, National Science Foundation grant CCR-9200794
United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research contract F49620-93-1-0056
alternative_title:
- LNCS
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Rajeev
full_name: Alur, Rajeev
last_name: Alur
- first_name: Costas
full_name: Courcoubetis, Costas
last_name: Courcoubetis
- first_name: Thomas A
full_name: Henzinger, Thomas A
id: 40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Henzinger
orcid: 0000−0002−2985−7724
citation:
ama: 'Alur R, Courcoubetis C, Henzinger TA. Computing accumulated delays in real-time
systems. In: 5th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification.
Vol 697. Springer; 1993:181-193. doi:10.1007/3-540-56922-7_16'
apa: 'Alur, R., Courcoubetis, C., & Henzinger, T. A. (1993). Computing accumulated
delays in real-time systems. In 5th International Conference on Computer Aided
Verification (Vol. 697, pp. 181–193). Elounda, Greece: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-56922-7_16'
chicago: Alur, Rajeev, Costas Courcoubetis, and Thomas A Henzinger. “Computing Accumulated
Delays in Real-Time Systems.” In 5th International Conference on Computer Aided
Verification, 697:181–93. Springer, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-56922-7_16.
ieee: R. Alur, C. Courcoubetis, and T. A. Henzinger, “Computing accumulated delays
in real-time systems,” in 5th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification,
Elounda, Greece, 1993, vol. 697, pp. 181–193.
ista: 'Alur R, Courcoubetis C, Henzinger TA. 1993. Computing accumulated delays
in real-time systems. 5th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification.
CAV: Computer Aided Verification, LNCS, vol. 697, 181–193.'
mla: Alur, Rajeev, et al. “Computing Accumulated Delays in Real-Time Systems.” 5th
International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, vol. 697, Springer,
1993, pp. 181–93, doi:10.1007/3-540-56922-7_16.
short: R. Alur, C. Courcoubetis, T.A. Henzinger, in:, 5th International Conference
on Computer Aided Verification, Springer, 1993, pp. 181–193.
conference:
end_date: 1993-07-01
location: Elounda, Greece
name: 'CAV: Computer Aided Verification'
start_date: 1993-06-28
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:09:47Z
date_published: 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-03-21T13:55:53Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1007/3-540-56922-7_16
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 697'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-56922-7_16
month: '01'
oa_version: None
page: 181 - 193
publication: 5th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
publist_id: '89'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Computing accumulated delays in real-time systems
type: conference
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 697
year: '1993'
...