[{"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2119654/"}],"citation":{"ista":"Lindholm D, Castrén E, Tsoulfas P, Kolbeck R, Berzaghi M, Leingärtner A, Heisenberg C-PJ, Tesarollo L, Parada L, Thoenen H. 1993. Neurotrophin-3 induced by tri-iodothyronine in cerebellar granule cells promotes Purkinje cell differentiation. Journal of Cell Biology. 122(2), 443–450.","apa":"Lindholm, D., Castrén, E., Tsoulfas, P., Kolbeck, R., Berzaghi, M., Leingärtner, A., … Thoenen, H. (1993). Neurotrophin-3 induced by tri-iodothyronine in cerebellar granule cells promotes Purkinje cell differentiation. <i>Journal of Cell Biology</i>. Rockefeller University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.122.2.443\">https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.122.2.443</a>","short":"D. Lindholm, E. Castrén, P. Tsoulfas, R. Kolbeck, M. Berzaghi, A. Leingärtner, C.-P.J. Heisenberg, L. Tesarollo, L. Parada, H. Thoenen, Journal of Cell Biology 122 (1993) 443–450.","ieee":"D. Lindholm <i>et al.</i>, “Neurotrophin-3 induced by tri-iodothyronine in cerebellar granule cells promotes Purkinje cell differentiation,” <i>Journal of Cell Biology</i>, vol. 122, no. 2. Rockefeller University Press, pp. 443–450, 1993.","ama":"Lindholm D, Castrén E, Tsoulfas P, et al. Neurotrophin-3 induced by tri-iodothyronine in cerebellar granule cells promotes Purkinje cell differentiation. <i>Journal of Cell Biology</i>. 1993;122(2):443-450. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.122.2.443\">10.1083/jcb.122.2.443</a>","mla":"Lindholm, Dan, et al. “Neurotrophin-3 Induced by Tri-Iodothyronine in Cerebellar Granule Cells Promotes Purkinje Cell Differentiation.” <i>Journal of Cell Biology</i>, vol. 122, no. 2, Rockefeller University Press, 1993, pp. 443–50, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.122.2.443\">10.1083/jcb.122.2.443</a>.","chicago":"Lindholm, Dan, Eero Castrén, Pantelis Tsoulfas, Roland Kolbeck, Maria Berzaghi, Axel Leingärtner, Carl-Philipp J Heisenberg, Lino Tesarollo, Luis Parada, and Hans Thoenen. “Neurotrophin-3 Induced by Tri-Iodothyronine in Cerebellar Granule Cells Promotes Purkinje Cell Differentiation.” <i>Journal of Cell Biology</i>. Rockefeller University Press, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.122.2.443\">https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.122.2.443</a>."},"intvolume":"       122","status":"public","acknowledgement":"E. Castrtn is an Alexander von Humboldt fellow. M. Berzaghi is supported by a scholarship from CNPQ, Brasil. L. F. Parada, P. Tsoulfas, and L. Tesarollo were supported by a National Institutes of Health grant. We thank D. Stratmann and K. Angermeyer for skillful technical assistance; I. Hajjar for secretarial work and Dr. R. G~rtner for help with\r\ninducing hypothyroidism; Dr. W. Hunzieker for the calbindin-28 kD eDNA; Dr. M. Fishman for the GAP-43 eDNA; and Dr. Y.-A. Barde for critical comments.","pmid":1,"_id":"4177","title":"Neurotrophin-3 induced by tri-iodothyronine in cerebellar granule cells promotes Purkinje cell differentiation","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Thyroid hormones play an important role in brain development, but the mechanism(s) by which triiodothyronine (T3) mediates neuronal differentiation is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that T3 regulates the neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), in developing rat cerebellar granule cells both in cell culture and in vivo. In situ hybridization experiments showed that developing Purkinje cells do not express NT-3 mRNA but do express trkC, the putative neuronal receptor for NT-3. Addition of recombinant NT-3 to cerebellar cultures from embryonic rat brain induces hypertrophy and neurite sprouting of Purkinje cells, and upregulates the mRNA encoding the calcium-binding protein, calbindin-28 kD. The present study demonstrates a novel interaction between cerebellar granule neurons and developing Purkinje cells in which NT-3 induced by T3 in the granule cells promotes Purkinje cell differentiation."}],"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0021-9525"]},"issue":"2","scopus_import":"1","external_id":{"pmid":["8320266"]},"article_type":"original","oa_version":"None","volume":122,"date_published":"1993-07-15T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","extern":"1","oa":1,"quality_controlled":"1","month":"07","publication":"Journal of Cell Biology","doi":"10.1083/jcb.122.2.443","publisher":"Rockefeller University Press","date_updated":"2022-03-24T12:59:20Z","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_status":"published","publist_id":"1942","day":"15","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:07:25Z","page":"443 - 450","author":[{"last_name":"Lindholm","full_name":"Lindholm, Dan","first_name":"Dan"},{"last_name":"Castrén","full_name":"Castrén, Eero","first_name":"Eero"},{"last_name":"Tsoulfas","first_name":"Pantelis","full_name":"Tsoulfas, Pantelis"},{"last_name":"Kolbeck","full_name":"Kolbeck, Roland","first_name":"Roland"},{"first_name":"Maria","full_name":"Berzaghi, Maria","last_name":"Berzaghi"},{"full_name":"Leingärtner, Axel","first_name":"Axel","last_name":"Leingärtner"},{"last_name":"Heisenberg","orcid":"0000-0002-0912-4566","first_name":"Carl-Philipp J","id":"39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J"},{"last_name":"Tesarollo","full_name":"Tesarollo, Lino","first_name":"Lino"},{"first_name":"Luis","full_name":"Parada, Luis","last_name":"Parada"},{"full_name":"Thoenen, Hans","first_name":"Hans","last_name":"Thoenen"}],"year":"1993","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"pmid":1,"abstract":[{"text":"Evolutionary explanations of aging (or senescence) fall into two classes. First, organisms might have evolved the optimal life history, in which survival and fertility late in life are sacrificed for the sake of early reproduction or high pre-adult survival. Second, the life history might be depressed below this optimal compromise by the influx of deleterious mutations; since selection against late-acting mutations is weaker, deleterious mutations will impose a greater load on late life. We discuss ways in which these theories might be investigated and distinguished, with reference to experimental work withDrosophila. While genetic correlations between life history traits determine the immediate response to selection, they are hard to measure, and may not reflect the fundamental constraints on life history. Long term selection experiments are more likely to be informative. The third approach of using experimental manipulations suffers from some of the same problems as measures of genetic correlations; however, these two approaches may be fruitful when used together. The experimental results so far suggest that aging inDrosophila has evolved in part as a consequence of selection for an optimal life history, and in part as a result of accumulation of predominantly late-acting deleterious mutations. Quantification of these effects presents a major challenge for the future.","lang":"eng"}],"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","_id":"4299","title":"Evolution of aging: Testing the theory using Drosophila","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01435990"}],"citation":{"mla":"Partridge, Linda, and Nicholas H. Barton. “Evolution of Aging: Testing the Theory Using Drosophila.” <i>Genetica</i>, vol. 91, no. 1–3, Springer, 1993, pp. 89–98, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01435990\">10.1007/BF01435990</a>.","ama":"Partridge L, Barton NH. Evolution of aging: Testing the theory using Drosophila. <i>Genetica</i>. 1993;91(1-3):89-98. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01435990\">10.1007/BF01435990</a>","chicago":"Partridge, Linda, and Nicholas H Barton. “Evolution of Aging: Testing the Theory Using Drosophila.” <i>Genetica</i>. Springer, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01435990\">https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01435990</a>.","apa":"Partridge, L., &#38; Barton, N. H. (1993). Evolution of aging: Testing the theory using Drosophila. <i>Genetica</i>. Springer. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01435990\">https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01435990</a>","ista":"Partridge L, Barton NH. 1993. Evolution of aging: Testing the theory using Drosophila. Genetica. 91(1–3), 89–98.","short":"L. Partridge, N.H. Barton, Genetica 91 (1993) 89–98.","ieee":"L. Partridge and N. H. Barton, “Evolution of aging: Testing the theory using Drosophila,” <i>Genetica</i>, vol. 91, no. 1–3. Springer, pp. 89–98, 1993."},"intvolume":"        91","status":"public","scopus_import":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0016-6707"]},"issue":"1-3","month":"01","extern":"1","quality_controlled":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","publication":"Genetica","date_updated":"2022-06-02T10:00:56Z","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF01435990","oa_version":"None","external_id":{"pmid":["8125281 "]},"article_type":"original","volume":91,"date_published":"1993-01-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"1993","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:08:07Z","publist_id":"1769","publication_status":"published","day":"01","author":[{"last_name":"Partridge","first_name":"Linda","full_name":"Partridge, Linda"},{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","last_name":"Barton"}],"page":"89 - 98"},{"publication_status":"published","publist_id":"1766","day":"25","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:08:07Z","page":"305 - 311","author":[{"full_name":"Partridge, Linda","first_name":"Linda","last_name":"Partridge"},{"last_name":"Barton","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","first_name":"Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H"}],"year":"1993","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"external_id":{"pmid":["8455716"]},"article_type":"original","oa_version":"None","volume":362,"date_published":"1993-03-25T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","extern":"1","quality_controlled":"1","month":"03","publication":"Nature","doi":"10.1038/362305a0","date_updated":"2022-03-24T12:22:38Z","publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0028-0836"]},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/362305a0"}],"intvolume":"       362","citation":{"ista":"Partridge L, Barton NH. 1993. Optimality, mutation and the evolution of ageing. Nature. 362, 305–311.","apa":"Partridge, L., &#38; Barton, N. H. (1993). Optimality, mutation and the evolution of ageing. <i>Nature</i>. Nature Publishing Group. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/362305a0\">https://doi.org/10.1038/362305a0</a>","ieee":"L. Partridge and N. H. Barton, “Optimality, mutation and the evolution of ageing,” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 362. Nature Publishing Group, pp. 305–311, 1993.","short":"L. Partridge, N.H. Barton, Nature 362 (1993) 305–311.","ama":"Partridge L, Barton NH. Optimality, mutation and the evolution of ageing. <i>Nature</i>. 1993;362:305-311. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/362305a0\">10.1038/362305a0</a>","mla":"Partridge, Linda, and Nicholas H. Barton. “Optimality, Mutation and the Evolution of Ageing.” <i>Nature</i>, vol. 362, Nature Publishing Group, 1993, pp. 305–11, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/362305a0\">10.1038/362305a0</a>.","chicago":"Partridge, Linda, and Nicholas H Barton. “Optimality, Mutation and the Evolution of Ageing.” <i>Nature</i>. Nature Publishing Group, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/362305a0\">https://doi.org/10.1038/362305a0</a>."},"status":"public","acknowledgement":"We thank B. Charlesworth, T. Chapman. K. Dawson, K. S. Gale. P. Harvey. A. Kondrashov. J. Maynard Smith, M. J. Morgan, M. Slatkin and M. Turell/ for helpful comments and C. Roper for providing the data for Fig. 1. Our work was supported by grants from the NERC and SERC and by the Darwin Trust of Edinburgh.","pmid":1,"_id":"4300","title":"Optimality, mutation and the evolution of ageing","abstract":[{"text":"Evolutionary explanations of ageing fall into two classes. Organisms might have evolved the optimal life history, in which survival and fertility late in life are sacrificed for the sake of early reproduction and survival. Alternatively, the life history might be depressed below this optimal compromise by deleterious mutations: because selection against late-acting mutations is weaker, these will impose a greater load on late life. Evidence for the importance of both is emerging, and unravelling their relative importance presents experimentalists with a major challenge.","lang":"eng"}],"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"1993","publist_id":"1764","publication_status":"published","day":"01","publication_identifier":{"isbn":[" 0-19-506917-X"]},"date_created":"2018-12-11T12:08:08Z","page":"13 - 45","author":[{"last_name":"Barton","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","first_name":"Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Gale, Katherine","first_name":"Katherine","last_name":"Gale"}],"extern":"1","quality_controlled":"1","month":"01","_id":"4301","publication":"Hybrid zones and the evolutionary process","title":"Genetic analysis of hybrid zones","publisher":"Oxford University Press","date_updated":"2022-03-24T10:36:10Z","doi":"10.1046/j.1420-9101.1994.7050631.x","article_processing_charge":"No","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","editor":[{"last_name":"Harrison","first_name":"Richard","full_name":"Harrison, Richard"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://books.google.at/books?hl=en&lr=&id=aFJFkVKskYIC&oi=fnd&pg=PA13&ots=MFf0ehNeKK&sig=Yp6VrwzCJRB-v-iOhI7WZw-xf8w&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false"}],"citation":{"apa":"Barton, N. H., &#38; Gale, K. (1993). Genetic analysis of hybrid zones. In R. Harrison (Ed.), <i>Hybrid zones and the evolutionary process</i> (pp. 13–45). Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1994.7050631.x\">https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1994.7050631.x</a>","ista":"Barton NH, Gale K. 1993.Genetic analysis of hybrid zones. In: Hybrid zones and the evolutionary process. , 13–45.","short":"N.H. Barton, K. Gale, in:, R. Harrison (Ed.), Hybrid Zones and the Evolutionary Process, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 13–45.","ieee":"N. H. Barton and K. Gale, “Genetic analysis of hybrid zones,” in <i>Hybrid zones and the evolutionary process</i>, R. Harrison, Ed. Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 13–45.","mla":"Barton, Nicholas H., and Katherine Gale. “Genetic Analysis of Hybrid Zones.” <i>Hybrid Zones and the Evolutionary Process</i>, edited by Richard Harrison, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 13–45, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1994.7050631.x\">10.1046/j.1420-9101.1994.7050631.x</a>.","ama":"Barton NH, Gale K. Genetic analysis of hybrid zones. In: Harrison R, ed. <i>Hybrid Zones and the Evolutionary Process</i>. Oxford University Press; 1993:13-45. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1994.7050631.x\">10.1046/j.1420-9101.1994.7050631.x</a>","chicago":"Barton, Nicholas H, and Katherine Gale. “Genetic Analysis of Hybrid Zones.” In <i>Hybrid Zones and the Evolutionary Process</i>, edited by Richard Harrison, 13–45. Oxford University Press, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1994.7050631.x\">https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1994.7050631.x</a>."},"oa_version":"None","status":"public","date_published":"1993-01-01T00:00:00Z","type":"book_chapter"},{"article_processing_charge":"No","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","publication":"Genetical Research","_id":"4302","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S001667230003158X ","date_updated":"2022-03-23T16:05:31Z","title":"Review of &quot;The causes of molecular evolution&quot; by J.H. Gillespie","month":"01","extern":"1","quality_controlled":"1","volume":62,"type":"review","date_published":"1993-01-01T00:00:00Z","status":"public","oa_version":"None","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/genetics-research/article/causes-of-molecular-evolution-by-john-h-gillespie-oxford-university-press-1992-336-pages-price-2500-isbn-0-19-506883-1/FF2B56D0B883F340BEC4E3C068F89F6C"}],"citation":{"apa":"Barton, N. H. (1993). Review of &#38;quot;The causes of molecular evolution&#38;quot; by J.H. Gillespie. <i>Genetical Research</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017/S001667230003158X \">https://doi.org/10.1017/S001667230003158X </a>","ista":"Barton NH. 1993. Review of &#38;quot;The causes of molecular evolution&#38;quot; by J.H. Gillespie. Genetical Research. 62(1), 77–85.","ieee":"N. H. Barton, “Review of &#38;quot;The causes of molecular evolution&#38;quot; by J.H. Gillespie,” <i>Genetical Research</i>, vol. 62, no. 1. Cambridge University Press, pp. 77–85, 1993.","short":"N.H. Barton, Genetical Research 62 (1993) 77–85.","mla":"Barton, Nicholas H. “Review of &#38;quot;The Causes of Molecular Evolution&#38;quot; by J.H. Gillespie.” <i>Genetical Research</i>, vol. 62, no. 1, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 77–85, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017/S001667230003158X \">10.1017/S001667230003158X </a>.","ama":"Barton NH. Review of &#38;quot;The causes of molecular evolution&#38;quot; by J.H. Gillespie. <i>Genetical Research</i>. 1993;62(1):77-85. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017/S001667230003158X \">10.1017/S001667230003158X </a>","chicago":"Barton, Nicholas H. “Review of &#38;quot;The Causes of Molecular Evolution&#38;quot; by J.H. Gillespie.” <i>Genetical Research</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017/S001667230003158X \">https://doi.org/10.1017/S001667230003158X </a>."},"intvolume":"        62","year":"1993","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"author":[{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Nicholas H","last_name":"Barton","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240"}],"issue":"1","page":"77 - 85","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:08:08Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0016-6723"]},"publist_id":"1763","publication_status":"published","day":"01"},{"page":"149 - 158","author":[{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","first_name":"Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","last_name":"Barton"}],"publist_id":"1762","publication_status":"published","day":"01","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:08:09Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"1993","volume":62,"type":"journal_article","date_published":"1993-10-01T00:00:00Z","oa_version":"None","article_type":"original","publication":"Genetics Research","date_updated":"2022-03-23T15:41:32Z","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0016672300031748","article_processing_charge":"No","extern":"1","oa":1,"quality_controlled":"1","month":"10","issue":"2","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0016-6723"]},"scopus_import":"1","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/genetics-research/article/probability-of-fixation-of-a-favoured-allele-in-a-subdivided-population/3257B4AEC7044AFE40436C2DC15FBC4C#article","open_access":"1"}],"citation":{"ieee":"N. H. Barton, “The probability of fixation of a favoured allele in a subdivided population,” <i>Genetics Research</i>, vol. 62, no. 2. Cambridge University Press, pp. 149–158, 1993.","short":"N.H. Barton, Genetics Research 62 (1993) 149–158.","ista":"Barton NH. 1993. The probability of fixation of a favoured allele in a subdivided population. Genetics Research. 62(2), 149–158.","apa":"Barton, N. H. (1993). The probability of fixation of a favoured allele in a subdivided population. <i>Genetics Research</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016672300031748\">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016672300031748</a>","chicago":"Barton, Nicholas H. “The Probability of Fixation of a Favoured Allele in a Subdivided Population.” <i>Genetics Research</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016672300031748\">https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016672300031748</a>.","ama":"Barton NH. The probability of fixation of a favoured allele in a subdivided population. <i>Genetics Research</i>. 1993;62(2):149-158. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016672300031748\">10.1017/S0016672300031748</a>","mla":"Barton, Nicholas H. “The Probability of Fixation of a Favoured Allele in a Subdivided Population.” <i>Genetics Research</i>, vol. 62, no. 2, Cambridge University Press, 1993, pp. 149–58, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016672300031748\">10.1017/S0016672300031748</a>."},"intvolume":"        62","_id":"4303","title":"The probability of fixation of a favoured allele in a subdivided population","abstract":[{"text":"In a stably subdivided population with symmetric migration, the chance that a favoured allele will be fixed is independent of population structure. However, random extinction introduces an extra component of sampling drift, and reduces the probability of fixation. In this paper, the fixation probability is calculated using the diffusion approximation; comparison with exact solution of the discrete model shows this to be accurate. The key parameters are the rates of selection, migration and extinction, scaled relative to population size (S = 4Ns, M = 4Nm, Λ = 4Nλ); results apply to a haploid model, or to diploids with additive selection. If new colonies derive from many demes, the fixation probability cannot be reduced by more than half. However, if colonies are initially homogeneous, fixation probability can be much reduced. In the limit of low migration and extinction rates (M, Λ 1), it is 2s/{1 + (Λ/MS)(1 −exp(−S))}, whilst in the opposite limit (S  1), it is 4sM/{Λ(Λ + M)}. In the limit of weak selection (M, Λ  1), it is 4sM/{Λ(Λ + M)}. These factors are not the same as the reduction in effective population size (Ne/N), showing that the effects of population structure on selected alleles cannot be understood from the behaviour of neutral markers.","lang":"eng"}],"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by grants from the SERC (GR/H/09928) and NERC (GR/3/8002), and by the Darwin Trust of Edinburgh. Thanks are due to B. Nürnberger for convincing me that population structure does reduce fixation probability, to M. Whitlock for discussions on calculations of effective population size, and to W. G. Hill, P. Keightley and the anonymous referees for their comments."},{"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0960-9822"]},"date_created":"2018-12-11T12:08:09Z","day":"01","publist_id":"1761","publication_status":"published","issue":"11","author":[{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","first_name":"Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Barton","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240"}],"page":"797 - 799","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"1993","oa_version":"None","article_type":"letter_note","intvolume":"         3","citation":{"ieee":"N. H. Barton, “Why species and subspecies?,” <i>Current Biology</i>, vol. 3, no. 11. Cell Press, pp. 797–799, 1993.","short":"N.H. Barton, Current Biology 3 (1993) 797–799.","ista":"Barton NH. 1993. Why species and subspecies? Current Biology. 3(11), 797–799.","apa":"Barton, N. H. (1993). Why species and subspecies? <i>Current Biology</i>. Cell Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-9822(93)90036-N\">https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-9822(93)90036-N</a>","chicago":"Barton, Nicholas H. “Why Species and Subspecies?” <i>Current Biology</i>. Cell Press, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-9822(93)90036-N\">https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-9822(93)90036-N</a>.","ama":"Barton NH. Why species and subspecies? <i>Current Biology</i>. 1993;3(11):797-799. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-9822(93)90036-N\">10.1016/0960-9822(93)90036-N</a>","mla":"Barton, Nicholas H. “Why Species and Subspecies?” <i>Current Biology</i>, vol. 3, no. 11, Cell Press, 1993, pp. 797–99, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-9822(93)90036-N\">10.1016/0960-9822(93)90036-N</a>."},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/096098229390036N?via%3Dihub"}],"date_published":"1993-11-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","volume":3,"status":"public","month":"11","quality_controlled":"1","extern":"1","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","article_processing_charge":"No","publisher":"Cell Press","title":"Why species and subspecies?","doi":"10.1016/0960-9822(93)90036-N","date_updated":"2022-03-23T13:19:21Z","publication":"Current Biology","_id":"4304"},{"quality_controlled":"1","extern":"1","month":"01","doi":"10.1007/3-540-57318-6_24","date_updated":"2022-03-23T13:13:46Z","publisher":"Springer","publication":"International Hybrid Systems Workshop","article_processing_charge":"No","oa_version":"None","date_published":"1993-01-01T00:00:00Z","type":"conference","volume":736,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"1993","day":"01","publication_status":"published","publist_id":"225","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:09:12Z","conference":{"name":"International Hybrid Systems Workshop"},"page":"60 - 76","alternative_title":["LNCS"],"author":[{"id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Thomas A","full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A","orcid":"0000−0002−2985−7724","last_name":"Henzinger"},{"last_name":"Manna","full_name":"Manna, Zohar","first_name":"Zohar"},{"last_name":"Pnueli","first_name":"Amir","full_name":"Pnueli, Amir"}],"acknowledgement":"This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grants CCR-92-00794 and CCR-92-23226, by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency under contract NAG2-703, by the United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research under contracts F49620-93-1-0056 and F49620-93-1-0139, and by the European Community ESPRIT Basic Research Action Project 6021 (REACT).","title":"Towards refining temporal specifications into hybrid systems","_id":"4506","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","abstract":[{"text":"We propose a formal framework for designing hybrid systems by stepwise refinement. Starting with a specification in hybrid temporal logic, we make successively more transitions explicit until we obtain an executable system.","lang":"eng"}],"intvolume":"       736","citation":{"ieee":"T. A. Henzinger, Z. Manna, and A. Pnueli, “Towards refining temporal specifications into hybrid systems,” in <i>International Hybrid Systems Workshop</i>, 1993, vol. 736, pp. 60–76.","short":"T.A. Henzinger, Z. Manna, A. Pnueli, in:, R. Grossman, A. Nerode, A. Ravn, H. Rischel (Eds.), International Hybrid Systems Workshop, Springer, 1993, pp. 60–76.","apa":"Henzinger, T. A., Manna, Z., &#38; Pnueli, A. (1993). Towards refining temporal specifications into hybrid systems. In R. Grossman, A. Nerode, A. Ravn, &#38; H. Rischel (Eds.), <i>International Hybrid Systems Workshop</i> (Vol. 736, pp. 60–76). Springer. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57318-6_24\">https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57318-6_24</a>","ista":"Henzinger TA, Manna Z, Pnueli A. 1993. Towards refining temporal specifications into hybrid systems. International Hybrid Systems Workshop. International Hybrid Systems Workshop, LNCS, vol. 736, 60–76.","chicago":"Henzinger, Thomas A, Zohar Manna, and Amir Pnueli. “Towards Refining Temporal Specifications into Hybrid Systems.” In <i>International Hybrid Systems Workshop</i>, edited by Robert Grossman, Anil Nerode, Anders Ravn, and Hans Rischel, 736:60–76. Springer, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57318-6_24\">https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57318-6_24</a>.","mla":"Henzinger, Thomas A., et al. “Towards Refining Temporal Specifications into Hybrid Systems.” <i>International Hybrid Systems Workshop</i>, edited by Robert Grossman et al., vol. 736, Springer, 1993, pp. 60–76, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57318-6_24\">10.1007/3-540-57318-6_24</a>.","ama":"Henzinger TA, Manna Z, Pnueli A. Towards refining temporal specifications into hybrid systems. In: Grossman R, Nerode A, Ravn A, Rischel H, eds. <i>International Hybrid Systems Workshop</i>. Vol 736. Springer; 1993:60-76. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57318-6_24\">10.1007/3-540-57318-6_24</a>"},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-57318-6_24"}],"editor":[{"last_name":"Grossman","full_name":"Grossman, Robert","first_name":"Robert"},{"first_name":"Anil","full_name":"Nerode, Anil","last_name":"Nerode"},{"last_name":"Ravn","first_name":"Anders","full_name":"Ravn, Anders"},{"full_name":"Rischel, Hans","first_name":"Hans","last_name":"Rischel"}],"status":"public","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-3-540-57318-0"]}},{"article_processing_charge":"No","publication":"Information and Computation","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/inco.1993.1025","date_updated":"2022-03-23T13:08:27Z","month":"05","extern":"1","quality_controlled":"1","oa":1,"volume":104,"type":"journal_article","date_published":"1993-05-01T00:00:00Z","article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","year":"1993","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"author":[{"last_name":"Alur","first_name":"Rajeev","full_name":"Alur, Rajeev"},{"orcid":"0000−0002−2985−7724","last_name":"Henzinger","id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Thomas A","full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A"}],"page":"35 - 77","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:09:38Z","publication_status":"published","publist_id":"116","day":"01","abstract":[{"text":"The theory of the natural numbers with linear order and monadic predicates underlies propositional linear temporal logic. To study temporal logics that are suitable for reasoning about real-time systems, we combine this classical theory of infinite state sequences with a theory of discrete time, via a monotonic function that maps every state to its time. The resulting theory of timed state sequences is shown to be decidable, albeit nonelementary, and its expressive power is characterized by ω-regular sets. Several more expressive variants are proved to be highly undecidable. This framework allows us to classify a wide variety of real-time logics according to their complexity and expressiveness. Indeed, it follows that most formalisms proposed in the literature cannot be decided. We are, however, able to identify two elementary real-time temporal logics as expressively complete fragments of the theory of timed state sequences, and we present tableau-based decision procedures for checking validity. Consequently, these two formalisms are well-suited for the specification and verification of real-time systems.\r\n\r\nCopyright © 1993 Academic Press. All rights reserved.","lang":"eng"}],"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","_id":"4589","title":"Real-time logics: Complexity and expressiveness","acknowledgement":"We thank David Dill, Zohar Manna, and Amir Pnueli for helpful discussion.","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890540183710254?via%3Dihub"}],"citation":{"apa":"Alur, R., &#38; Henzinger, T. A. (1993). Real-time logics: Complexity and expressiveness. <i>Information and Computation</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1006/inco.1993.1025\">https://doi.org/10.1006/inco.1993.1025</a>","ista":"Alur R, Henzinger TA. 1993. Real-time logics: Complexity and expressiveness. Information and Computation. 104(1), 35–77.","short":"R. Alur, T.A. Henzinger, Information and Computation 104 (1993) 35–77.","ieee":"R. Alur and T. A. Henzinger, “Real-time logics: Complexity and expressiveness,” <i>Information and Computation</i>, vol. 104, no. 1. Elsevier, pp. 35–77, 1993.","mla":"Alur, Rajeev, and Thomas A. Henzinger. “Real-Time Logics: Complexity and Expressiveness.” <i>Information and Computation</i>, vol. 104, no. 1, Elsevier, 1993, pp. 35–77, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1006/inco.1993.1025\">10.1006/inco.1993.1025</a>.","ama":"Alur R, Henzinger TA. Real-time logics: Complexity and expressiveness. <i>Information and Computation</i>. 1993;104(1):35-77. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1006/inco.1993.1025\">10.1006/inco.1993.1025</a>","chicago":"Alur, Rajeev, and Thomas A Henzinger. “Real-Time Logics: Complexity and Expressiveness.” <i>Information and Computation</i>. Elsevier, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1006/inco.1993.1025\">https://doi.org/10.1006/inco.1993.1025</a>."},"intvolume":"       104","scopus_import":"1","issue":"1","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["0890-5401"]}},{"scopus_import":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"1993","author":[{"last_name":"Alur","first_name":"Rajeev","full_name":"Alur, Rajeev"},{"id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Thomas A","full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A","last_name":"Henzinger","orcid":"0000−0002−2985−7724"},{"full_name":"Ho, Pei","first_name":"Pei","last_name":"Ho"}],"page":"2 - 11","conference":{"name":"RTSS: Real-Time Systems Symposium","start_date":"1993-12-01","end_date":"1993-12-03","location":"Raleigh, NC, United States of America"},"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["0-8186-4480-X"]},"date_created":"2018-12-11T12:09:46Z","publication_status":"published","publist_id":"90","day":"01","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We present a model checking procedure and its implementation for the automatic verification of embedded systems. Systems are represented by hybrid automata - machines with finite control and real-valued variables modeling continuous environment parameters such as time, pressure, and temperature. System properties are specified in a real-time temporal logic and verified by symbolic computation. The verification procedure, implemented in Mathematica, is used to prove digital controllers and distributed algorithms correct. The verifier checks safety, liveness, time-bounded, and duration properties of hybrid automata"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","_id":"4616","publication":"1993 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium","doi":"10.1109/REAL.1993.393520 ","publisher":"IEEE","title":"Automatic symbolic verification of embedded systems","date_updated":"2022-03-23T13:01:41Z","month":"01","extern":"1","quality_controlled":"1","type":"conference","date_published":"1993-01-01T00:00:00Z","status":"public","oa_version":"None","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/393520"}],"citation":{"short":"R. Alur, T.A. Henzinger, P. Ho, in:, 1993 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium, IEEE, 1993, pp. 2–11.","ieee":"R. Alur, T. A. Henzinger, and P. Ho, “Automatic symbolic verification of embedded systems,” in <i>1993 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium</i>, Raleigh, NC, United States of America, 1993, pp. 2–11.","apa":"Alur, R., Henzinger, T. A., &#38; Ho, P. (1993). Automatic symbolic verification of embedded systems. In <i>1993 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium</i> (pp. 2–11). Raleigh, NC, United States of America: IEEE. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/REAL.1993.393520 \">https://doi.org/10.1109/REAL.1993.393520 </a>","ista":"Alur R, Henzinger TA, Ho P. 1993. Automatic symbolic verification of embedded systems. 1993 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium. RTSS: Real-Time Systems Symposium, 2–11.","chicago":"Alur, Rajeev, Thomas A Henzinger, and Pei Ho. “Automatic Symbolic Verification of Embedded Systems.” In <i>1993 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium</i>, 2–11. IEEE, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/REAL.1993.393520 \">https://doi.org/10.1109/REAL.1993.393520 </a>.","mla":"Alur, Rajeev, et al. “Automatic Symbolic Verification of Embedded Systems.” <i>1993 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium</i>, IEEE, 1993, pp. 2–11, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/REAL.1993.393520 \">10.1109/REAL.1993.393520 </a>.","ama":"Alur R, Henzinger TA, Ho P. Automatic symbolic verification of embedded systems. In: <i>1993 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium</i>. IEEE; 1993:2-11. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/REAL.1993.393520 \">10.1109/REAL.1993.393520 </a>"}},{"page":"209 - 229","alternative_title":["LNCS"],"author":[{"last_name":"Alur","first_name":"Rajeev","full_name":"Alur, Rajeev"},{"last_name":"Courcoubetis","first_name":"Costas","full_name":"Courcoubetis, Costas"},{"full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A","first_name":"Thomas A","id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000−0002−2985−7724","last_name":"Henzinger"},{"first_name":"Pei","full_name":"Ho, Pei","last_name":"Ho"}],"publist_id":"87","publication_status":"published","day":"01","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:09:47Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"1993","volume":736,"date_published":"1993-01-01T00:00:00Z","type":"conference","oa_version":"None","publication":"Hybrid Systems","doi":"10.1007/3-540-57318-6_30","publisher":"Springer","date_updated":"2022-03-21T11:04:54Z","article_processing_charge":"No","extern":"1","quality_controlled":"1","month":"01","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-57318-6_30"}],"editor":[{"last_name":"Grossman","first_name":"Robert","full_name":"Grossman, Robert"},{"first_name":"Anil","full_name":"Nerode, Anil","last_name":"Nerode"},{"last_name":"Ravn","first_name":"Anders","full_name":"Ravn, Anders"},{"full_name":"Rischel, Hans","first_name":"Hans","last_name":"Rischel"}],"intvolume":"       736","citation":{"ista":"Alur R, Courcoubetis C, Henzinger TA, Ho P. 1993. Hybrid automata: An algorithmic approach to the specification and verification of hybrid systems. Hybrid Systems. , LNCS, vol. 736, 209–229.","apa":"Alur, R., Courcoubetis, C., Henzinger, T. A., &#38; Ho, P. (1993). Hybrid automata: An algorithmic approach to the specification and verification of hybrid systems. In R. Grossman, A. Nerode, A. Ravn, &#38; H. Rischel (Eds.), <i>Hybrid Systems</i> (Vol. 736, pp. 209–229). Springer. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57318-6_30\">https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57318-6_30</a>","short":"R. Alur, C. Courcoubetis, T.A. Henzinger, P. Ho, in:, R. Grossman, A. Nerode, A. Ravn, H. Rischel (Eds.), Hybrid Systems, Springer, 1993, pp. 209–229.","ieee":"R. Alur, C. Courcoubetis, T. A. Henzinger, and P. Ho, “Hybrid automata: An algorithmic approach to the specification and verification of hybrid systems,” in <i>Hybrid Systems</i>, 1993, vol. 736, pp. 209–229.","ama":"Alur R, Courcoubetis C, Henzinger TA, Ho P. Hybrid automata: An algorithmic approach to the specification and verification of hybrid systems. In: Grossman R, Nerode A, Ravn A, Rischel H, eds. <i>Hybrid Systems</i>. Vol 736. Springer; 1993:209-229. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57318-6_30\">10.1007/3-540-57318-6_30</a>","mla":"Alur, Rajeev, et al. “Hybrid Automata: An Algorithmic Approach to the Specification and Verification of Hybrid Systems.” <i>Hybrid Systems</i>, edited by Robert Grossman et al., vol. 736, Springer, 1993, pp. 209–29, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57318-6_30\">10.1007/3-540-57318-6_30</a>.","chicago":"Alur, Rajeev, Costas Courcoubetis, Thomas A Henzinger, and Pei Ho. “Hybrid Automata: An Algorithmic Approach to the Specification and Verification of Hybrid Systems.” In <i>Hybrid Systems</i>, edited by Robert Grossman, Anil Nerode, Anders Ravn, and Hans Rischel, 736:209–29. Springer, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57318-6_30\">https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57318-6_30</a>."},"_id":"4618","title":"Hybrid automata: An algorithmic approach to the specification and verification of hybrid systems","abstract":[{"text":"We introduce the framework of hybrid automata as a model and specification language for hybrid systems. Hybrid automata can be viewed as a generalization of timed automata, in which the behavior of variables is governed in each state by a set of differential equations. We show that many of the examples considered in the workshop can be defined by hybrid automata. While the reachability problem is undecidable even for very restricted classes of hybrid automata, we present two semidecision procedures for verifying safety properties of piecewiselinear hybrid automata, in which all variables change at constant rates. The two procedures are based, respectively, on minimizing and computing fixpoints on generally infinite state spaces. We show that if the procedures terminate, then they give correct answers. We then demonstrate that for many of the typical workshop examples, the procedures do terminate and thus provide an automatic way for verifying their properties.","lang":"eng"}],"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","acknowledgement":"BRA ESPRIT project REACT, National Science Foundation under grant CCR-9200794 , United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research contract F49620-93-1-0056."},{"month":"06","extern":"1","quality_controlled":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Traditional approaches to the algorithmic verification of real-time systems are limited to checking program correctness with respect to concrete timing properties (e.g., &quot;message delivery within 10 milliseconds&quot;). We address the more realistic and more ambitious problem of deriving symbolic constraints on the timing properties required of real-time systems (e.g., &quot;message delivery within the time it takes to execute two assignment statements&quot;). To model this problem, we introduce parametric timed automata -- finite-state machines whose transitions are constrained with parametric timing requirements. The emptiness question for parametric timed automata is central to the verification problem. On the negative side, we show that in general this question is undecidable. On the positive side, we provide algorithms for checking the emptiness of restricted classes of parametric timed automata. The practical relevance of these classes is illustrated with several verification examples. There remains a gap between the automata classes for which we know that emptiness is decidable and undecidable, respectively, and this gap is related to various hard and open problems of logic and automata theory."}],"article_processing_charge":"No","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","_id":"4619","publication":"Proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing","date_updated":"2022-03-21T11:11:37Z","doi":"10.1145/167088.167242","title":"Parametric real-time reasoning","publisher":"ACM","oa_version":"None","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/167088.167242"}],"citation":{"mla":"Alur, Rajeev, et al. “Parametric Real-Time Reasoning.” <i>Proceedings of the 25th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing</i>, ACM, 1993, pp. 592–601, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/167088.167242\">10.1145/167088.167242</a>.","ama":"Alur R, Henzinger TA, Vardi M. Parametric real-time reasoning. In: <i>Proceedings of the 25th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing</i>. ACM; 1993:592-601. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/167088.167242\">10.1145/167088.167242</a>","chicago":"Alur, Rajeev, Thomas A Henzinger, and Moshe Vardi. “Parametric Real-Time Reasoning.” In <i>Proceedings of the 25th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing</i>, 592–601. ACM, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/167088.167242\">https://doi.org/10.1145/167088.167242</a>.","apa":"Alur, R., Henzinger, T. A., &#38; Vardi, M. (1993). Parametric real-time reasoning. In <i>Proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing</i> (pp. 592–601). San Diego, CA, United States of America: ACM. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/167088.167242\">https://doi.org/10.1145/167088.167242</a>","ista":"Alur R, Henzinger TA, Vardi M. 1993. Parametric real-time reasoning. Proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing. STOC: Symposium on the Theory of Computing, 592–601.","ieee":"R. Alur, T. A. Henzinger, and M. Vardi, “Parametric real-time reasoning,” in <i>Proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing</i>, San Diego, CA, United States of America, 1993, pp. 592–601.","short":"R. Alur, T.A. Henzinger, M. Vardi, in:, Proceedings of the 25th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, ACM, 1993, pp. 592–601."},"type":"conference","date_published":"1993-06-01T00:00:00Z","status":"public","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"1993","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:09:47Z","publist_id":"88","publication_status":"published","day":"01","author":[{"first_name":"Rajeev","full_name":"Alur, Rajeev","last_name":"Alur"},{"orcid":"0000−0002−2985−7724","last_name":"Henzinger","first_name":"Thomas A","id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A"},{"full_name":"Vardi, Moshe","first_name":"Moshe","last_name":"Vardi"}],"page":"592 - 601","conference":{"location":"San Diego, CA, United States of America","end_date":"1993-05-18","start_date":"1993-05-16","name":"STOC: Symposium on the Theory of Computing"}},{"scopus_import":"1","acknowledgement":"BRA ESPRIT project REACT, National Science Foundation grant CCR-9200794 United States Air Force Office of Scientific Research contract F49620-93-1-0056","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We present a verification algorithm for duration properties of finite-state real-time systems. While simple real-time properties constrain the total elapsed time between events, duration properties constrain the accumulated time during which certain state predicates hold. We formalize the concept of durations by introducing duration measures for (dense-time) timed automata. Given a timed automaton with a duration measure, a start and a target state, and a duration constraint, the duration-bounded reachability problem asks if there is a run of the automaton from the start state to the target state such that the accumulated duration along the run satisfies the constraint. Our main result is a novel decision procedure for solving the duration-bounded reachability problem. We also prove that the problem is PSPACE-complete and demonstrate how the solution can be used to verify interesting duration properties of real-time systems."}],"title":"Computing accumulated delays in real-time systems","_id":"4620","intvolume":"       697","citation":{"ama":"Alur R, Courcoubetis C, Henzinger TA. Computing accumulated delays in real-time systems. In: <i>5th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification</i>. Vol 697. Springer; 1993:181-193. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-56922-7_16\">10.1007/3-540-56922-7_16</a>","mla":"Alur, Rajeev, et al. “Computing Accumulated Delays in Real-Time Systems.” <i>5th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification</i>, vol. 697, Springer, 1993, pp. 181–93, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-56922-7_16\">10.1007/3-540-56922-7_16</a>.","chicago":"Alur, Rajeev, Costas Courcoubetis, and Thomas A Henzinger. “Computing Accumulated Delays in Real-Time Systems.” In <i>5th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification</i>, 697:181–93. Springer, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-56922-7_16\">https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-56922-7_16</a>.","ista":"Alur R, Courcoubetis C, Henzinger TA. 1993. Computing accumulated delays in real-time systems. 5th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification. CAV: Computer Aided Verification, LNCS, vol. 697, 181–193.","apa":"Alur, R., Courcoubetis, C., &#38; Henzinger, T. A. (1993). Computing accumulated delays in real-time systems. In <i>5th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification</i> (Vol. 697, pp. 181–193). Elounda, Greece: Springer. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-56922-7_16\">https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-56922-7_16</a>","ieee":"R. Alur, C. Courcoubetis, and T. A. Henzinger, “Computing accumulated delays in real-time systems,” in <i>5th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification</i>, Elounda, Greece, 1993, vol. 697, pp. 181–193.","short":"R. Alur, C. Courcoubetis, T.A. Henzinger, in:, 5th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, Springer, 1993, pp. 181–193."},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-56922-7_16"}],"status":"public","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"1993","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:09:47Z","day":"01","publist_id":"89","publication_status":"published","author":[{"first_name":"Rajeev","full_name":"Alur, Rajeev","last_name":"Alur"},{"first_name":"Costas","full_name":"Courcoubetis, Costas","last_name":"Courcoubetis"},{"first_name":"Thomas A","id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A","orcid":"0000−0002−2985−7724","last_name":"Henzinger"}],"conference":{"location":"Elounda, Greece","end_date":"1993-07-01","start_date":"1993-06-28","name":"CAV: Computer Aided Verification"},"alternative_title":["LNCS"],"page":"181 - 193","month":"01","quality_controlled":"1","extern":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","date_updated":"2022-03-21T13:55:53Z","doi":"10.1007/3-540-56922-7_16","publisher":"Springer","publication":"5th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification","oa_version":"None","type":"conference","date_published":"1993-01-01T00:00:00Z","volume":697},{"article_processing_charge":"No","publication":"Journal of Comparative Neurology","doi":"10.1002/cne.903350209","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","date_updated":"2022-06-01T11:58:11Z","month":"09","extern":"1","quality_controlled":"1","volume":335,"date_published":"1993-09-08T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","article_type":"original","external_id":{"pmid":["8227517"]},"oa_version":"None","year":"1993","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"author":[{"last_name":"Ohishi","full_name":"Ohishi, Hitoshi","first_name":"Hitoshi"},{"id":"499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Ryuichi","full_name":"Shigemoto, Ryuichi","last_name":"Shigemoto","orcid":"0000-0001-8761-9444"},{"last_name":"Nakanishi","first_name":"Shigetada","full_name":"Nakanishi, Shigetada"},{"full_name":"Mizuno, Noboru","first_name":"Noboru","last_name":"Mizuno"}],"page":"252 - 266","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:57:57Z","publist_id":"4414","publication_status":"published","day":"08","abstract":[{"text":"Distribution of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR3, which is coupled to the inhibitory cAMP cascade, was examined in the central nervous system of the adult albino rat by in situ hybridization. The hybridization signals of mGluR3 were detected not only on neuronal cells but also on many glial cells throughout the brain and spinal cord. In the neuronal cells, prominent expression of mGluR3 mRNA was seen in the thalamic reticular nucleus. Moderately labeled neurons were seen in the anterior olfactory nucleus, cerebral neo- and mesocortical regions, lateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part of the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal endopiriform nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, superficial layers of the superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, interpeduncular nucleus, superior olivary nuclei, and Golgi cells in the cerebellar cortex. Weakly labeled neurons were observed in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, medial habenular nucleus, anterior pretectal nucleus, Barrington's nucleus, Nucleus O, paragenual nucleus, trigeminal sensory complex, cochlear nuclei, dorsal motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, dorsal cap of the inferior olive, spinal dorsal horn, and lamina X of the spinal cord. The stellate cells in the cerebellar cortex, and neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei were also labeled weakly. The granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, as a whole, appeared to be labeled intensely, but each of the granule cells was labeled only weakly. No significant labeling was detected in the mitral and tufted cells in the olfactory bulb, hippocampal pyramidal cells, Purkinje and granule cells in the cerebellar cortex, or somatic motoneurons. The distribution of mGluR3 mRNA in particular neurons and glial cells indicates specific roles of mGluR3 in the glutamatergic system of the central nervous system.","lang":"eng"}],"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","_id":"2487","title":" Distribution of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR3) in the rat brain: An in situ hybridization study","pmid":1,"acknowledgement":"We are grateful for the photographic help of Mr. Akira Uesugi and the support of Drs. Satoru Fukuchi, Toshio Fukuda, Ritsu Hayashi, Mizuho Katsurada, Yutaka Kitani, Keiko Kumagai, Toshihiko  Kuroda,  Hiroshi Matsubara, Hiroshi Matsushima, Chisato Minakuchi, Masatoshi Nishio, Gonpei Niwa,  Hajime Oda, Masahiko Ohbayashi, Sei-ichi Ohbayashi, Hiroyasu Ohtsuka, Shigeo Tamaki, Eizo Watan- abe, Kazuo Yoshino, and Toshiaki Yoshino. This work was supported in  part by grants-in-aid from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan.","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cne.903350209"}],"citation":{"chicago":"Ohishi, Hitoshi, Ryuichi Shigemoto, Shigetada Nakanishi, and Noboru Mizuno. “ Distribution of the MRNA for a Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor (MGluR3) in the Rat Brain: An in Situ Hybridization Study.” <i>Journal of Comparative Neurology</i>. Wiley-Blackwell, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350209\">https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350209</a>.","mla":"Ohishi, Hitoshi, et al. “ Distribution of the MRNA for a Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor (MGluR3) in the Rat Brain: An in Situ Hybridization Study.” <i>Journal of Comparative Neurology</i>, vol. 335, no. 2, Wiley-Blackwell, 1993, pp. 252–66, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350209\">10.1002/cne.903350209</a>.","ama":"Ohishi H, Shigemoto R, Nakanishi S, Mizuno N.  Distribution of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR3) in the rat brain: An in situ hybridization study. <i>Journal of Comparative Neurology</i>. 1993;335(2):252-266. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350209\">10.1002/cne.903350209</a>","ieee":"H. Ohishi, R. Shigemoto, S. Nakanishi, and N. Mizuno, “ Distribution of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR3) in the rat brain: An in situ hybridization study,” <i>Journal of Comparative Neurology</i>, vol. 335, no. 2. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 252–266, 1993.","short":"H. Ohishi, R. Shigemoto, S. Nakanishi, N. Mizuno, Journal of Comparative Neurology 335 (1993) 252–266.","apa":"Ohishi, H., Shigemoto, R., Nakanishi, S., &#38; Mizuno, N. (1993).  Distribution of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR3) in the rat brain: An in situ hybridization study. <i>Journal of Comparative Neurology</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350209\">https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.903350209</a>","ista":"Ohishi H, Shigemoto R, Nakanishi S, Mizuno N. 1993.  Distribution of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR3) in the rat brain: An in situ hybridization study. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 335(2), 252–266."},"intvolume":"       335","issue":"2","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0021-9967"]}},{"date_published":"1993-06-05T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","volume":268,"article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","external_id":{"pmid":["8389366"]},"date_updated":"2022-04-26T06:56:15Z","publisher":"American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology","doi":"10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50280-0","publication":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","article_processing_charge":"No","quality_controlled":"1","oa":1,"extern":"1","month":"06","page":"11868 - 11873","author":[{"full_name":"Nakajima, Yoshiaki","first_name":"Yoshiaki","last_name":"Nakajima"},{"last_name":"Iwakabe","first_name":"Hideki","full_name":"Iwakabe, Hideki"},{"full_name":"Akazawa, Chihiro","first_name":"Chihiro","last_name":"Akazawa"},{"full_name":"Nawa, Hiroyuki","first_name":"Hiroyuki","last_name":"Nawa"},{"full_name":"Shigemoto, Ryuichi","first_name":"Ryuichi","id":"499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Shigemoto","orcid":"0000-0001-8761-9444"},{"first_name":"Noboru","full_name":"Mizuno, Noboru","last_name":"Mizuno"},{"full_name":"Nakanishi, Shigetada","first_name":"Shigetada","last_name":"Nakanishi"}],"day":"05","publication_status":"published","publist_id":"4362","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:58:15Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"1993","status":"public","intvolume":"       268","citation":{"mla":"Nakajima, Yoshiaki, et al. “Molecular Characterization of a Novel Retinal Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor MGluR6 with a High Agonist Selectivity for L-2-Amino-4- Phosphonobutyrate.” <i>Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>, vol. 268, no. 16, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1993, pp. 11868–73, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50280-0\">10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50280-0</a>.","ama":"Nakajima Y, Iwakabe H, Akazawa C, et al. Molecular characterization of a novel retinal metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR6 with a high agonist selectivity for L-2-amino-4- phosphonobutyrate. <i>Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 1993;268(16):11868-11873. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50280-0\">10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50280-0</a>","chicago":"Nakajima, Yoshiaki, Hideki Iwakabe, Chihiro Akazawa, Hiroyuki Nawa, Ryuichi Shigemoto, Noboru Mizuno, and Shigetada Nakanishi. “Molecular Characterization of a Novel Retinal Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor MGluR6 with a High Agonist Selectivity for L-2-Amino-4- Phosphonobutyrate.” <i>Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50280-0\">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50280-0</a>.","apa":"Nakajima, Y., Iwakabe, H., Akazawa, C., Nawa, H., Shigemoto, R., Mizuno, N., &#38; Nakanishi, S. (1993). Molecular characterization of a novel retinal metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR6 with a high agonist selectivity for L-2-amino-4- phosphonobutyrate. <i>Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50280-0\">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50280-0</a>","ista":"Nakajima Y, Iwakabe H, Akazawa C, Nawa H, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi S. 1993. Molecular characterization of a novel retinal metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR6 with a high agonist selectivity for L-2-amino-4- phosphonobutyrate. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268(16), 11868–11873.","ieee":"Y. Nakajima <i>et al.</i>, “Molecular characterization of a novel retinal metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR6 with a high agonist selectivity for L-2-amino-4- phosphonobutyrate,” <i>Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>, vol. 268, no. 16. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, pp. 11868–11873, 1993.","short":"Y. Nakajima, H. Iwakabe, C. Akazawa, H. Nawa, R. Shigemoto, N. Mizuno, S. Nakanishi, Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 (1993) 11868–11873."},"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50280-0","open_access":"1"}],"title":"Molecular characterization of a novel retinal metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR6 with a high agonist selectivity for L-2-amino-4- phosphonobutyrate","_id":"2536","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"A cDNA clone for a new metabotropic glutamate receptor, termed mGluR6, was isolated from a rat retinal cDNA library by cross-hybridization with the previously isolated cDNA clone for a metabotropic glutamate receptor. The cloned mGluR6 subtype consists of 871 amino acid residues and exhibits a structural architecture common to the metabotropic receptor family, possessing a large extracellular domain preceding the seven putative membrane-spanning domains. mGluR6 shows the highest sequence similarity to mGluR4 among the metabotropic receptor subtypes and inhibits the forskolin- stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the cloned cDNA. mGluR6 potently reacts with L-2-amino-4- phosphonobutyrate (L-AP4) and L-serine-O-phosphate, and the potencies of these compounds are one order of magnitude greater than that of L-glutamate. Blot and in situ hybridization analyses indicated that mGluR6 mRNA is restrictedly expressed in the inner nuclear layer of the retina where ON- bipolar cells are distributed. The metabotropic receptor that responds strongly to L-AP4 and L-serine-O-phosphate in ON-bipolar cells is known to mediate glutamate synaptic transmission between photoreceptor cells and ON- bipolar cells. On the basis of the agonist selectivity of mGluR6 and its specific expression in retinal cells, the physiological role of this receptor subtype in the visual system is discussed."}],"acknowledgement":"This work was supported in part by research grants from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Yamanouchi Foundation for Research on Metabolic Disorders, the Uehara Memorial Foundation, and the Inamori Foundation. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. \r\n\r\nWe are grateful to Akira Uesugi for photographic assistance.","pmid":1,"issue":"16","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0021-9258"]},"scopus_import":"1"},{"issue":"4","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0270-6474"]},"scopus_import":"1","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8463825/"}],"citation":{"short":"Y. Tanabe, A. Nomura, M. Masu, R. Shigemoto, N. Mizuno, S. Nakanishi, Journal of Neuroscience 13 (1993) 1372–1378.","ieee":"Y. Tanabe, A. Nomura, M. Masu, R. Shigemoto, N. Mizuno, and S. Nakanishi, “Signal transduction, pharmacological properties, and expression patterns of two rat metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR3 and mGluR4,” <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>, vol. 13, no. 4. Society for Neuroscience, pp. 1372–1378, 1993.","apa":"Tanabe, Y., Nomura, A., Masu, M., Shigemoto, R., Mizuno, N., &#38; Nakanishi, S. (1993). Signal transduction, pharmacological properties, and expression patterns of two rat metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR3 and mGluR4. <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>. Society for Neuroscience. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01372.1993\">https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01372.1993</a>","ista":"Tanabe Y, Nomura A, Masu M, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi S. 1993. Signal transduction, pharmacological properties, and expression patterns of two rat metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR3 and mGluR4. Journal of Neuroscience. 13(4), 1372–1378.","chicago":"Tanabe, Yasuto, Akinori Nomura, Masayuki Masu, Ryuichi Shigemoto, Noboru Mizuno, and Shigetada Nakanishi. “Signal Transduction, Pharmacological Properties, and Expression Patterns of Two Rat Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, MGluR3 and MGluR4.” <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>. Society for Neuroscience, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01372.1993\">https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01372.1993</a>.","mla":"Tanabe, Yasuto, et al. “Signal Transduction, Pharmacological Properties, and Expression Patterns of Two Rat Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, MGluR3 and MGluR4.” <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>, vol. 13, no. 4, Society for Neuroscience, 1993, pp. 1372–78, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01372.1993\">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01372.1993</a>.","ama":"Tanabe Y, Nomura A, Masu M, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Nakanishi S. Signal transduction, pharmacological properties, and expression patterns of two rat metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR3 and mGluR4. <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>. 1993;13(4):1372-1378. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01372.1993\">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01372.1993</a>"},"intvolume":"        13","abstract":[{"text":"The metabotropic glutamate receptors are coupled to intracellular signal transduction via G-proteins and consist of a family of at least five different subtypes, termed mGluR1-mGluR5. We studied the signal transduction mechanism and pharmacological characteristics of the rat mGluR3 and mGluR4 subtypes in Chinese hamster ovary cells permanently expressing the cloned receptors. Both mGluR3 and mGluR4 inhibit the forskolin-stimulated accumulation of intracellular cAMP formation in response to agonist interaction. Consistent with the high degree of sequence similarity to mGluR2, mGluR3 closely resembles mGluR2 in its agonist selectivity; the potency rank order of agonists is L-glutamate &gt; trans-1-aminocyclopentane- 1,3-dicarboxylate &gt; ibotenate &gt; quisqualate. mGluR4 is totally different in its agonist specificity from any other member of the metabotropic receptors. This receptor potently reacts with L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate(L-AP4) in a stereo-selective manner and moderately responds to L-serine-O-phosphate. mGluR4 thus corresponds well to the putative L-AP4 receptor characterized from brain preparations. Blot and in situ hybridization analyses indicated that both mRNAs are widely distributed in the rat brain. mGluR3 mRNA is highly expressed in neuronal cells of the cerebral cortex and the caudate- putamen, and in granule cells of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. The expression pattern of mGluR4 mRNA is more restricted, and this expression is prominent in the cerebellum, olfactory bulb, and thalamus. Furthermore, the mGluR3 mRNA, unlike the other mRNAs for the metabotropic receptors, is highly expressed in glial cells throughout the brain regions. The metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes can thus be classified into three subgroups according to the similarity in their amino acid sequences, signal transduction, and agonist selectivity: mGluR1/mGluR5, mGluR2/mGluR3, and mGluR4. The mRNAs for the individual receptor subtypes, however, show overlapping but distinct patterns of expression in the rat CNS.","lang":"eng"}],"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","_id":"2537","title":"Signal transduction, pharmacological properties, and expression patterns of two rat metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR3 and mGluR4","pmid":1,"acknowledgement":"We are grateful to Mr. Akira Uesugi for photographic assistance. This work was  supported in part by research grants from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, the Uehara Memorial Foundation, and the Semi Life Science Foundation. ","author":[{"last_name":"Tanabe","first_name":"Yasuto","full_name":"Tanabe, Yasuto"},{"last_name":"Nomura","first_name":"Akinori","full_name":"Nomura, Akinori"},{"full_name":"Masu, Masayuki","first_name":"Masayuki","last_name":"Masu"},{"full_name":"Shigemoto, Ryuichi","id":"499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Ryuichi","last_name":"Shigemoto","orcid":"0000-0001-8761-9444"},{"last_name":"Mizuno","full_name":"Mizuno, Noboru","first_name":"Noboru"},{"full_name":"Nakanishi, Shigetada","first_name":"Shigetada","last_name":"Nakanishi"}],"page":"1372 - 1378","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:58:15Z","publist_id":"4361","publication_status":"published","day":"01","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"1993","volume":13,"date_published":"1993-04-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","external_id":{"pmid":["8463825"]},"article_processing_charge":"No","publication":"Journal of Neuroscience","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01372.1993","publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","date_updated":"2022-03-31T14:49:42Z","month":"04","extern":"1","quality_controlled":"1","oa":1},{"external_id":{"pmid":["8218631"]},"article_type":"original","oa_version":"Published Version","volume":49,"date_published":"1993-10-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","extern":"1","quality_controlled":"1","oa":1,"month":"10","publication":"Biology of Reproduction","publisher":"Society for the Study of Reproduction","doi":"10.1095/biolreprod49.4.675","date_updated":"2022-03-31T12:32:51Z","article_processing_charge":"No","publist_id":"4359","publication_status":"published","day":"01","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:58:16Z","page":"675 - 680","author":[{"last_name":"Iwai","first_name":"Masazumi","full_name":"Iwai, Masazumi"},{"last_name":"Hori","full_name":"Hori, Seiji","first_name":"Seiji"},{"id":"499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Ryuichi","full_name":"Shigemoto, Ryuichi","orcid":"0000-0001-8761-9444","last_name":"Shigemoto"},{"last_name":"Kanzaki","first_name":"Hideharu","full_name":"Kanzaki, Hideharu"},{"last_name":"Mori","full_name":"Mori, Takahide","first_name":"Takahide"},{"full_name":"Nakanishi, Shigetada","first_name":"Shigetada","last_name":"Nakanishi"}],"year":"1993","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://academic.oup.com/biolreprod/article/49/4/675/2762375?login=true"}],"citation":{"ieee":"M. Iwai, S. Hori, R. Shigemoto, H. Kanzaki, T. Mori, and S. Nakanishi, “Localization of endothelin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat ovary and fallopian tube by in situ hybridization,” <i>Biology of Reproduction</i>, vol. 49, no. 4. Society for the Study of Reproduction, pp. 675–680, 1993.","short":"M. Iwai, S. Hori, R. Shigemoto, H. Kanzaki, T. Mori, S. Nakanishi, Biology of Reproduction 49 (1993) 675–680.","ista":"Iwai M, Hori S, Shigemoto R, Kanzaki H, Mori T, Nakanishi S. 1993. Localization of endothelin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat ovary and fallopian tube by in situ hybridization. Biology of Reproduction. 49(4), 675–680.","apa":"Iwai, M., Hori, S., Shigemoto, R., Kanzaki, H., Mori, T., &#38; Nakanishi, S. (1993). Localization of endothelin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat ovary and fallopian tube by in situ hybridization. <i>Biology of Reproduction</i>. Society for the Study of Reproduction. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod49.4.675\">https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod49.4.675</a>","chicago":"Iwai, Masazumi, Seiji Hori, Ryuichi Shigemoto, Hideharu Kanzaki, Takahide Mori, and Shigetada Nakanishi. “Localization of Endothelin Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Rat Ovary and Fallopian Tube by in Situ Hybridization.” <i>Biology of Reproduction</i>. Society for the Study of Reproduction, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod49.4.675\">https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod49.4.675</a>.","ama":"Iwai M, Hori S, Shigemoto R, Kanzaki H, Mori T, Nakanishi S. Localization of endothelin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat ovary and fallopian tube by in situ hybridization. <i>Biology of Reproduction</i>. 1993;49(4):675-680. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod49.4.675\">10.1095/biolreprod49.4.675</a>","mla":"Iwai, Masazumi, et al. “Localization of Endothelin Receptor Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Rat Ovary and Fallopian Tube by in Situ Hybridization.” <i>Biology of Reproduction</i>, vol. 49, no. 4, Society for the Study of Reproduction, 1993, pp. 675–80, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod49.4.675\">10.1095/biolreprod49.4.675</a>."},"intvolume":"        49","status":"public","acknowledgement":"We thank Ms. Fumiko Kosaka for her excellent technical assistance.","pmid":1,"_id":"2538","title":"Localization of endothelin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat ovary and fallopian tube by in situ hybridization","abstract":[{"text":"Rat mRNAs encoding two subtypes of the endothelin (ET) receptor (ET(A) and ET(B)) were studied in the rat ovary and fallopian tube by means of Northern blotting and in situ hybridization. The mRNA transcripts for the endothelin- 1-specific type receptor (ET(A)) in pooled RNA from the ovary and fallopian tube were 4.2 and 5.2 kilonucleotides, and that for the nonselective type receptor (ET(B)) was 4.7 kilonucleotides; these were similar to transcripts for endothelin receptors from other tissues. ET(A) mRNA expression was abundant in the muscle cell layer of the fallopian tube, but low in the ovary. On the other hand, ET(B) mRNA was abundant in the granulosa cells in the developing follicles, but low in atretic follicles and absent in the fallopian tube. These results demonstrated that the mRNAs for the two subtypes of the rat endothelin receptor have different expression profiles in the ovary and fallopian tube. ETs may mainly affect the granulosa cells in the dominant follicles as well as the muscle cells of the fallopian tube through ET(B) and ET(A), respectively.","lang":"eng"}],"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0006-3363"]},"issue":"4","scopus_import":"1"},{"volume":268,"date_published":"1993-02-05T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","article_type":"original","external_id":{"pmid":["8428958"]},"oa_version":"Published Version","publication":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","publisher":"American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology","doi":"10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53849-7 ","date_updated":"2022-03-31T14:29:17Z","article_processing_charge":"No","extern":"1","quality_controlled":"1","oa":1,"month":"02","page":"2836 - 2843","author":[{"last_name":"Ishii","full_name":"Ishii, Takahiro","first_name":"Takahiro"},{"last_name":"Moriyoshi","full_name":"Moriyoshi, Koki","first_name":"Koki"},{"first_name":"Hidemitsu","full_name":"Sugihara, Hidemitsu","last_name":"Sugihara"},{"last_name":"Sakurada","first_name":"Kazuhir","full_name":"Sakurada, Kazuhir"},{"last_name":"Kadotani","first_name":"Hiroshi","full_name":"Kadotani, Hiroshi"},{"last_name":"Yokoi","full_name":"Yokoi, Mineto","first_name":"Mineto"},{"last_name":"Akazawa","full_name":"Akazawa, Chihiro","first_name":"Chihiro"},{"full_name":"Shigemoto, Ryuichi","first_name":"Ryuichi","id":"499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Shigemoto","orcid":"0000-0001-8761-9444"},{"last_name":"Mizuno","first_name":"Noboru","full_name":"Mizuno, Noboru"},{"full_name":"Masu, Masayuki","first_name":"Masayuki","last_name":"Masu"},{"last_name":"Nakanishi","first_name":"Shigetada","full_name":"Nakanishi, Shigetada"}],"publist_id":"4360","publication_status":"published","day":"05","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:58:16Z","year":"1993","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"status":"public","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.jbc.org/article/S0021-9258(18)53849-7/fulltext","open_access":"1"}],"citation":{"short":"T. Ishii, K. Moriyoshi, H. Sugihara, K. Sakurada, H. Kadotani, M. Yokoi, C. Akazawa, R. Shigemoto, N. Mizuno, M. Masu, S. Nakanishi, Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 (1993) 2836–2843.","ieee":"T. Ishii <i>et al.</i>, “Molecular characterization of the family of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits,” <i>Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>, vol. 268, no. 4. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, pp. 2836–2843, 1993.","apa":"Ishii, T., Moriyoshi, K., Sugihara, H., Sakurada, K., Kadotani, H., Yokoi, M., … Nakanishi, S. (1993). Molecular characterization of the family of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits. <i>Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53849-7 \">https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53849-7 </a>","ista":"Ishii T, Moriyoshi K, Sugihara H, Sakurada K, Kadotani H, Yokoi M, Akazawa C, Shigemoto R, Mizuno N, Masu M, Nakanishi S. 1993. Molecular characterization of the family of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 268(4), 2836–2843.","chicago":"Ishii, Takahiro, Koki Moriyoshi, Hidemitsu Sugihara, Kazuhir Sakurada, Hiroshi Kadotani, Mineto Yokoi, Chihiro Akazawa, et al. “Molecular Characterization of the Family of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Subunits.” <i>Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53849-7 \">https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53849-7 </a>.","mla":"Ishii, Takahiro, et al. “Molecular Characterization of the Family of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Subunits.” <i>Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>, vol. 268, no. 4, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1993, pp. 2836–43, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53849-7 \">10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53849-7 </a>.","ama":"Ishii T, Moriyoshi K, Sugihara H, et al. Molecular characterization of the family of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits. <i>Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. 1993;268(4):2836-2843. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53849-7 \">10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53849-7 </a>"},"intvolume":"       268","_id":"2539","title":"Molecular characterization of the family of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits","abstract":[{"text":"cDNA clones for four different N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits (NMDAR2A-NMDAR2D) were isolated through polymerase chain reactions followed by molecular screening of a rat brain cDNA library. These subunits are only about 15% identical with the key subunit of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR1) but are highly homologous (~50% homology) with one another. They also commonly possess large hydrophilic domains at both amino- and carboxyl- terminal sides of the four putative transmembrane segments. NMDAR2A and NMDAR2C expressed individually in Xenopus oocytes showed no electrophysiological response to agonists. However, these subunits in combined expression with NMDAR1 markedly potentiated the NMDAR1 activity and produced functional variability in the affinity of agonists, the effectiveness of antagonists, and the sensitivity to Mg2+ blockade. Thus, NMDAR1 is essential for the function of the NMDA receptor, and multiple NMDAR2 subunits potentiate and differentiate the function of the NMDA receptor by forming different heteromeric configurations with NMDAR1. Northern blotting and in situ hybridization analyses revealed that the expressions of individual mRNAs for the NMDAR2 subunits overlap in some brain regions but are also specialized in many other regions. This investigation demonstrates the anatomical and functional differences of the NMDAR2 subunits, which provide the molecular basis for the functional diversity of the NMDA receptor.","lang":"eng"}],"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","acknowledgement":"This work was supported in part by research grants from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Japan, the Senri Life Science Foundation, and Yamanouchi Foundation for Research on Metabolic Disorders. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked “aduertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.","pmid":1,"issue":"4","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0021-9258"]},"scopus_import":"1"},{"volume":53,"date_published":"1993-01-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","article_type":"original","external_id":{"pmid":["8389425"]},"oa_version":"None","publication":"Neuroscience","doi":"10.1016/0306-4522(93)90485-X","publisher":"Elsevier","date_updated":"2022-03-31T12:19:44Z","article_processing_charge":"No","extern":"1","quality_controlled":"1","month":"01","page":"1009 - 1018","author":[{"last_name":"Ohishi","full_name":"Ohishi, Hitoshi","first_name":"Hitoshi"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-8761-9444","last_name":"Shigemoto","full_name":"Shigemoto, Ryuichi","first_name":"Ryuichi","id":"499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Nakanishi, Shigetada","first_name":"Shigetada","last_name":"Nakanishi"},{"full_name":"Mizuno, Noboru","first_name":"Noboru","last_name":"Mizuno"}],"publication_status":"published","publist_id":"4358","day":"01","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:58:16Z","year":"1993","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"status":"public","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030645229390485X?via%3Dihub"}],"citation":{"chicago":"Ohishi, Hitoshi, Ryuichi Shigemoto, Shigetada Nakanishi, and Noboru Mizuno. “Distribution of the Messenger RNA for a Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor, MGluR2, in the Central Nervous System of the Rat.” <i>Neuroscience</i>. Elsevier, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(93)90485-X\">https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(93)90485-X</a>.","mla":"Ohishi, Hitoshi, et al. “Distribution of the Messenger RNA for a Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor, MGluR2, in the Central Nervous System of the Rat.” <i>Neuroscience</i>, vol. 53, no. 4, Elsevier, 1993, pp. 1009–18, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(93)90485-X\">10.1016/0306-4522(93)90485-X</a>.","ama":"Ohishi H, Shigemoto R, Nakanishi S, Mizuno N. Distribution of the messenger RNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, in the central nervous system of the rat. <i>Neuroscience</i>. 1993;53(4):1009-1018. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(93)90485-X\">10.1016/0306-4522(93)90485-X</a>","ieee":"H. Ohishi, R. Shigemoto, S. Nakanishi, and N. Mizuno, “Distribution of the messenger RNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, in the central nervous system of the rat,” <i>Neuroscience</i>, vol. 53, no. 4. Elsevier, pp. 1009–1018, 1993.","short":"H. Ohishi, R. Shigemoto, S. Nakanishi, N. Mizuno, Neuroscience 53 (1993) 1009–1018.","apa":"Ohishi, H., Shigemoto, R., Nakanishi, S., &#38; Mizuno, N. (1993). Distribution of the messenger RNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, in the central nervous system of the rat. <i>Neuroscience</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(93)90485-X\">https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(93)90485-X</a>","ista":"Ohishi H, Shigemoto R, Nakanishi S, Mizuno N. 1993. Distribution of the messenger RNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, in the central nervous system of the rat. Neuroscience. 53(4), 1009–1018."},"intvolume":"        53","_id":"2540","title":"Distribution of the messenger RNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, in the central nervous system of the rat","abstract":[{"text":"Distribution of the messenger RNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, which is coupled to the inhibitory cyclic AMP cascade, was investigated in the central nervous system of the adult rat by in situ hybridization. Transcripts of mGluR2 were specifically localized to neuronal cells of the brain. Although the hybridization signals were widely distributed in the brain, the most prominent expression of mGluR2 messenger RNA was seen in Golgi cells of the cerebellum. Marked expression of mGluR2 messenger RNA was further observed in the mitral cells of the accessory olfactory bulb, neurons in the external part of the anterior olfactory nucleus, and pyramidal neurons in the entorhinal and parasubicular cortical regions. The granule cells of the accessory olfactory bulb, and many pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons in the neocortical, cingulate, retrosplenial and subicular cortices, were moderately labeled. All of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus were also labeled moderately, whereas no significant hybridization signals were detected in Ammon's horn. In the basal forebrain regions, moderately labeled neurons were distributed in the triangular septal nucleus, in the lateral, basolateral and basomedial amygdaloid nuclei, and in the medial mammillary nucleus. Weakly labeled neurons were sparsely scattered in the striatum, globus pallidus, ventral pallidum and claustrum. The subthalamic nucleus was also labeled weakly. No significant labeling was found in the entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra. In the thalamus, moderately labeled neurons were distributed in the anterodorsal, anteromedial, ventromedial, intralaminar and midline nuclei; the ventrolateral part of the anteroventral nucleus and the rostral pole of the ventrolateral nucleus also contained moderately labeled neurons. No significant labeling was found in the thalamic reticular, submedius, ventroposterior, lateral geniculate and medial geniculate nuclei. In the lower brainstem, labeling was generally weak. No significant hybridization signals were found in the spinal cord. Some neurons in the inner part of the inner nuclear layer of the retina and some retinal ganglion cells were labeled moderately. The pattern of distribution of mGluR2 messenger RNA revealed in the present study indicates specific roles of mGluR2 in the glutamatergic system in the brain.","lang":"eng"}],"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","acknowledgement":"We are grateful for the photographic help of Mr Akira Uesugi and the support of Drs Ryosuke Fujimori, Satoru Fukuchi, Toshio Fukuda, Ritsu Hayashi, Sozaburo Hayashi, Mizuho Katsurada, Yutaka Kitani, Keiko Kumagai, Hiroshi Kuroda, Toshio Kuroda, Hiroshi Matsubara. Hiroshi Matsushima. Chisato Minakuchi. Masatoshi ‘Nishio, Gonpei Niwa, Hajime Oda, Masahiko Ohbayashi, Seiichi Ohbayashi, Hiroyasu Ohtsuka, Shigeo Tamaki, Eizo Watanabe, Kazuo Yoshino and Toshiaki Yoshino. This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan.","pmid":1,"issue":"4","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0306-4522"]},"scopus_import":"1"},{"article_processing_charge":"No","publication":"Neuroscience Letters","doi":"10.1016/0304-3940(93)90311-8","publisher":"Elsevier","date_updated":"2022-03-31T12:10:05Z","month":"04","extern":"1","quality_controlled":"1","volume":153,"type":"journal_article","date_published":"1993-04-30T00:00:00Z","oa_version":"None","external_id":{"pmid":["8392153 "]},"article_type":"original","year":"1993","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"author":[{"full_name":"Shigemoto, Ryuichi","id":"499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Ryuichi","orcid":"0000-0001-8761-9444","last_name":"Shigemoto"},{"full_name":"Nakaya, Yoshifumi","first_name":"Yoshifumi","last_name":"Nakaya"},{"full_name":"Nomura, Sakashi","first_name":"Sakashi","last_name":"Nomura"},{"last_name":"Ogawa Meguro","full_name":"Ogawa Meguro, Reiko","first_name":"Reiko"},{"last_name":"Ohishi","full_name":"Ohishi, Hitoshi","first_name":"Hitoshi"},{"full_name":"Kaneko, Takeshi","first_name":"Takeshi","last_name":"Kaneko"},{"full_name":"Nakanishi, Shigetada","first_name":"Shigetada","last_name":"Nakanishi"},{"first_name":"Noboru","full_name":"Mizuno, Noboru","last_name":"Mizuno"}],"page":"157 - 160","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:58:17Z","publication_status":"published","publist_id":"4357","day":"30","abstract":[{"text":"A trp E fusion protein containing a C-terminal portion of the rat substance P receptor (SPR) was expressed in bacteria and used to produce an antibody. The antibody specifically reacted with SPR expressed in a mammalian cell line and rat striatum. Light and electron microscope analyses of the rat striatum revealed intense SPR-like immunoreactivity in neuronal somata and dendrites. These immunoreactive neurons constituted ∼ 3% of the total population of striatal neurons; they were putative interneurons of large and medium-sized aspiny types.","lang":"eng"}],"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","_id":"2541","title":"Immunocytochemical localization of rat substance P receptor in the striatum","pmid":1,"status":"public","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304394093903118?via%3Dihub"}],"citation":{"apa":"Shigemoto, R., Nakaya, Y., Nomura, S., Ogawa Meguro, R., Ohishi, H., Kaneko, T., … Mizuno, N. (1993). Immunocytochemical localization of rat substance P receptor in the striatum. <i>Neuroscience Letters</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(93)90311-8\">https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(93)90311-8</a>","ista":"Shigemoto R, Nakaya Y, Nomura S, Ogawa Meguro R, Ohishi H, Kaneko T, Nakanishi S, Mizuno N. 1993. Immunocytochemical localization of rat substance P receptor in the striatum. Neuroscience Letters. 153(2), 157–160.","ieee":"R. Shigemoto <i>et al.</i>, “Immunocytochemical localization of rat substance P receptor in the striatum,” <i>Neuroscience Letters</i>, vol. 153, no. 2. Elsevier, pp. 157–160, 1993.","short":"R. Shigemoto, Y. Nakaya, S. Nomura, R. Ogawa Meguro, H. Ohishi, T. Kaneko, S. Nakanishi, N. Mizuno, Neuroscience Letters 153 (1993) 157–160.","mla":"Shigemoto, Ryuichi, et al. “Immunocytochemical Localization of Rat Substance P Receptor in the Striatum.” <i>Neuroscience Letters</i>, vol. 153, no. 2, Elsevier, 1993, pp. 157–60, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(93)90311-8\">10.1016/0304-3940(93)90311-8</a>.","ama":"Shigemoto R, Nakaya Y, Nomura S, et al. Immunocytochemical localization of rat substance P receptor in the striatum. <i>Neuroscience Letters</i>. 1993;153(2):157-160. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(93)90311-8\">10.1016/0304-3940(93)90311-8</a>","chicago":"Shigemoto, Ryuichi, Yoshifumi Nakaya, Sakashi Nomura, Reiko Ogawa Meguro, Hitoshi Ohishi, Takeshi Kaneko, Shigetada Nakanishi, and Noboru Mizuno. “Immunocytochemical Localization of Rat Substance P Receptor in the Striatum.” <i>Neuroscience Letters</i>. Elsevier, 1993. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(93)90311-8\">https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(93)90311-8</a>."},"intvolume":"       153","scopus_import":"1","issue":"2","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0304-3940"]}}]