[{"date_published":"1995-01-15T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","external_id":{"pmid":["7851791"]},"date_updated":"2021-01-12T08:06:29Z","year":"1995","citation":{"short":"M. de Bono, D. Zarkower, J. Hodgkin, Genes and Development 9 (1995) 155–167.","mla":"de Bono, Mario, et al. “Dominant Feminizing Mutations Implicate Protein-Protein Interactions as the Main Mode of Regulation of the Nematode Sex-Determining Gene Tra-1.” Genes and Development, vol. 9, no. 2, CSH Press, 1995, pp. 155–67, doi:10.1101/gad.9.2.155.","ista":"de Bono M, Zarkower D, Hodgkin J. 1995. Dominant feminizing mutations implicate protein-protein interactions as the main mode of regulation of the nematode sex-determining gene tra-1. Genes and Development. 9(2), 155–167.","apa":"de Bono, M., Zarkower, D., & Hodgkin, J. (1995). Dominant feminizing mutations implicate protein-protein interactions as the main mode of regulation of the nematode sex-determining gene tra-1. Genes and Development. CSH Press. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.9.2.155","ama":"de Bono M, Zarkower D, Hodgkin J. Dominant feminizing mutations implicate protein-protein interactions as the main mode of regulation of the nematode sex-determining gene tra-1. Genes and Development. 1995;9(2):155-167. doi:10.1101/gad.9.2.155","chicago":"Bono, Mario de, D. Zarkower, and J. Hodgkin. “Dominant Feminizing Mutations Implicate Protein-Protein Interactions as the Main Mode of Regulation of the Nematode Sex-Determining Gene Tra-1.” Genes and Development. CSH Press, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.9.2.155.","ieee":"M. de Bono, D. Zarkower, and J. Hodgkin, “Dominant feminizing mutations implicate protein-protein interactions as the main mode of regulation of the nematode sex-determining gene tra-1,” Genes and Development, vol. 9, no. 2. CSH Press, pp. 155–167, 1995."},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The tra-1 gene is the terminal global selector of somatic sex in Caenorhabditis elegans: High tra-1 activity elicits female somatic development while low tra-1 activity elicits male development. Previous genetic studies defined a cascade of negatively interacting genes that regulates tra-1 activity in response to the primary sex-determining signal. Here, we investigate the last step in this regulatory cascade, by studying rare gain-of-function (gf) mutations of tra-1 that direct female somatic development irrespective of the upstream sex-determining signal. These mutations appear to abolish negative regulation of tra-1 in male tissues. We identify the lesions associated with 29 of these mutations and find that all affect a short stretch of amino acid residues present in both protein products of the tra-1 gene. Twenty-six alleles are associated with single nonconservative amino acid substitutions. Two alleles affect tra-1 RNA splicing and generate messages that omit part or all of the exon encoding this short stretch. These results suggest that sexual regulation of tra-1 is achieved post-translationally, by an inhibitory protein-protein interaction. The amino acid stretch altered by the tra-1(gf) mutations may define a site of interaction for negative regulators of tra-1. The stretch includes a potential phosphorylation site for glycogen synthase kinase 3 and may be conserved in the human gene GLI3, a homolog of tra-1 identified previously."}],"doi":"10.1101/gad.9.2.155","publication_identifier":{"issn":["08909369"]},"day":"15","extern":"1","user_id":"3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","volume":9,"author":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-8347-0443","full_name":"de Bono, Mario","first_name":"Mario","last_name":"de Bono","id":"4E3FF80E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Zarkower, D.","first_name":"D.","last_name":"Zarkower"},{"last_name":"Hodgkin","first_name":"J.","full_name":"Hodgkin, J."}],"issue":"2","_id":"6162","publication":"Genes and Development","pmid":1,"month":"01","title":"Dominant feminizing mutations implicate protein-protein interactions as the main mode of regulation of the nematode sex-determining gene tra-1","intvolume":" 9","publication_status":"published","oa_version":"None","date_created":"2019-03-21T11:57:40Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"page":"155-167","quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"CSH Press"},{"volume":979,"extern":"1","status":"public","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_updated":"2023-02-14T08:02:03Z","citation":{"chicago":"Henzinger, Monika H, and Han Poutré. “Certificates and Fast Algorithms for Biconnectivity in Fully-Dynamic Graphs.” In 3rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms, 979:171–184. Springer Nature, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60313-1_142.","ieee":"M. H. Henzinger and H. Poutré, “Certificates and fast algorithms for biconnectivity in fully-dynamic graphs,” in 3rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms, Corfu, Greece, 1995, vol. 979, pp. 171–184.","ama":"Henzinger MH, Poutré H. Certificates and fast algorithms for biconnectivity in fully-dynamic graphs. In: 3rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms. Vol 979. Springer Nature; 1995:171–184. doi:10.1007/3-540-60313-1_142","apa":"Henzinger, M. H., & Poutré, H. (1995). Certificates and fast algorithms for biconnectivity in fully-dynamic graphs. In 3rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms (Vol. 979, pp. 171–184). Corfu, Greece: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60313-1_142","ista":"Henzinger MH, Poutré H. 1995. Certificates and fast algorithms for biconnectivity in fully-dynamic graphs. 3rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms. ESA: European Symposium on Algorithms, LNCS, vol. 979, 171–184.","short":"M.H. Henzinger, H. Poutré, in:, 3rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms, Springer Nature, 1995, pp. 171–184.","mla":"Henzinger, Monika H., and Han Poutré. “Certificates and Fast Algorithms for Biconnectivity in Fully-Dynamic Graphs.” 3rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms, vol. 979, Springer Nature, 1995, pp. 171–184, doi:10.1007/3-540-60313-1_142."},"year":"1995","date_published":"1995-09-01T00:00:00Z","type":"conference","doi":"10.1007/3-540-60313-1_142","publication_identifier":{"eisbn":["9783540449133"],"eissn":["1611-3349"],"issn":["0302-9743"],"isbn":["9783540603139"]},"day":"01","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"In this paper, we present sparse certificates for biconnectivity together with algorithms for updating these certificates. We thus obtain fully-dynamic algorithms for biconnectivity in graphs that run in O(√n log n log⌈m/n⌉) amortized time per operation, where m is the number of edges and n is the number of nodes in the graph. This improves upon the results in [11], in which algorithms were presented running in O(√m) amortized time, and solves the open problem to find certificates to speed up biconnectivity, as stated in [2]."}],"page":"171–184","quality_controlled":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"Springer Nature","conference":{"end_date":"1995-09-27","location":"Corfu, Greece","start_date":"1995-09-25","name":"ESA: European Symposium on Algorithms"},"publication":"3rd Annual European Symposium on Algorithms","_id":"11805","scopus_import":"1","author":[{"id":"540c9bbd-f2de-11ec-812d-d04a5be85630","orcid":"0000-0002-5008-6530","full_name":"Henzinger, Monika H","first_name":"Monika H","last_name":"Henzinger"},{"full_name":"Poutré, Han","last_name":"Poutré","first_name":"Han"}],"oa_version":"None","publication_status":"published","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2022-08-11T14:09:52Z","title":"Certificates and fast algorithms for biconnectivity in fully-dynamic graphs","alternative_title":["LNCS"],"month":"09","intvolume":" 979"},{"status":"public","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","extern":"1","volume":944,"type":"conference","date_published":"1995-07-01T00:00:00Z","citation":{"ista":"Henzinger MH. 1995. Approximating minimum cuts under insertions. 22nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming. ICALP: International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming, LNCS, vol. 944, 280–291.","mla":"Henzinger, Monika H. “Approximating Minimum Cuts under Insertions.” 22nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming, vol. 944, Springer Nature, 1995, pp. 280–291, doi:10.1007/3-540-60084-1_81.","short":"M.H. Henzinger, in:, 22nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming, Springer Nature, 1995, pp. 280–291.","ieee":"M. H. Henzinger, “Approximating minimum cuts under insertions,” in 22nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming, Szeged, Hungary, 1995, vol. 944, pp. 280–291.","chicago":"Henzinger, Monika H. “Approximating Minimum Cuts under Insertions.” In 22nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming, 944:280–291. Springer Nature, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60084-1_81.","ama":"Henzinger MH. Approximating minimum cuts under insertions. In: 22nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming. Vol 944. Springer Nature; 1995:280–291. doi:10.1007/3-540-60084-1_81","apa":"Henzinger, M. H. (1995). Approximating minimum cuts under insertions. In 22nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming (Vol. 944, pp. 280–291). Szeged, Hungary: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-60084-1_81"},"year":"1995","date_updated":"2023-02-14T08:09:08Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"This paper presents insertions-only algorithms for maintaining the exact and approximate size of the minimum edge cut and the minimum vertex cut of a graph. The algorithms output the approximate or exact size k in time O(1) or O(log n) and a cut of size k in time linear in its size. The amortized time per insertion is O(1/ε 2) for a (2+ε)-approximation, O((log λ)((log n)/ε)2) for a (1+ε)-approximation, and O(λ log n) for the exact size of the minimum edge cut, where n is the number of nodes in the graph, λ is the size of the minimum cut and ε>0. The (2+ε)-approximation algorithm and the exact algorithm are deterministic, the (1+ε)-approximation algorithm is randomized. The algorithms are optimal in the sense that the time needed for m insertions matches the time needed by the best static algorithm on a m-edge graph. We also present a static 2-approximation algorithm for the size κ of the minimum vertex cut in a graph, which takes time O(n 2 min(√n,κ)). This is a factor of κ faster than the best algorithm for computing the exact size, which takes time O(κ 2 n 2 +κ 3 n 1.5). We give an insertionsonly algorithm for maintaining a (2+ε)-approximation of the minimum vertex cut with amortized insertion time O(n(logκk)/ε)."}],"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["9783540494256"],"issn":["0302-9743"],"eissn":["1611-3349"],"eisbn":["9783540600848"]},"day":"01","doi":"10.1007/3-540-60084-1_81","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"quality_controlled":"1","page":"280–291","conference":{"start_date":"1995-07-10","name":"ICALP: International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming","location":"Szeged, Hungary","end_date":"1995-07-14"},"publisher":"Springer Nature","author":[{"id":"540c9bbd-f2de-11ec-812d-d04a5be85630","last_name":"Henzinger","first_name":"Monika H","full_name":"Henzinger, Monika H","orcid":"0000-0002-5008-6530"}],"scopus_import":"1","_id":"11806","publication":"22nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming","intvolume":" 944","title":"Approximating minimum cuts under insertions","month":"07","alternative_title":["LNCS"],"date_created":"2022-08-11T14:17:33Z","article_processing_charge":"No","oa_version":"None","publication_status":"published"},{"year":"1995","citation":{"ista":"Alberts D, Henzinger MH. 1995. Average case analysis of dynamic graph algorithms. 6th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms. SODA: Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, 312–321.","short":"D. Alberts, M.H. Henzinger, in:, 6th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1995, pp. 312–321.","mla":"Alberts, David, and Monika H. Henzinger. “Average Case Analysis of Dynamic Graph Algorithms.” 6th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1995, pp. 312–21.","ieee":"D. Alberts and M. H. Henzinger, “Average case analysis of dynamic graph algorithms,” in 6th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, San Francisco, CA, United States, 1995, pp. 312–321.","chicago":"Alberts, David, and Monika H Henzinger. “Average Case Analysis of Dynamic Graph Algorithms.” In 6th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, 312–21. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1995.","ama":"Alberts D, Henzinger MH. Average case analysis of dynamic graph algorithms. In: 6th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics; 1995:312-321.","apa":"Alberts, D., & Henzinger, M. H. (1995). Average case analysis of dynamic graph algorithms. In 6th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms (pp. 312–321). San Francisco, CA, United States: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics."},"date_updated":"2023-02-21T16:24:58Z","type":"conference","date_published":"1995-01-01T00:00:00Z","day":"01","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["0898713498"]},"oa":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We present a model with restricted randomness for edge updates in dynamic graph algorithms and a general technique\r\nfor analyzing the expected running time of an update operation. This model is able to capture the average case in many applications, since (1) it allows restrictions on the set of edges which can be used for insertions and (2) the type (insertion or deletion) of each update operation is arbitrary, i.e., not random. We use our technique to analyze existing and new dynamic algorithms for maximum cardinality matching, minimum spanning forest, connectivity, 2-edge connectivity,\r\nk-edge connectivity, k-vertex connectivity, and bipartiteness. Given a random graph G with mo edges and n vertices and\r\na sequence of 1 update operations such that the graph contains rni edges after operation i, the expected time for performing the updates for any 1 is O(1 logn + n xi=, l/fii) in the case of minimum spanning forests, connectivity, 2-\r\nedge connectivity, and bipartiteness. The expected time per update operation is O(n) in the case of maximum matching. For k-edge and k-vertex connectivity we also give improved bounds. Additionally we give an insertions-only algorithm for maximum cardinality matching with worst-case O(n) amortized time per insertion. "}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/313651.313712","open_access":"1"}],"status":"public","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"11680","relation":"later_version"}]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","extern":"1","scopus_import":"1","_id":"11928","publication":"6th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms","author":[{"first_name":"David","last_name":"Alberts","full_name":"Alberts, David"},{"id":"540c9bbd-f2de-11ec-812d-d04a5be85630","full_name":"Henzinger, Monika H","orcid":"0000-0002-5008-6530","last_name":"Henzinger","first_name":"Monika H"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2022-08-19T07:10:23Z","publication_status":"published","oa_version":"Published Version","title":"Average case analysis of dynamic graph algorithms","month":"01","quality_controlled":"1","page":"312-321","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","conference":{"location":"San Francisco, CA, United States","end_date":"1995-01-24","name":"SODA: Symposium on Discrete Algorithms","start_date":"1995-01-22"}},{"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The study of gene expression and regulation in the central nervous system (CNS) is a daunting task because of the diversity of neuronal phenotypes and the complexity of many protein classes. Molecular cloning revealed the presence of a large number of different protein families in the CNS, each comprising several members. Ligand-gated ion channels may serve as an example to illustrate this point (for review, see Unwin, 1993). Heterologous expression combined with electrophysiological analysis suggests that ligand-gated channels are multimeric proteins with functional properties depending on the subunit composition. Very little is known, however, about how the functional properties of the recombinant and native receptors relate to each other. Thus, it is of eminent importance to elucidate the subunit expression profile in different types of neurons in the CNS and to correlate this with the functional properties of the native receptors."}],"publist_id":"2933","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4419-1229-9_16","day":"01","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-0-306-44870-6"]},"date_published":"1995-01-01T00:00:00Z","type":"book_chapter","date_updated":"2022-06-28T09:13:01Z","citation":{"ista":"Monyer H, Jonas PM. 1995.Polymerase chain reaction analysis of ion channel expression in single neurons of brain slices. In: Single-channel recording. , 357–373.","short":"H. Monyer, P.M. Jonas, in:, B. Sakmann, E. Neher (Eds.), Single-Channel Recording, Plenum, 1995, pp. 357–373.","mla":"Monyer, Hannah, and Peter M. Jonas. “Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Ion Channel Expression in Single Neurons of Brain Slices.” Single-Channel Recording, edited by Bert Sakmann and Erwin Neher, Plenum, 1995, pp. 357–73, doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1229-9_16.","ieee":"H. Monyer and P. M. Jonas, “Polymerase chain reaction analysis of ion channel expression in single neurons of brain slices,” in Single-channel recording, B. Sakmann and E. Neher, Eds. Plenum, 1995, pp. 357–373.","chicago":"Monyer, Hannah, and Peter M Jonas. “Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis of Ion Channel Expression in Single Neurons of Brain Slices.” In Single-Channel Recording, edited by Bert Sakmann and Erwin Neher, 357–73. Plenum, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1229-9_16.","apa":"Monyer, H., & Jonas, P. M. (1995). Polymerase chain reaction analysis of ion channel expression in single neurons of brain slices. In B. Sakmann & E. Neher (Eds.), Single-channel recording (pp. 357–373). Plenum. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1229-9_16","ama":"Monyer H, Jonas PM. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of ion channel expression in single neurons of brain slices. In: Sakmann B, Neher E, eds. Single-Channel Recording. Plenum; 1995:357-373. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1229-9_16"},"year":"1995","extern":"1","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-1229-9_16"}],"month":"01","title":"Polymerase chain reaction analysis of ion channel expression in single neurons of brain slices","oa_version":"None","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:03:25Z","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"last_name":"Monyer","first_name":"Hannah","full_name":"Monyer, Hannah"},{"last_name":"Jonas","first_name":"Peter M","full_name":"Jonas, Peter M","orcid":"0000-0001-5001-4804","id":"353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"publication":"Single-channel recording","_id":"3454","publisher":"Plenum","editor":[{"full_name":"Sakmann, Bert","first_name":"Bert","last_name":"Sakmann"},{"full_name":"Neher, Erwin","first_name":"Erwin","last_name":"Neher"}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"page":"357 - 373","quality_controlled":"1"},{"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","status":"public","extern":"1","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-1229-9_10"}],"publist_id":"2932","abstract":[{"text":"At a synapse, the transmitter is stored in synaptic vesicles and is released into the synaptic cleft almost instantaneously upon fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. Subsequently, the transmitter diffuses to ligand-gated ion channels in the postsynaptic density, binds to them, and thereby causes channel activation. Unfortunately, we have estimates neither of the exact amount of transmitter in the synaptic vesicle nor of the concentration in the synaptic cleft reaching the postsynaptic receptors, and in some cases even the identity of the transmitter is unknown. These questions may be addressed by modeling of release and diffusion. Such a theoretical approach, however, is based on several assumptions, some of which lack experimental evidence.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-0-306-44870-6"]},"day":"01","doi":"10.1007/978-1-4419-1229-9_10","type":"book_chapter","date_published":"1995-01-01T00:00:00Z","citation":{"chicago":"Jonas, Peter M. “Fast Application of Agonists to Isolated Membrane Patches.” In Single-Channel Recording, edited by Bert Sakmann and Erwin Neher, 231–43. Plenum, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1229-9_10.","ieee":"P. M. Jonas, “Fast application of agonists to isolated membrane patches,” in Single-channel recording, B. Sakmann and E. Neher, Eds. Plenum, 1995, pp. 231–243.","apa":"Jonas, P. M. (1995). Fast application of agonists to isolated membrane patches. In B. Sakmann & E. Neher (Eds.), Single-channel recording (pp. 231–243). Plenum. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1229-9_10","ama":"Jonas PM. Fast application of agonists to isolated membrane patches. In: Sakmann B, Neher E, eds. Single-Channel Recording. Plenum; 1995:231-243. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1229-9_10","ista":"Jonas PM. 1995.Fast application of agonists to isolated membrane patches. In: Single-channel recording. , 231–243.","mla":"Jonas, Peter M. “Fast Application of Agonists to Isolated Membrane Patches.” Single-Channel Recording, edited by Bert Sakmann and Erwin Neher, Plenum, 1995, pp. 231–43, doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1229-9_10.","short":"P.M. Jonas, in:, B. Sakmann, E. Neher (Eds.), Single-Channel Recording, Plenum, 1995, pp. 231–243."},"year":"1995","date_updated":"2022-06-28T08:51:40Z","editor":[{"first_name":"Bert","last_name":"Sakmann","full_name":"Sakmann, Bert"},{"full_name":"Neher, Erwin","first_name":"Erwin","last_name":"Neher"}],"publisher":"Plenum","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"quality_controlled":"1","page":"231 - 243","month":"01","title":"Fast application of agonists to isolated membrane patches","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:03:25Z","publication_status":"published","oa_version":"None","author":[{"full_name":"Jonas, Peter M","orcid":"0000-0001-5001-4804","last_name":"Jonas","first_name":"Peter M","id":"353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"_id":"3455","publication":"Single-channel recording"},{"author":[{"orcid":"0000-0001-5001-4804","full_name":"Jonas, Peter M","first_name":"Peter M","last_name":"Jonas","id":"353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Burnashev, Nail","first_name":"Nail","last_name":"Burnashev"}],"issue":"5","_id":"3461","pmid":1,"scopus_import":"1","title":"Molecular mechanisms controlling calcium entry through AMPA-type glutamate receptor channels","intvolume":" 15","publication_status":"published","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:03:27Z","page":"987 - 990","quality_controlled":"1","article_type":"original","publisher":"Elsevier","external_id":{"pmid":["7576666"]},"date_updated":"2022-06-28T08:34:36Z","year":"1995","citation":{"ama":"Jonas PM, Burnashev N. Molecular mechanisms controlling calcium entry through AMPA-type glutamate receptor channels. Neuron. 1995;15(5):987-990. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90087-X","apa":"Jonas, P. M., & Burnashev, N. (1995). Molecular mechanisms controlling calcium entry through AMPA-type glutamate receptor channels. Neuron. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(95)90087-X","chicago":"Jonas, Peter M, and Nail Burnashev. “Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Calcium Entry through AMPA-Type Glutamate Receptor Channels.” Neuron. Elsevier, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(95)90087-X.","ieee":"P. M. Jonas and N. Burnashev, “Molecular mechanisms controlling calcium entry through AMPA-type glutamate receptor channels,” Neuron, vol. 15, no. 5. Elsevier, pp. 987–990, 1995.","mla":"Jonas, Peter M., and Nail Burnashev. “Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Calcium Entry through AMPA-Type Glutamate Receptor Channels.” Neuron, vol. 15, no. 5, Elsevier, 1995, pp. 987–90, doi:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90087-X.","short":"P.M. Jonas, N. Burnashev, Neuron 15 (1995) 987–990.","ista":"Jonas PM, Burnashev N. 1995. Molecular mechanisms controlling calcium entry through AMPA-type glutamate receptor channels. Neuron. 15(5), 987–990."},"doi":"10.1016/0896-6273(95)90087-X","day":"01","extern":"1","volume":15,"publication":"Neuron","month":"11","oa_version":"Published Version","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_published":"1995-11-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","oa":1,"publist_id":"2926","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0896-6273"]},"status":"public","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/089662739590087X?via%3Dihub"}]},{"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020521"}],"date_published":"1995-01-15T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","oa":1,"publist_id":"2909","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0022-3751"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Journal of Physiology","month":"01","oa_version":"Published Version","extern":"1","acknowledgement":"We thank M.Hausser, A.Roth, P.Ruppersberg, and G.Stuart for helpful discussions and M.H. and G.S. for critically reading the manuscript. We also thank M.Kaiser for expert technical assistance and F.Helmchen, M.Huke and A.Roth for computer programming. Financial support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB317) is gratefully acknowledged.","volume":482,"external_id":{"pmid":["7536248"]},"date_updated":"2022-06-28T08:08:40Z","year":"1995","citation":{"mla":"Spruston, Nelson, et al. “Dendritic Glutamate Receptor Channels in Rat Hippocampal CA3 and CA1 Pyramidal Neurons.” Journal of Physiology, vol. 482, no. Pt 2, Wiley-Blackwell, 1995, pp. 325–52, doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020521.","short":"N. Spruston, P.M. Jonas, B. Sakmann, Journal of Physiology 482 (1995) 325–352.","ista":"Spruston N, Jonas PM, Sakmann B. 1995. Dendritic glutamate receptor channels in rat hippocampal CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons. Journal of Physiology. 482(Pt 2), 325–352.","ama":"Spruston N, Jonas PM, Sakmann B. Dendritic glutamate receptor channels in rat hippocampal CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons. Journal of Physiology. 1995;482(Pt 2):325-352. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020521","apa":"Spruston, N., Jonas, P. M., & Sakmann, B. (1995). Dendritic glutamate receptor channels in rat hippocampal CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons. Journal of Physiology. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020521","ieee":"N. Spruston, P. M. Jonas, and B. Sakmann, “Dendritic glutamate receptor channels in rat hippocampal CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons,” Journal of Physiology, vol. 482, no. Pt 2. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 325–352, 1995.","chicago":"Spruston, Nelson, Peter M Jonas, and Bert Sakmann. “Dendritic Glutamate Receptor Channels in Rat Hippocampal CA3 and CA1 Pyramidal Neurons.” Journal of Physiology. Wiley-Blackwell, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020521."},"abstract":[{"text":"1. Properties of dendritic glutamate receptor (GluR) channels were investigated using fast application of glutamate to outside-out membrane patches isolated from the apical dendrites of CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampal slices. CA3 patches were formed (15-76 μm from the soma) in the region of messy fibre (MF) synapses, and CA1 patches (25-174 μm from the soma) in the region of Schaffer collateral (SC) innervation. 2. Dual-component responses consisting of a rapidly rising and decaying component followed by a second, substantially slower, component were elicited by 1 ms pulses of 1 mM glutamate in the presence of 10 μM glycine and absence of external Mg2+. The fast component was selectively blocked by 2-5 μM 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and the slow component by 30 μM D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP5), suggesting that the fast and slow components were mediated by the GluR channels of the L-α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) and NMDA type, respectively. The peak amplitude ratio of the NMDA to AMPA receptor-mediated components varied between 0.03 and 0.62 in patches from both CA3 and CA1 dendrites. Patches lacking either component were rarely observed. 3. The peak current-voltage (I-V) relationship of the fast component was almost linear, whereas the I-V relationship of the slow component showed a region of negative slope in the presence of 1 mM external Mg2+. The reversal potential for both components was close to 0 mV. 4. Kainate-preferring GluR channels did not contribute appreciably to the response to glutamate. The responses to 100 ms pulses of 1 mM glutamate were mimicked by application of 1 mM AMPA, whereas 1 mM kainate produced much smaller, weakly desensitizing currents. This suggests that the fast component is primarily mediated by the action of glutamate on AMPA-preferring receptors. 5. The mean elementary conductance of AMPA receptor channels was about 10 pS, as estimated by non-stationary fluctuation analysis. The permeability of these channels to Ca2+ was low (~5% of the permeability to Cs+). 6. The elementary conductance of NMDA receptor channels was larger, with a main conductance state of about 45 pS. These channels were 3.6 times more permeable to Ca2+ than to Cs+. 7. AMPA receptor-mediated currents activated rapidly in response to 1 ms pulses of 1 mM glutamate and deactivated with a predominant, fast time constant and a smaller, slower component (τ1≃2 ms, τ2≃8 ms, contributing ~80 and ~20% to the total decay amplitude, respectively). Desensitization of the current during a 100 ms pulse was best fitted by two time constants (τ1≃10 ms, ~60%; τ2≃34 ms, ~40%). 8. NMDA receptor-mediated currents in response to 1 ms pulses of 1 mM glutamate activated and deactivated much more slowly than AMPA receptor-mediated currents. The time course could be described by a single exponential rising phase (τ≃7 ms) followed by a double exponential decay (τ1≃200 ms, ~80%; τ2≃1-3 s, ~20%). 9. Mg2+ blocked the NMDA component in a voltage-dependent manner, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 21 μM at -80 mV. At physiological Mg2+ concentrations, block of the NMDA component could be rapidly relieved with voltage jumps from negative to positive potentials. Block of the current upon return to negative potentials occurred almost instantaneously. 10. Zn2+ also selectively-blocked the NMDA receptor-mediated current with an IC50 of 22 μM, but this block differed from that of Mg2+ in that it showed little voltage dependence. Rapid application of Zn2+ together with glutamate produced partial block of the current. More block was observed if Zn2+ and glutamate were co-applied when NMDA receptor channels were already open. 11. The functional properties of dendritic GluRs were similar to those found at the soma. Knowledge of these properties facilitated simulations investigating the contribution of coactivated AMPA and NMDA receptors to synaptic depolarization and Ca2+ entry into dendritic spines. Because of its slow deactivation, the NMDA receptor-mediated current contributes substantially to depolarization and Ca2+ entry and is susceptible to modulation over a period of seconds, either by backpropagating action potentials or by the release of Zn2+ from presynaptic boutons.","lang":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020521","day":"15","page":"325 - 352","quality_controlled":"1","article_type":"original","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","author":[{"full_name":"Spruston, Nelson","first_name":"Nelson","last_name":"Spruston"},{"first_name":"Peter M","last_name":"Jonas","orcid":"0000-0001-5001-4804","full_name":"Jonas, Peter M","id":"353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Sakmann, Bert","last_name":"Sakmann","first_name":"Bert"}],"issue":"Pt 2","pmid":1,"_id":"3478","title":"Dendritic glutamate receptor channels in rat hippocampal CA3 and CA1 pyramidal neurons","intvolume":" 482","publication_status":"published","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:03:32Z"},{"external_id":{"pmid":["7545230"]},"date_updated":"2022-06-28T07:54:44Z","year":"1995","citation":{"ieee":"D. Koh, J. Geiger, P. M. Jonas, and B. Sakmann, “Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA and NMDA receptor channels in basket cells of rat hippocampal dentate gyrus,” Journal of Physiology, vol. 485, no. Pt 2. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 383–402, 1995.","chicago":"Koh, Duk, Jörg Geiger, Peter M Jonas, and Bert Sakmann. “Ca(2+)-Permeable AMPA and NMDA Receptor Channels in Basket Cells of Rat Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus.” Journal of Physiology. Wiley-Blackwell, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020737.","apa":"Koh, D., Geiger, J., Jonas, P. M., & Sakmann, B. (1995). Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA and NMDA receptor channels in basket cells of rat hippocampal dentate gyrus. Journal of Physiology. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020737","ama":"Koh D, Geiger J, Jonas PM, Sakmann B. Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA and NMDA receptor channels in basket cells of rat hippocampal dentate gyrus. Journal of Physiology. 1995;485(Pt 2):383-402. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020737","ista":"Koh D, Geiger J, Jonas PM, Sakmann B. 1995. Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA and NMDA receptor channels in basket cells of rat hippocampal dentate gyrus. Journal of Physiology. 485(Pt 2), 383–402.","mla":"Koh, Duk, et al. “Ca(2+)-Permeable AMPA and NMDA Receptor Channels in Basket Cells of Rat Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus.” Journal of Physiology, vol. 485, no. Pt 2, Wiley-Blackwell, 1995, pp. 383–402, doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020737.","short":"D. Koh, J. Geiger, P.M. Jonas, B. Sakmann, Journal of Physiology 485 (1995) 383–402."},"abstract":[{"text":"1. Glutamate receptor (GluR) channels were studied in basket cells in the dentate gyrus of rat hippocampal slices. Basket cells were identified by their location, dendritic morphology and high frequency of action potentials generated during sustained current injection. 2. Dual-component currents were activated by fast application of glutamate to outside-out membrane patches isolated from basket cell somata (10 μM glycine, no external Mg2+). The fast component was selectively blocked by 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX), the slow component by D-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP5). This suggests that the two components were mediated by α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptor (AMPAR)/kainate receptor and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) channels, respectively. The mean ratio of the peak current of the NMDAR component to that of the AMPAR/kainate receptor component was 0.22 (1 ms pulses of 10 mM glutamate). 3. The AMPAR/kainate receptor component, which was studied in isolation in the presence of D-AP5, was identified as AMPAR mediated on the basis of the preferential activation by AMPA as compared with kainate, the weak desensitization of kainate-activated currents, the cross-desensitization between AMPA and kainate, and the reduction of desensitization by cyclothiazide. 4. Deactivation of basket cell AMPARs following 1 ms pulses of glutamate occurred with a time constant (τ) of 1.2 ± 0.1 ms (mean ± S.E.M.). During 100 ms glutamate pulses, AMPARs desensitized with a τ of 3.7 ± 0.2 ms. 5. The peak current-voltage (I-V) relation of AMPAR-mediated currents in Na+-rich extracellular solution showed a reversal potential of -4.0 ± 2.6 mV and was characterized by a doubly rectifying shape. The conductance of single AMPAR channels was estimated as 22.6 ± 1.6 pS using non-stationary fluctuation analysis. AMPARs expressed in hippocampal basket cells mere highly Ca2+ permeable (P(Ca)/P(K) = 1.79). 6. NMDARs in hippocampal basket cells were studied in isolation in the presence of CNQX. Deactivation of NMDARs activated by glutamate pulses occurred bi-exponentially with mean τ values of 266 ± 23 ms (76%) and 2620 ± 383 ms (24%). 7. The peak I-V relation of the NMDAR-mediated component in Na+-rich extracellular solution showed a reversal potential of 1.5 ± 0.6 mV and a region of negative slope at negative membrane potentials in the presence of external Mg2+, due to voltage-dependent block by these ions. The conductance of single NMDAR channels in the main open state was 50.2 ± 1.8 pS. NMDARs in hippocampal basket cells were highly permeable to Ca2+ (P(Ca)/P(K) = 6.68). 8. AMPARs in hippocampal basket cells are characterized by about threefold faster kinetics and twentyfold higher Ca2+ permeability than AMPARs in hippocampal granule or pyramidal cells. Simulations show that the Ca2+ influx through basket cell AMPARs is comparable to that through NMDARs at negative membrane potentials with physiological concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+. This suggests a dual pathway of synaptically mediated Ca2+ entry into interneurones.","lang":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020737","day":"01","extern":"1","acknowledgement":"We thank Drs M.Häusser and H.Markram for critically reading the manuscript and M.Kaiser for technical assistance. Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB-317/B14 grant to P.J. and a Graduiertenkollegstipendium to J.R.P.G.)","volume":485,"author":[{"full_name":"Koh, Duk","last_name":"Koh","first_name":"Duk"},{"full_name":"Geiger, Jörg","last_name":"Geiger","first_name":"Jörg"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-5001-4804","full_name":"Jonas, Peter M","first_name":"Peter M","last_name":"Jonas","id":"353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Sakmann, Bert","last_name":"Sakmann","first_name":"Bert"}],"issue":"Pt 2","_id":"3479","pmid":1,"scopus_import":"1","title":"Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA and NMDA receptor channels in basket cells of rat hippocampal dentate gyrus","intvolume":" 485","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:03:33Z","article_processing_charge":"No","page":"383 - 402","quality_controlled":"1","article_type":"original","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","date_published":"1995-06-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","oa":1,"publist_id":"2908","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0022-3751"]},"status":"public","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","main_file_link":[{"url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1158000/pdf/jphysiol00319-0104.pdf","open_access":"1"}],"publication":"Journal of Physiology","month":"06","oa_version":"Published Version","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"publisher":"Elsevier","article_type":"original","page":"193 - 204","quality_controlled":"1","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:03:33Z","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Relative abundance of subunit mRNAs determines gating and Ca(2+) permeability of AMPA receptors in principal neurons and interneurons in rat CNS","intvolume":" 15","_id":"3480","pmid":1,"scopus_import":"1","author":[{"full_name":"Geiger, Jörg","last_name":"Geiger","first_name":"Jörg"},{"full_name":"Melcher, Thorsten","last_name":"Melcher","first_name":"Thorsten"},{"first_name":"Duk","last_name":"Koh","full_name":"Koh, Duk"},{"full_name":"Sakmann, Bert","first_name":"Bert","last_name":"Sakmann"},{"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Seeburg","full_name":"Seeburg, Peter"},{"id":"353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Jonas, Peter M","orcid":"0000-0001-5001-4804","last_name":"Jonas","first_name":"Peter M"},{"last_name":"Monyer","first_name":"Hannah","full_name":"Monyer, Hannah"}],"issue":"1","volume":15,"acknowledgement":"We thank Ulla Amtmann for efficient help with the molecular analysis. We also thank M. Kaiser for technical assistance, Dr. J. G. G. Borst for advice concerning preparation of brainstem slices, and Drs. N. Spruston and G. Stuart for critically reading the manuscript. Funded in part by Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie grant BCT 364 AZ 321/7291 (P. H. S.) and by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaftgrant SFB-3171814(P. J.). J. R. P. G. and T. M. were supported by the graduate program of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology of the University of Heidelberg. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby\r\nmarked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 USC Section 1734 solely to Indicate this fact.","extern":"1","doi":"10.1016/0896-6273(95)90076-4","day":"01","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Recording of glutamate-activated currents in membrane patches was combine with RT-PCR-mediated AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit mRNA analysis in single identified cells of rat brain slices. Analysis of AMPARs in principal neurons end interneurons of hippocampus and neocortex and in auditory relay neurons and Bergmann glial cells indicates that the GluR-B subunit in its flip version determines formation of receptors with relatively slow gating, whereas the GluR-D subunit promotes assembly of more rapidly gated receptors. The relation between Ca 2+ permeability of AMPAR channels and the relative GluR-B mRNA abundance is consistent with the dominance of this subunit in determining the Ca 2+ permeability of native receptors. The results suggest that differential expression of GluR-B and GluR-D subunit genes, as well as splicing end editing of their mRNAs, account for the differences in gating and Ca 2+ permeability of native AMPAR channels."}],"date_updated":"2022-06-28T07:47:09Z","citation":{"ama":"Geiger J, Melcher T, Koh D, et al. Relative abundance of subunit mRNAs determines gating and Ca(2+) permeability of AMPA receptors in principal neurons and interneurons in rat CNS. Neuron. 1995;15(1):193-204. doi:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90076-4","apa":"Geiger, J., Melcher, T., Koh, D., Sakmann, B., Seeburg, P., Jonas, P. M., & Monyer, H. (1995). Relative abundance of subunit mRNAs determines gating and Ca(2+) permeability of AMPA receptors in principal neurons and interneurons in rat CNS. Neuron. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(95)90076-4","ieee":"J. Geiger et al., “Relative abundance of subunit mRNAs determines gating and Ca(2+) permeability of AMPA receptors in principal neurons and interneurons in rat CNS,” Neuron, vol. 15, no. 1. Elsevier, pp. 193–204, 1995.","chicago":"Geiger, Jörg, Thorsten Melcher, Duk Koh, Bert Sakmann, Peter Seeburg, Peter M Jonas, and Hannah Monyer. “Relative Abundance of Subunit MRNAs Determines Gating and Ca(2+) Permeability of AMPA Receptors in Principal Neurons and Interneurons in Rat CNS.” Neuron. Elsevier, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(95)90076-4.","mla":"Geiger, Jörg, et al. “Relative Abundance of Subunit MRNAs Determines Gating and Ca(2+) Permeability of AMPA Receptors in Principal Neurons and Interneurons in Rat CNS.” Neuron, vol. 15, no. 1, Elsevier, 1995, pp. 193–204, doi:10.1016/0896-6273(95)90076-4.","short":"J. Geiger, T. Melcher, D. Koh, B. Sakmann, P. Seeburg, P.M. Jonas, H. Monyer, Neuron 15 (1995) 193–204.","ista":"Geiger J, Melcher T, Koh D, Sakmann B, Seeburg P, Jonas PM, Monyer H. 1995. Relative abundance of subunit mRNAs determines gating and Ca(2+) permeability of AMPA receptors in principal neurons and interneurons in rat CNS. Neuron. 15(1), 193–204."},"year":"1995","external_id":{"pmid":["7619522"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","month":"07","publication":"Neuron","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0896627395900764?via%3Dihub"}],"status":"public","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0896-6273"]},"oa":1,"publist_id":"2907","date_published":"1995-07-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article"},{"main_file_link":[{"url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1156754/","open_access":"1"}],"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","status":"public","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0022-3751"]},"oa":1,"publist_id":"2906","type":"journal_article","date_published":"1995-07-15T00:00:00Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","month":"07","publication":"Journal of Physiology","acknowledgement":"We thank Dr B.Sakmann, Dr V.Witzemann, J.Geiger, and A.Roth for helpful discussions and Dr D.Feldmeyer and Dr A.Villarroel for reading the manuscript. We also thank M.Kaiser for technical and H.Spiegel for secretarial assistance. Supported by DFG grant SFB-317/B14(P.J.).","volume":486,"extern":"1","day":"15","doi":"10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020813","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"1. The influence of intracellular factors on current rectification of different subtypes of native α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptors (AMPARs) was studied in rat brain slices by combining fast application of glutamate with patch pipette perfusion. 2. The peak current-voltage (I-V) relation of the AMPARs expressed in Bergmann glial cells of cerebellum and dentate gyrus (DG) basket cells of hippocampus was weakly rectifying in outside-out patches and nystatin-perforated vesicles, but showed a doubly rectifying shape with a region of reduced slope between 0 and +40 mV in nucleated patches. The I-V relation of AMPARs expressed in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurones was linear in all recording configurations. 3. Intracellular application of 2.5 μM spermine, a naturally occurring polyamine, blocked outward currents in outside-oat patches from Bergmann glial cells and DG basket cells in a voltage-dependent manner, generating I-V relations with a doubly rectifying shape which were similar to those recorded in nucleated patches. AMPARs in CA3 pyramidal cell patches were unaffected by 25 μM spermine. 4. The half-maximal blocking concentration of spermine at +40 mV was 0.3 μM in Bergmann glial cell patches and 1.5 μM in DG basket cell patches, whereas it was much higher (≥ 100 μM) for CA3 pyramidal. cell patches. Spermidine also affected current rectification, but with lower affinity. The block of outward current by polyamines following voltage jumps developed within < 0.5 ms. 5. We conclude that current rectification, rather than being an intrinsic property of the Ca2+ permeable AMPAR channel, is generated by polyamine block."}],"year":"1995","citation":{"ama":"Koh D, Burnashev N, Jonas PM. Block of native Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors in rat brain by intracellular polyamines generates double rectification. Journal of Physiology. 1995;486(Pt 2):305-312. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020813","apa":"Koh, D., Burnashev, N., & Jonas, P. M. (1995). Block of native Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors in rat brain by intracellular polyamines generates double rectification. Journal of Physiology. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020813","ieee":"D. Koh, N. Burnashev, and P. M. Jonas, “Block of native Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors in rat brain by intracellular polyamines generates double rectification,” Journal of Physiology, vol. 486, no. Pt 2. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 305–312, 1995.","chicago":"Koh, Duk, Nail Burnashev, and Peter M Jonas. “Block of Native Ca(2+)-Permeable AMPA Receptors in Rat Brain by Intracellular Polyamines Generates Double Rectification.” Journal of Physiology. Wiley-Blackwell, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020813.","short":"D. Koh, N. Burnashev, P.M. Jonas, Journal of Physiology 486 (1995) 305–312.","mla":"Koh, Duk, et al. “Block of Native Ca(2+)-Permeable AMPA Receptors in Rat Brain by Intracellular Polyamines Generates Double Rectification.” Journal of Physiology, vol. 486, no. Pt 2, Wiley-Blackwell, 1995, pp. 305–12, doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020813.","ista":"Koh D, Burnashev N, Jonas PM. 1995. Block of native Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors in rat brain by intracellular polyamines generates double rectification. Journal of Physiology. 486(Pt 2), 305–312."},"date_updated":"2022-06-27T14:53:16Z","external_id":{"pmid":["7473198"]},"publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","article_type":"original","quality_controlled":"1","page":"305 - 312","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:03:33Z","publication_status":"published","intvolume":" 486","title":"Block of native Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA receptors in rat brain by intracellular polyamines generates double rectification","_id":"3481","pmid":1,"issue":"Pt 2","author":[{"first_name":"Duk","last_name":"Koh","full_name":"Koh, Duk"},{"last_name":"Burnashev","first_name":"Nail","full_name":"Burnashev, Nail"},{"id":"353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Jonas","first_name":"Peter M","full_name":"Jonas, Peter M","orcid":"0000-0001-5001-4804"}]},{"date_published":"1995-01-04T00:00:00Z","type":"conference","date_updated":"2022-06-27T13:54:41Z","citation":{"mla":"Edelsbrunner, Herbert, et al. “Measuring Proteins and Voids in Proteins.” Proceedings of the 28th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, IEEE, 1995, pp. 256–64, doi:10.1109/HICSS.1995.375331.","short":"H. Edelsbrunner, M. Facello, P. Fu, J. Liang, in:, Proceedings of the 28th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, IEEE, 1995, pp. 256–264.","ista":"Edelsbrunner H, Facello M, Fu P, Liang J. 1995. Measuring proteins and voids in proteins. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. HICSS: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 256–264.","apa":"Edelsbrunner, H., Facello, M., Fu, P., & Liang, J. (1995). Measuring proteins and voids in proteins. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 256–264). Wailea, HI, United States of America: IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.1995.375331","ama":"Edelsbrunner H, Facello M, Fu P, Liang J. Measuring proteins and voids in proteins. In: Proceedings of the 28th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. IEEE; 1995:256-264. doi:10.1109/HICSS.1995.375331","chicago":"Edelsbrunner, Herbert, Michael Facello, Ping Fu, and Jie Liang. “Measuring Proteins and Voids in Proteins.” In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 256–64. IEEE, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.1995.375331.","ieee":"H. Edelsbrunner, M. Facello, P. Fu, and J. Liang, “Measuring proteins and voids in proteins,” in Proceedings of the 28th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Wailea, HI, United States of America, 1995, pp. 256–264."},"year":"1995","abstract":[{"text":"Common geometric models for proteins and other molecules are the space filling diagram, the solvent accessible surface, and the molecular surface. We describe software that computes metric properties of these models, including volume and surface area. It also measures voids or empty space enclosed by the protein, and it keeps track of surface area contributions of individual atoms. The software is based on 3-dimensional alpha complexes and on inclusion-exclusion formulas with terms derived from the simplices in this complex.","lang":"eng"}],"publist_id":"2834","doi":"10.1109/HICSS.1995.375331","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["0-8186-6930-6"]},"day":"04","extern":"1","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/375331"}],"author":[{"id":"3FB178DA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Edelsbrunner","first_name":"Herbert","full_name":"Edelsbrunner, Herbert","orcid":"0000-0002-9823-6833"},{"full_name":"Facello, Michael","first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Facello"},{"full_name":"Fu, Ping","first_name":"Ping","last_name":"Fu"},{"full_name":"Liang, Jie","first_name":"Jie","last_name":"Liang"}],"publication":"Proceedings of the 28th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","_id":"3551","scopus_import":"1","month":"01","title":"Measuring proteins and voids in proteins","publication_status":"published","oa_version":"None","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:03:55Z","article_processing_charge":"No","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"page":"256 - 264","quality_controlled":"1","conference":{"end_date":"1995-01-06","location":"Wailea, HI, United States of America","name":"HICSS: Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences","start_date":"1995-01-03"},"publisher":"IEEE"},{"author":[{"first_name":"Nataraj","last_name":"Akkiraju","full_name":"Akkiraju, Nataraj"},{"id":"3FB178DA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Herbert","last_name":"Edelsbrunner","orcid":"0000-0002-9823-6833","full_name":"Edelsbrunner, Herbert"},{"last_name":"Facello","first_name":"Michael","full_name":"Facello, Michael"},{"full_name":"Fu, Ping","first_name":"Ping","last_name":"Fu"},{"first_name":"Ernst","last_name":"Mücke","full_name":"Mücke, Ernst"},{"full_name":"Varela, Carlos","first_name":"Carlos","last_name":"Varela"}],"_id":"3552","title":"Alpha shapes: definition and software","month":"09","oa_version":"None","publication_status":"published","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:03:55Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"page":"63 - 66","quality_controlled":"1","conference":{"name":"GCG: International Computational Geometry Software Workshop"},"publisher":"Elsevier","date_published":"1995-09-11T00:00:00Z","type":"conference","date_updated":"2022-06-27T13:20:29Z","citation":{"ieee":"N. Akkiraju, H. Edelsbrunner, M. Facello, P. Fu, E. Mücke, and C. Varela, “Alpha shapes: definition and software,” presented at the GCG: International Computational Geometry Software Workshop, 1995, pp. 63–66.","chicago":"Akkiraju, Nataraj, Herbert Edelsbrunner, Michael Facello, Ping Fu, Ernst Mücke, and Carlos Varela. “Alpha Shapes: Definition and Software,” 63–66. Elsevier, 1995.","ama":"Akkiraju N, Edelsbrunner H, Facello M, Fu P, Mücke E, Varela C. Alpha shapes: definition and software. In: Elsevier; 1995:63-66.","apa":"Akkiraju, N., Edelsbrunner, H., Facello, M., Fu, P., Mücke, E., & Varela, C. (1995). Alpha shapes: definition and software (pp. 63–66). Presented at the GCG: International Computational Geometry Software Workshop, Elsevier.","ista":"Akkiraju N, Edelsbrunner H, Facello M, Fu P, Mücke E, Varela C. 1995. Alpha shapes: definition and software. GCG: International Computational Geometry Software Workshop, 63–66.","mla":"Akkiraju, Nataraj, et al. Alpha Shapes: Definition and Software. Elsevier, 1995, pp. 63–66.","short":"N. Akkiraju, H. Edelsbrunner, M. Facello, P. Fu, E. Mücke, C. Varela, in:, Elsevier, 1995, pp. 63–66."},"year":"1995","abstract":[{"text":"The concept of an α-shape of a finite set of points in R^d, with weights, is defined and illustrated. An α-shape is a polytope which is not necessarily convex nor connected and can be derived from the (weighted) Delaunay triangulation of the point set, with a parameter controlling the desired level of detail. The set of all α values leads to a descrete family of shapes capturing the intuitive notion of ``crude'' versus ``fine'' shapes of a point set. Software that computes such shapes in R^2 and R^3 is available via anonymous ftp from:\r\n\r\nftp://ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Visualization/Alpha-shape/ ","lang":"eng"}],"publist_id":"2833","day":"11","extern":"1","status":"public","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","main_file_link":[{"url":"http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/software/cglist/GeomDir/shapes95def/"}]},{"quality_controlled":"1","page":"388 - 389","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"Nature Publishing Group","_id":"3597","publication":"Nature","pmid":1,"author":[{"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Kirkpatrick","full_name":"Kirkpatrick, Mark"},{"id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:04:09Z","oa_version":"None","publication_status":"published","intvolume":" 377","title":"Déjà vu all over again","month":"10","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/377388a0"}],"volume":377,"status":"public","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","extern":"1","year":"1995","citation":{"ista":"Kirkpatrick M, Barton NH. 1995. Déjà vu all over again. Nature. 377, 388–389.","mla":"Kirkpatrick, Mark, and Nicholas H. Barton. “Déjà vu All over Again.” Nature, vol. 377, Nature Publishing Group, 1995, pp. 388–89, doi:10.1038/377388a0.","short":"M. Kirkpatrick, N.H. Barton, Nature 377 (1995) 388–389.","ieee":"M. Kirkpatrick and N. H. Barton, “Déjà vu all over again,” Nature, vol. 377. Nature Publishing Group, pp. 388–389, 1995.","chicago":"Kirkpatrick, Mark, and Nicholas H Barton. “Déjà vu All over Again.” Nature. Nature Publishing Group, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1038/377388a0.","apa":"Kirkpatrick, M., & Barton, N. H. (1995). Déjà vu all over again. Nature. Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/377388a0","ama":"Kirkpatrick M, Barton NH. Déjà vu all over again. Nature. 1995;377:388-389. doi:10.1038/377388a0"},"date_updated":"2022-06-27T13:00:10Z","external_id":{"pmid":["7566112 "]},"type":"review","date_published":"1995-10-05T00:00:00Z","day":"05","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0028-0836"]},"doi":"10.1038/377388a0","publist_id":"2786"},{"article_type":"original","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","page":"1224 - 1238","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Natural selection on quantitative traits in the Bombina hybrid zone","intvolume":" 49","publication_status":"published","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:04:22Z","author":[{"last_name":"Nürnberger","first_name":"Beate","full_name":"Nürnberger, Beate"},{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Maccallum","first_name":"Catriona","full_name":"Maccallum, Catriona"},{"last_name":"Gilchrist","first_name":"Jason","full_name":"Gilchrist, Jason"},{"full_name":"Appleby, Michael","first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Appleby"}],"issue":"6","_id":"3636","scopus_import":"1","extern":"1","acknowledgement":"The project would not have been possible without F. Perovic's extensive knowledge of the natural history of the Pegdenica area, and his assistance in the field. Particular thanks are due to the Perovie family for their generous hospitality. The Croatian Museum of Natural History and the Croatian Ministry of the Environment were helpful in granting all the necessary permits. J. Szymura assisted with allozyme tech-niques and in sharing unpublished data from his original survey of the area. M. Davidson and K. Grant prepared the histological specimens, and G. Patterson volunteered time and expertise in X-raying our toads. All members of L. Partridge's lab generously provided us with toad food on a daily basis, in the form of uncountably many spare Drosophila. G. Malarky and M. Oh stoically coped with much tedious toad care. We thank W. G. Hill, L. Kruuk, D. Rand, J. Szymura, and an anonymous reviewer for helpful comments on the manuscript. This research was supported by a grant from the Natural Environment Research Council (GR3/8002) to N.B. ","volume":49,"abstract":[{"text":"Observations on the means, variances, and covariances of quantitative traits across hybrid zones can give information similar to that from Mendelian markers. In addition, they can identify particular traits through which the cline is maintained. We describe a survey of six traits across the hybrid zone between Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata (Amphibia: Discoglossidae) near Pescenica in Croatia. We obtained laboratory measuments of the belly pattern, skin thickness, mating call, skeletal form, egg size, and the developmental time of tadpoles. Although offspring from hybrid populations showed no evidence of reduced viability, a third of the F1 families failed completely, irrespective of the direction of the cross. All traits differed significantly between the taxa. Clines in belly pattern, skin thickness, mating call, and skeletal form were closely concordant with clines in four diagnostic enzyme loci. However, the cline in developmental time was displaced towards bombina, and the cline in egg size was displaced towards variegata. This discordance could be because the traits are not inherited additively or because they are subject to different selection pressures. We favor the latter explanation in the case of developmental time. We show that moderate selection acting directly on a trait suffices to shift its position; rather stronger selection is needed to change its width appreciably. Within hybrid populations, there are significant associations among quantitative traits, and between traits and enzymes. Phenotypic variances also increase in hybrid populations. These observations can be explained by linkage disequilibria among the underlying loci. However, the average magnitude of the covariance between traits is about half that expected from the linkage disequilibria between enzyme loci. The discrepancy is not readily explained by nonadditive gene action. This puzzle is now unresolved and calls for further investigation.","lang":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb04449.x","day":"01","date_updated":"2022-06-27T12:58:02Z","citation":{"mla":"Nürnberger, Beate, et al. “Natural Selection on Quantitative Traits in the Bombina Hybrid Zone.” Evolution, vol. 49, no. 6, Wiley-Blackwell, 1995, pp. 1224–38, doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb04449.x.","short":"B. Nürnberger, N.H. Barton, C. Maccallum, J. Gilchrist, M. Appleby, Evolution 49 (1995) 1224–1238.","ista":"Nürnberger B, Barton NH, Maccallum C, Gilchrist J, Appleby M. 1995. Natural selection on quantitative traits in the Bombina hybrid zone. Evolution. 49(6), 1224–1238.","ama":"Nürnberger B, Barton NH, Maccallum C, Gilchrist J, Appleby M. Natural selection on quantitative traits in the Bombina hybrid zone. Evolution. 1995;49(6):1224-1238. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb04449.x","apa":"Nürnberger, B., Barton, N. H., Maccallum, C., Gilchrist, J., & Appleby, M. (1995). Natural selection on quantitative traits in the Bombina hybrid zone. Evolution. Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb04449.x","chicago":"Nürnberger, Beate, Nicholas H Barton, Catriona Maccallum, Jason Gilchrist, and Michael Appleby. “Natural Selection on Quantitative Traits in the Bombina Hybrid Zone.” Evolution. Wiley-Blackwell, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb04449.x.","ieee":"B. Nürnberger, N. H. Barton, C. Maccallum, J. Gilchrist, and M. Appleby, “Natural selection on quantitative traits in the Bombina hybrid zone,” Evolution, vol. 49, no. 6. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 1224–1238, 1995."},"year":"1995","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"12","oa_version":"Published Version","publication":"Evolution","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb04449.x"}],"publist_id":"2747","oa":1,"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0014-3820"]},"date_published":"1995-12-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article"},{"issue":"1359","author":[{"full_name":"Maccallum, Catriona","last_name":"Maccallum","first_name":"Catriona"},{"last_name":"Nürnberger","first_name":"Beate","full_name":"Nürnberger, Beate"},{"last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"scopus_import":"1","_id":"3637","intvolume":" 260","title":"Experimental evidence for habitat dependent selection in a Bombina hybrid zone","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:04:22Z","publication_status":"published","quality_controlled":"1","page":"257 - 264","article_type":"original","publisher":"Royal Society of London","citation":{"mla":"Maccallum, Catriona, et al. “Experimental Evidence for Habitat Dependent Selection in a Bombina Hybrid Zone.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences, vol. 260, no. 1359, Royal Society of London, 1995, pp. 257–64, doi:10.1098/rspb.1995.0089.","short":"C. Maccallum, B. Nürnberger, N.H. Barton, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 260 (1995) 257–264.","ista":"Maccallum C, Nürnberger B, Barton NH. 1995. Experimental evidence for habitat dependent selection in a Bombina hybrid zone. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences. 260(1359), 257–264.","ama":"Maccallum C, Nürnberger B, Barton NH. Experimental evidence for habitat dependent selection in a Bombina hybrid zone. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences. 1995;260(1359):257-264. doi:10.1098/rspb.1995.0089","apa":"Maccallum, C., Nürnberger, B., & Barton, N. H. (1995). Experimental evidence for habitat dependent selection in a Bombina hybrid zone. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences. Royal Society of London. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1995.0089","chicago":"Maccallum, Catriona, Beate Nürnberger, and Nicholas H Barton. “Experimental Evidence for Habitat Dependent Selection in a Bombina Hybrid Zone.” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences. Royal Society of London, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1995.0089.","ieee":"C. Maccallum, B. Nürnberger, and N. H. Barton, “Experimental evidence for habitat dependent selection in a Bombina hybrid zone,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences, vol. 260, no. 1359. Royal Society of London, pp. 257–264, 1995."},"year":"1995","date_updated":"2022-06-27T10:14:02Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Hybridizing taxa remain distinct for two main reasons. Natural selection acts against hybrids either because of their incompatible genome, or because of differential adaptation of the pure types across an environmental gradient. Here, we provide experimental evidence that the location of the Bombina (Anura: Discoglossidae) hybrid zone in Croatia is, at least in part, determined by differential adaptation. B. bombina typically breeds in permanent water in the lowland, whereas B. variegata reproduces in puddles at higher elevations. In a reciprocal translocation, pure bombina and variegata tadpoles were introduced in equal proportions into lowland pond enclosures and upland puddles. After three weeks, variegata exceeded bombina in survival and growth in both habitats. The effect was most pronounced in puddles, where the few surviving bombina tadpoles had hardly grown at all. In comparison to variegata, the smaller hatchlings of bombina grew relatively faster in ponds, but remained smaller in absolute terms. Nevertheless, B. bombina appears better adapted to ponds than to puddles. The mechanisms by which variegata is excluded from ponds remain to be demonstrated. These data show that habitat dependent selection prevents the invasion of bombina tadpole traits into the variegata gene pool. Given the strong linkage disequilibria in hybrid populations, differential selection on tadpoles may be sufficient to maintain the integrity of the two gene pools."}],"day":"22","doi":"10.1098/rspb.1995.0089","extern":"1","volume":260,"acknowledgement":"We thank Franjo Perovioc for invaluable help in the field and the Perovioc family for generous hospitality. Logistical and practical support was provided by the Croatian Museum of Natural History in particular Bojan Lazar and Eduarrd Kletecki. The people of Velesevec kindly tolerated our enclosure bags in their village pond. Stejpan Ticeric generously provided a base for our work in Perkovec. Professor S. Jelaska of the U niversity of Zagreb allowed us unlim ited access to her laboratory, where all tadpole m easurem ents were taken. Loeske K ruuk carried out the electrophoretic analysis which established the taxonomic significance of tadpole belly colour. We thank Ian Wilson for statistical advice and Tim Halliday, Peter Jones, Loeske Kruuk, Jaroslav Pialek and two anonymous referees for helpful comments on the manuscript. This research was supported by a grant from the NERC (No. GR3/8002) to N.H.B.","publication":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences","month":"06","oa_version":"None","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"type":"journal_article","date_published":"1995-06-22T00:00:00Z","publist_id":"2746","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0962-8452"]},"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.1995.0089"}]},{"month":"07","oa_version":"None","publication":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publist_id":"2745","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0962-8436"]},"type":"journal_article","date_published":"1995-07-29T00:00:00Z","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.1995.0090"}],"intvolume":" 349","title":"Genealogies and geography","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:04:22Z","publication_status":"published","issue":"1327","author":[{"first_name":"Nicholas H","last_name":"Barton","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"I","last_name":"Wilson","full_name":"Wilson, I"}],"_id":"3638","pmid":1,"article_type":"original","publisher":"Royal Society, The","quality_controlled":"1","page":"49 - 59","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Any sample of genes traces back to a single common ancestor. Each gene also has other properties: its sequence, its geographic location and the phenotype and fitness of the organism that carries it. With sexual reproduction, different genes have different genealogies, which gives us much more information, but also greatly complicates population genetic analysis. We review the close relation between the distribution of genealogies and the classic theory of identity by descent in spatially structured populations, and develop a simple diffusion approximation to the distribution of coalescence times in a homogeneous two-dimensional habitat. This shows that when neighbourhood size is large (as in most populations) only a small fraction of pairs of genes are closely related, and only this fraction gives information about current rates of gene flow. The increase of spatial dispersion with lineage age is thus a poor estimator of gene flow. The bulk of the genealogy depends on the long-term history of the population; we discuss ways of inferring this history from the concordance between genealogies across loci."}],"day":"29","doi":"10.1098/rstb.1995.0090","external_id":{"pmid":["8748019"]},"citation":{"short":"N.H. Barton, I. Wilson, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 349 (1995) 49–59.","mla":"Barton, Nicholas H., and I. Wilson. “Genealogies and Geography.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, vol. 349, no. 1327, Royal Society, The, 1995, pp. 49–59, doi:10.1098/rstb.1995.0090.","ista":"Barton NH, Wilson I. 1995. Genealogies and geography. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 349(1327), 49–59.","apa":"Barton, N. H., & Wilson, I. (1995). Genealogies and geography. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. Royal Society, The. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1995.0090","ama":"Barton NH, Wilson I. Genealogies and geography. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences. 1995;349(1327):49-59. doi:10.1098/rstb.1995.0090","ieee":"N. H. Barton and I. Wilson, “Genealogies and geography,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, vol. 349, no. 1327. Royal Society, The, pp. 49–59, 1995.","chicago":"Barton, Nicholas H, and I Wilson. “Genealogies and Geography.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. Royal Society, The, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1995.0090."},"year":"1995","date_updated":"2022-06-27T08:55:07Z","extern":"1","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by BBSRC grant GR/H/09928 and by a Scottish Office studentship. We thank A. W. F. Edwards and S. Otto for their helpful comments.","volume":349},{"quality_controlled":"1","page":"123 - 144","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","article_type":"original","scopus_import":"1","_id":"3639","pmid":1,"issue":"2","author":[{"last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"date_created":"2018-12-11T12:04:23Z","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_status":"published","intvolume":" 65","title":"A general model for the evolution of recombination","volume":65,"extern":"1","year":"1995","citation":{"ista":"Barton NH. 1995. A general model for the evolution of recombination. Genetical Research. 65(2), 123–144.","short":"N.H. Barton, Genetical Research 65 (1995) 123–144.","mla":"Barton, Nicholas H. “A General Model for the Evolution of Recombination.” Genetical Research, vol. 65, no. 2, Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 123–44, doi:10.1017/S0016672300033140.","ieee":"N. H. Barton, “A general model for the evolution of recombination,” Genetical Research, vol. 65, no. 2. Cambridge University Press, pp. 123–144, 1995.","chicago":"Barton, Nicholas H. “A General Model for the Evolution of Recombination.” Genetical Research. Cambridge University Press, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016672300033140.","apa":"Barton, N. H. (1995). A general model for the evolution of recombination. Genetical Research. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016672300033140","ama":"Barton NH. A general model for the evolution of recombination. Genetical Research. 1995;65(2):123-144. doi:10.1017/S0016672300033140"},"date_updated":"2022-06-24T11:54:10Z","external_id":{"pmid":["7605514"]},"day":"01","doi":"10.1017/S0016672300033140","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"A general representation of multilocus selection is extended to allow recombination to depend on genotype. The equations simplify if modifier alleles have small effects on recombination. The evolution of such modifiers only depends on how they alter recombination between the selected loci, and does not involve dominance in modifier effects. The net selection on modifiers can be found explicitly if epistasis is weak relative to recombination. This analysis shows that recombination can be favoured in two ways: because it impedes the response to epistasis which fluctuates in sign, or because it facilitates the response to directional selection. The first mechanism is implausible, because epistasis must change sign over periods of a few generations: faster or slower fluctuations favour reduced recombination. The second mechanism requires weak negative epistasis between favourable alleles, which may either be increasing, or held in check by mutation. The selection (si) on recombination modifiers depends on the reduction in additive variance of log (fitness) due to linkage disequilibria (υ1 < 0), and on non-additive variance in log (fitness) (V′2, V′3,.. epistasis between 2, 3.. loci). For unlinked loci and pairwise epistasis, si = − (υ1 + 4V2/3)δr, where δr is the average increase in recombination caused by the modifier. The approximations are checked against exact calculations for three loci, and against Charlesworth's analyses of mutation/selection balance (1990), and directional selection (1993). The analysis demonstrates a general relation between selection on recombination and observable components of fitness variation, which is open to experimental test."}],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Genetical Research","oa_version":"None","month":"04","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/genetics-research/article/general-model-for-the-evolution-of-recombination/8CBDDF2DC779CF4B6AE9B461B80BB4AE"}],"status":"public","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","type":"journal_article","date_published":"1995-04-01T00:00:00Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0016-6723"]},"publist_id":"2744"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Genetics","oa_version":"Published Version","month":"06","main_file_link":[{"url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1206655/","open_access":"1"}],"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","status":"public","type":"journal_article","date_published":"1995-06-01T00:00:00Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0016-6731"]},"publist_id":"2743","oa":1,"quality_controlled":"1","page":"821 - 841","publisher":"Genetics Society of America","article_type":"original","scopus_import":"1","pmid":1,"_id":"3640","issue":"2","author":[{"id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","first_name":"Nicholas H","last_name":"Barton"}],"date_created":"2018-12-11T12:04:23Z","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_status":"published","intvolume":" 140","title":"Linkage and the limits to natural selection","volume":140,"extern":"1","year":"1995","citation":{"ieee":"N. H. Barton, “Linkage and the limits to natural selection,” Genetics, vol. 140, no. 2. Genetics Society of America, pp. 821–841, 1995.","chicago":"Barton, Nicholas H. “Linkage and the Limits to Natural Selection.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 1995. http://www.genetics.org/content/140/2/821.long.","apa":"Barton, N. H. (1995). Linkage and the limits to natural selection. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. http://www.genetics.org/content/140/2/821.long","ama":"Barton NH. Linkage and the limits to natural selection. Genetics. 1995;140(2):821-841. doi:http://www.genetics.org/content/140/2/821.long","ista":"Barton NH. 1995. Linkage and the limits to natural selection. Genetics. 140(2), 821–841.","short":"N.H. Barton, Genetics 140 (1995) 821–841.","mla":"Barton, Nicholas H. “Linkage and the Limits to Natural Selection.” Genetics, vol. 140, no. 2, Genetics Society of America, 1995, pp. 821–41, doi:http://www.genetics.org/content/140/2/821.long."},"date_updated":"2022-06-24T09:59:08Z","external_id":{"pmid":["7498757"]},"day":"01","doi":"http://www.genetics.org/content/140/2/821.long","abstract":[{"text":"The probability of fixation of a favorable mutation is reduced if selection at other loci causes inherited variation in fitness. A general method for calculating the fixation probability of an allele that can find itself in a variety of genetic backgrounds is applied to find the effect of substitutions, fluctuating polymorphisms, and deleterious mutations in a large population. With loose linkage, r, the effects depend on the additive genetic variance in relative fitness, var(W), and act by reducing effective population size by (N/Ne) = 1 + var(W)/2r2. However, tightly linked loci can have a substantial effect not predictable from Ne. Linked deleterious mutations reduce the fixation probability of weakly favored alleles by exp (-2U/R), where U is the total mutation rate and R is the map length in Morgans. Substitutions can cause a greater reduction: an allele with advantage s < scrit = (pi 2/6) loge (S/s) [var(W)/R] is very unlikely to be fixed. (S is the advantage of the substitution impeding fixation.) Fluctuating polymorphisms at many (n) linked loci can also have a substantial effect, reducing fixation probability by exp [square root of 2Kn var(W)/R] [K = -1/E((u-u)2/uv) depending on the frequencies (u,v) at the selected polymorphisms]. Hitchhiking due to all three kinds of selection may substantially impede adaptation that depends on weakly favored alleles.","lang":"eng"}]},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Discrete & Computational Geometry","oa_version":"Published Version","month":"12","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02574053"}],"status":"public","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","type":"journal_article","date_published":"1995-12-01T00:00:00Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0179-5376"]},"oa":1,"publist_id":"2095","quality_controlled":"1","page":"415 - 440","publisher":"Springer","article_type":"original","scopus_import":"1","_id":"4028","issue":"1","author":[{"id":"3FB178DA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Herbert","last_name":"Edelsbrunner","orcid":"0000-0002-9823-6833","full_name":"Edelsbrunner, Herbert"}],"date_created":"2018-12-11T12:06:31Z","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_status":"published","intvolume":" 13","title":"The union of balls and its dual shape","volume":13,"acknowledgement":"This work is supported by the National Science Foundation, under Grant ASC-9200301, and the Alan T. Waterman award, Grant CCR-9118874. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the view of the National Science Foundation.","extern":"1","citation":{"ista":"Edelsbrunner H. 1995. The union of balls and its dual shape. Discrete & Computational Geometry. 13(1), 415–440.","mla":"Edelsbrunner, Herbert. “The Union of Balls and Its Dual Shape.” Discrete & Computational Geometry, vol. 13, no. 1, Springer, 1995, pp. 415–40, doi:10.1007/BF02574053.","short":"H. Edelsbrunner, Discrete & Computational Geometry 13 (1995) 415–440.","chicago":"Edelsbrunner, Herbert. “The Union of Balls and Its Dual Shape.” Discrete & Computational Geometry. Springer, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02574053.","ieee":"H. Edelsbrunner, “The union of balls and its dual shape,” Discrete & Computational Geometry, vol. 13, no. 1. Springer, pp. 415–440, 1995.","ama":"Edelsbrunner H. The union of balls and its dual shape. Discrete & Computational Geometry. 1995;13(1):415-440. doi:10.1007/BF02574053","apa":"Edelsbrunner, H. (1995). The union of balls and its dual shape. Discrete & Computational Geometry. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02574053"},"year":"1995","date_updated":"2022-06-27T08:14:48Z","day":"01","doi":"10.1007/BF02574053","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Efficient algorithms are described for computing topological, combinatorial, and metric properties of the union of finitely many spherical balls in R(d) These algorithms are based on a simplicial complex dual to a decomposition of the union of balls using Voronoi cells, and on short inclusion-exclusion formulas derived from this complex. The algorithms are most relevant in R(3) where unions of finitely many balls are commonly used as models of molecules."}]}]