@article{2484, abstract = {Three cDNA clones, mGluR2, mGluR3, and mGluR4, were isolated from a rat brain cDNA library by cross-hybridization with the cDNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1). The cloned receptors show considerable sequence similarity with mGluR1 and possess a large extracellular domain preceding the seven putative membrane-spanning segments. mGluR2 is expressed in some particular neuronal cells different from those expressing mGluR1 and mediates an efficient inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation in cDNA- transfected cells. The mGluRs thus form a novel family of G protein-coupled receptors that differ in their signal transduction and expression patterns.}, author = {Tanabe, Yasuto and Masu, Masayuki and Ishii, Takahiro and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Nakanishi, Shigetada}, issn = {0896-6273}, journal = {Neuron}, number = {1}, pages = {169 -- 179}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{A family of metabotropic glutamate receptors}}, doi = {10.1016/0896-6273(92)90118-W}, volume = {8}, year = {1992}, } @article{2485, abstract = {Endothelins (ETs) are very potent vasoconstrictive peptides and have diverse functions in both vascular and nonvascular tissues. This investigation concerns the tissue distribution and cellular localization of rat mRNAs encoding two different subtypes of ET receptors (ET(A) and ET(B)). We isolated 46 cDNA clones from a rat lung cDNA library by hybridization with the bovine ET(A) cDNA. The characterization of these cDNA clones indicated that they represent either the ET(A) or ET(B) cDNA. In situ and blot hybridization analyses revealed that the rat ET(A) mRNA is predominantly expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells of a variety of tissues, bronchial smooth muscle cells, myocardium, and the pituitary gland. There is no significant expression of ET(B) mRNA in vascular smooth muscle cells, and ET(A), thus, plays a primary role in ET-induced vascular contraction. ET(B) mRNA is more widely distributed in various cell types of many tissues. Its prominent expression is seen in glial cells throughout the brain regions, epithelial cells of the choroid plexus, ependymal cells lining the ventricle, myocardium, endothelial cells of glomeruli, and epithelial cells of the thin segments of Henle's loops. Our investigation demonstrates that the mRNAs for the two subtypes of rat ET receptors show specialized expression patterns of cell types in both brain and peripheral tissues.}, author = {Hori, Seiji and Komatsu, Yasato and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru and Nakanishi, Shigetada}, issn = {0013-7227}, journal = {Endocrinology}, number = {4}, pages = {1885 -- 1895}, publisher = {The Endocrine Society}, title = {{Distinct tissue distribution and cellular localization of two messenger ribonucleic acids encoding different subtypes of rat endothelin receptors}}, doi = {10.1210/endo.130.4.1312429}, volume = {130}, year = {1992}, } @article{2486, abstract = {Distribution of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1), which is linked to phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis, was investigated in adult and developing rat central nervous system (CNS) by in situ hybridization. Transcripts of mGluR1 were specifically localized to neurons and widely distributed throughout the adult rat brain. Most intensely labeled neurons were Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, mitral and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb, and neurons in the hippocampus, lateral septum, thalamus, globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, ventral pallidum, magnocellular preoptic nucleus, substantia nigra, and dorsal cochlear nucleus. Moderately labeled neurons were seen in high density in the dentate gyrus, striatum, islands of Calleja, superficial layers of the retrosplenial, cingulate and entorhinal cortices, mammillary nuclei, red nucleus, and superior colliculus. In the developing rat brain, the level of mGluR1 expression gradually increased during early postnatal days in accordance with the maturation of neuronal elements. These results show prominent expression of mGluR1 in the major targets of putative glutamatergic pathways and unique distribution pattern of mGluR1 distinct from those reported for ionotropic subtypes of glutamate receptors, suggesting specific roles of mGluR1 in the glutamatergic system.}, author = {Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Nakanishi, Shigetada and Mizuno, Noboru}, issn = {0021-9967}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, number = {1}, pages = {121 -- 135}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Distribution of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1) in the central nervous system: An in situ hybridization study in adult and developing rat}}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903220110}, volume = {322}, year = {1992}, } @article{2531, abstract = {The distribution of NMDA receptor (NMDAR1) on neurons in the peripheral ganglia was examined in the adult rat by in situ hybridization. NMDAR1 mRNA was expressed in all neurons in the sensory and autonomic ganglia examined; in the dorsal root, trigeminal, nodose, superior cervical, and sphenopalatine ganglia. Possible roles of the NMDA receptor on the sensory and autonomic ganglion neurons are discussed.}, author = {Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Ohishi, Hitoshi and Nakanishi, Shigetada and Mizuno, Noboru}, issn = {0304-3940}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, number = {1-2}, pages = {229 -- 232}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Expression of the mRNA for the rat NMDA receptor (NMDAR1) in the sensory and autonomic ganglion neurons}}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(92)90756-W}, volume = {144}, year = {1992}, } @article{2532, abstract = {In the present study, we have investigated the expression of both the erythrocyte-type (GLUT1) and the brain-type (GLUT3) glucose transporter isoforms in primary human brain tumors. In situ hybridization made it possible to localize and semiquantify both GLUT1 and GLUT3 mRNAs of individual cells in all 18 samples examined. More signals for GLUT3 mRNA than for GLUT1 mRNA were found over astrocytoma cells, while the reverse was the case in all 6 meningiomas. In astrocytomas, for both mRNAs, the density of silver grains over tumor cells was well correlated with the malignancy of the cells. This correlation was, as was also confirmed by Northern blot analysis, more marked with GLUT3 mRNA than with GLUT1 mRNA. In 2 of 5 anaplastic astrocytomas and in all 3 glioblastomas, numerous tumor cells with large amounts of both mRNAs tended to surround the perivascular regions. 'Tumor vessels' with endothelial proliferation, an almost pathognomonic feature of glioblastomas, expressed much GLUT3 mRNA but no significant GLUT1 mRNA, while a single- or a few-layered capillary endothelium expressed much GLUT1 mRNA. The distribution of both mRNAs was in good accordance with that of both proteins. Our results suggest that the expression of both glucose transporter isoforms may contribute to the maintenance of human brain tumors and that the expression of the GLUT3 isoform may be closely related to the malignant change of astrocytomas and particularly related to the aberrant neovascularization which accompanies glioblastomas.}, author = {Nishioka, Tatsuya and Oda, Yoshifumi and Seino, Yutaka and Yamamoto, Taizo and Inagaki, Nobuya and Yano, Hideki and Imura, Hiroo and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Kikuchi, Haruhiko}, issn = {0008-5472}, journal = {Cancer Research}, number = {14}, pages = {3972 -- 3979}, publisher = {American Association for Cancer Research}, title = {{Distribution of the glucose transporters in human brain tumors}}, volume = {52}, year = {1992}, } @article{2533, abstract = {A cDNA clone for a new metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR5, was isolated through polymerase chain reaction-mediated DNA amplification by using primer sequences conserved among the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) family and by the subsequent screening of a rat brain cDNA library. The cloned receptor consists of 1171 amino acid residues and exhibits a structural architecture common to the mGluR family, possessing a large extracellular domain preceding the seven putative membrane-spanning segments. mGluR5 shows the highest sequence similarity to mGluR1 among the mGluR members and is coupled to the stimulation of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis/ Ca2+ signal transduction in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the cloned cDNA. This receptor also resembles mGluR1 in its agonist selectivity and antagonist responses; the potency rank order of agonists for mGluR5 was determined to be quisqualate > L-glutamate ≥ ibotenate > trans-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate. Blot and in situ hybridization analyses indicated that mGluR5 mRNA is widely distributed in neuronal cells of the central nervous system and is expressed differently from mGluR1 mRNA in many brain regions. This investigation thus demonstrates that there is an additional mGluR subtype which closely resembles mGluR1 in its signal transduction and pharmacological properties and is expressed in specialized neuronal cells in the central nervous system.}, author = {Abe, Takaaki and Sugihara, Hidemitsu and Nawa, Hiroyuki and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru and Nakanishi, Shigetada}, issn = {0021-9258}, journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry}, number = {19}, pages = {13361 -- 13368}, publisher = {American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology}, title = {{Molecular characterization of a novel metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 coupled to inositol phosphate/Ca2+ signal transduction}}, doi = {10.1016/S0021-9258(18)42219-3}, volume = {267}, year = {1992}, } @article{2534, abstract = {Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a 28 amino acid peptide hormone, plays many physiological roles in the peripheral and central nerve systems. A functional cDNA clone of the VIP receptor was isolated from a rat lung cDNA library by cross-hybridization with the secretin receptor cDNA. VIP bound the cloned VIP receptor expressed in mouse COP cells and stimulated adenylate cyclase through the cloned receptor. The rat VIP receptor consists of 459 amino acids with a calculated Mr of 52,054 and contains seven transmembrane segments. It is structurally related to the secretin, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone receptors, suggesting that they constitute a new subfamily of the G5 protein - coupled receptors. VIP receptor mRNA was detected in various rat tissues including liver, lung, intestines, and brain. In situ hybridization revealed that VIP receptor mRNA is widely distributed in neuronal cells of the adult rat brain, with a relatively high expression in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus.}, author = {Ishihara, Takeshi and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mori, Kensaku and Takahashi, Kenji and Nagata, Shigekazu}, issn = {0896-6273}, journal = {Neuron}, number = {4}, pages = {811 -- 819}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Functional expression and tissue distribution of a novel receptor for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide}}, doi = {10.1016/0896-6273(92)90101-I}, volume = {8}, year = {1992}, } @article{2535, abstract = {We report the molecular characterization of two novel rat helix-loop-helix (HLH) proteins, designated HES-1 and HES-3, that show structural homology to the Drosophila hairy and Enhancer of split [E(spl)] proteins, both of which are required for normal neurogenesis. HES-1 mRNA, expressed in various tissues of both embryos and adults, is present at a high level in the epithelial cells, including the embryonal neuroepithelial cells, as well as in the mesoderm-derived tissues such as the embryonal muscle. In contrast, HES-3 mRNA is produced exclusively in cerebellar Purkinje cells. HES-1 represses transcription by binding to the N box, which is a recognition sequence of E(spl) proteins. Interestingly, neither HES-1 nor HES-3 alone interacts efficiently with the E box, but each protein decreases the transcription induced by E-box-binding HLH activators such as E47. Furthermore, HES-1 also inhibits the functions of MyoD and MASH1 and effectively diminishes the myogenic conversion of C3H10T1/2 cells induced by MyoD. These results suggest that HES-1 may play an important role in mammalian development by negatively acting on the two different sequences while HES-3 acts as a repressor in a specific type of neurons.}, author = {Sasai, Yoshiki and Kageyama, Ryoichiro and Tagawa, Yoshiaki and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Nakanishi, Shigetada}, issn = {0890-9369}, journal = {Genes and Development}, number = {12 B}, pages = {2620 -- 2634}, publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press}, title = {{Two mammalian helix-loop-helix factors structurally related to Drosophila hairy and Enhancer of split}}, doi = {10.1101/gad.6.12b.2620}, volume = {6}, year = {1992}, } @article{2714, author = {Erdös, László}, issn = {0001-5954}, journal = {Acta Mathematica Hungarica}, number = {1-2}, pages = {11 -- 24}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{On some problems of P. Turán concerning power sums of complex numbers}}, doi = {10.1007/BF00052086}, volume = {59}, year = {1992}, } @article{2722, abstract = {A version of the one-dimensional Rayleigh gas is considered: a point particle of mass M (molecule), confined to the unit interval [0,1], is surrounded by an infinite ideal gas of point particles of mass 1 (atoms). The molecule interacts with the atoms and with the walls via elastic collision. Central limit theorems are proved for a wide class of additive functionals of this system (e.g. the number of collisions with the walls and the total length of the molecular path).}, author = {Erdös, László and Tuyen, Dao}, issn = {0010-3616}, journal = {Communications in Mathematical Physics}, number = {3}, pages = {451 -- 466}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Central limit theorems for the one-dimensional Rayleigh gas with semipermeable barriers}}, doi = {10.1007/BF02099260}, volume = {143}, year = {1992}, } @article{1946, abstract = {An ultra-low dose (10-14 M) of opioid peptide [D-Ala2]methionine enkephalinamide (DAMEA) is found to exert an inhibitory effect on the production of reactive oxygen species (respiratory burst) in human neutrophils. The validity of this phenomenon has been verified in a series of studies that comprised 30 experiments. The inhibition has proved to be statistically significant (P<0.001). The dose-response dependence of the effect (10-15-10-9 M) followed a characteristic biphasic pattern (with the maximum effect at ultra-low doses). An opioid antagonist, naloxone partially blocks the inhibitory effect, which indicates that the DAMEA action is at least partially mediated by opioid receptors.}, author = {Zaǐtsev, Sergei and Sazanov, Leonid A and Koshkin, Aleksei and Sud'Ina, Galina and Varfolomeev, Sergei}, issn = {0014-2956}, journal = {FEBS Letters}, number = {1}, pages = {84 -- 86}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Respiratory burst inhibition in human neutrophils by ultra-low doses of [D-Ala2] methionine enkephalinamide}}, doi = {10.1016/0014-5793(91)81109-L}, volume = {291}, year = {1991}, } @article{3468, abstract = {Two types of metabolically regulated K channels have been identified for the first time in enzymatically demyelinated fibres of amphibian sciatic nerve using the patch-clamp technique. A maxi K channel with a single-channel conductance of 132 pS (105 mM K on both sides of the membrane, 15°C) is activated both by micromolar concentrations of internal Ca and by depolarization. A second type of K channel with a conductance of 44 pS is inhibited by intracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 35 μM. It is blocked by submicromolar concentrations of external glibenclamide. Both channels are sensitive to external tetraethylammonium chloride (IC50 = 0.2 mM for the maxi K channel and 4.2 mM for the ATP-sensitive channel). They may be part of a complex feedback system regulating axonal excitability under various metabolic conditions. }, author = {Jonas, Peter M and Koh, Duk and Kampe, Knut and Hermsteiner, Markus and Vogel, Werner}, issn = {1432-2013}, journal = {Pflügers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology}, number = {1-2}, pages = {68 -- 73}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{ATP-sensitive and Ca-activated K channels in vertebrate axons: novel links between metabolism and excitability}}, doi = {10.1007/BF00370453}, volume = {418}, year = {1991}, } @inbook{3566, abstract = {This paper proves an O(m2/3n2/3 + m + n) upper bound on the number of incidences between m points and n hyperplanes in four dimensions, assuming all points lie on one side of each hyperplane and the points and hyperplanes satisfy certain natural general position conditions. This result has application to various three-dimensional combinatorial distance problems. For example, it implies the same upper bound for the number of bichromatic minimum distance pairs in a set of m blue and n red points in three-dimensional space. This improves the best previous bound for this problem. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990.}, author = {Edelsbrunner, Herbert and Sharir, Micha}, booktitle = {Applied Geometry and Discrete Mathematics: The Victor Klee Festschrift}, isbn = {978-0897913850}, pages = {253 -- 263}, publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, title = {{A hyperplane incidence problem with applications to counting distances}}, volume = {4}, year = {1991}, } @inbook{3567, abstract = {Many computational geometry problems arc exceedingly more difficult if the setting is the (three-dimensional real) space R3 rather than the plane . Most often the reason for this striking increase in complexity is the appearance of new geometric phenomena caused by one-dimensional objects in space. The intention of recent studies on problems for lines in space is to shed light on these new phenomena and their complexities. This paper reviews some of the most important results and shows how they are related to problems in dimensions 2 and 5. }, author = {Edelsbrunner, Herbert}, booktitle = {Discrete & Computational Geometry: Papers from the Dimacs Special Year}, isbn = {9780821865958}, pages = {77 -- 93}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Lines in space – A collection of results}}, volume = {6}, year = {1991}, } @article{3646, abstract = {We compare the pattern of morphological and electrophoretic variation in the hybrid zone between Bombina bombina and B. variegata across two transects: one near Cracow and one 200 km away, near Przemysl in southeastern Poland. Morphological variation across the Przemysl transect had been surveyed more than 50 years ago; though we found a significant shift at one site, there is no evidence for gross movement over this period. Morphological and electrophoretic changes coincide, and the average shape of the clines is the same across both transects. At the center, most of the change in frequency of six diagnostic allozymes occurs within w = 6.05 km (2-unit support limits 5.56-6.54 km). These steep gradients are generated not by selection on the allozymes themselves, but by associations with other loci: though these markers are unlinked, they are in strong linkage disequilibrium with each other [R = D/ = 0.22 (0.15-0.29) at the center]. Disequilibria are broken up as alleles diffuse away from the zone and flow into the new genetic background. The net barrier to the flow of genes from bombina into variegata, which is generated by these disequilibria, is B = 51 (22-81) km. The fitness of hybrids must be substantially reduced to produce such a barrier [W̄H/W̄P = 0.58 (0.54-0.68)], and this selection must be spread over many loci [N = 55 (26-88)]. Alleles introgress significantly less far than would be expected from the age of the zone and the estimated dispersal rate [σ = 0.99 (0.82-1.14) km gen.-1/2]: this implies selection of se = 0.37 (0.15-0.58)% on the enzymes themselves. There is weak but significant linkage disequilibrium well away from the center of the zone; this, together with the presence of parental and F1 genotypes, suggests some long-range migration. However, such migration is not likely to cause significant introgression. }, author = {Szymura, Jacek and Barton, Nicholas H}, issn = {1558-5646}, journal = {Evolution}, number = {2}, pages = {237 -- 261}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{The genetic structure of the hybrid zone between the fire-bellied toads Bombina bombina and B. variegata: comparisons between transects and between loci}}, doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04400.x}, volume = {45}, year = {1991}, } @article{3647, abstract = {A method is developed that describes the effects on an arbitrary number of autosomal loci of selection on haploid and diploid stages, of nonrandom mating between haploid individuals, and of recombination. We provide exact recursions for the dynamics of allele frequencies and linkage disequilibria (nonrandom associations of alleles across loci). When selection is weak relative to recombination, our recursions provide simple approximations for the linkage disequilibria among arbitrary combinations of loci. We show how previous models of sex-independent natural selection on diploids, assortative mating between haploids, and sexual selection on haploids can be analyzed in this framework. Using our weak-selection approximations, we derive new results concerning the coevolution of male traits and female preferences under natural and sexual selection. In particular, we provide general expressions for the intensity of linkage-disequilibrium induced selection experienced by loci that contribute to female preferences for specific male traits. Our general results support the previous observation that these indirect selection forces are so weak that they are unlikely to dominate the evolution of preference-producing loci.}, author = {Barton, Nicholas H and Turelli, Michael}, issn = {0016-6731}, journal = {Genetics}, number = {1}, pages = {229 -- 255}, publisher = {Genetics Society of America}, title = {{Natural and sexual selection on many loci}}, doi = {10.1093/genetics/127.1.229}, volume = {127}, year = {1991}, } @article{3648, abstract = {We investigate the probability of fixation of a chromosome rearrangement in a subdivided population, concentrating on the limit where migration is so large relative to selection (m ≫ s) that the population can be thought of as being continuously distributed. We study two demes, and one- and two-dimensional populations. For two demes, the probability of fixation in the limit of high migration approximates that of a population with twice the size of a single deme: migration therefore greatly reduces the fixation probability. However, this behavior does not extend to a large array of demes. Then, the fixation probability depends primarily on neighborhood size (Nb), and may be appreciable even with strong selection and free gene flow (≈exp(-B·Nb) in one dimension, ≈exp(-B\cdotNb) in two dimensions). Our results are close to those for the more tractable case of a polygenic character under disruptive selection.}, author = {Barton, Nicholas H and Rouhani, Shahin}, issn = {1558-5646}, journal = {Evolution}, number = {3}, pages = {499 -- 517}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{The probability of fixation of a new karyotype in a continuous population}}, doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb04326.x}, volume = {45}, year = {1991}, } @article{4051, abstract = {An algorithm is presented that constructs the convex hull of a set of n points in three dimensions in worst-case time O(n log2h) and storage O(n), where h is the number of extreme points. This is an improvement of the O(nh) time gift-wrapping algorithm and, for certain values of h, of the O(n log n) time divide-and-conquer algorithm.}, author = {Edelsbrunner, Herbert and Shi, Weiping}, issn = {1095-7111}, journal = {SIAM Journal on Computing}, number = {2}, pages = {259 -- 269}, publisher = {SIAM}, title = {{An O(n log^2 h) time algorithm for the three-dimensional convex hull problem}}, doi = {10.1137/0220016 }, volume = {20}, year = {1991}, } @article{4052, abstract = {This paper describes an effective procedure for stratifying a real semi-algebraic set into cells of constant description size. The attractive feature of our method is that the number of cells produced is singly exponential in the number of input variables. This compares favorably with the doubly exponential size of Collins' decomposition. Unlike Collins' construction, however, our scheme does not produce a cell complex but only a smooth stratification. Nevertheless, we are able to apply our results in interesting ways to problems of point location and geometric optimization.}, author = {Chazelle, Bernard and Edelsbrunner, Herbert and Guibas, Leonidas and Sharir, Micha}, issn = {1879-2294}, journal = {Theoretical Computer Science}, number = {1}, pages = {77 -- 105}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{A singly exponential stratification scheme for real semi-algebraic varieties and its applications}}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3975(91)90261-Y}, volume = {84}, year = {1991}, } @inproceedings{4054, abstract = {The zone theorem for an arrangement of n hyperplanes in d-dimensional real space says that the total number of faces bounding the cells intersected by another hyperplane is O(n d–1). This result is the basis of a time-optimal incremental algorithm that constructs a hyperplane arrangement and has a host of other algorithmic and combinatorial applications. Unfortunately, the original proof of the zone theorem, for d ge 3, turned out to contain a serious and irreparable error. This paper presents a new proof of the theorem. Our proof is based on an inductive argument, which also applies in the case of pseudo-hyperplane arrangements. We also briefly discuss the fallacies of the old proof along with some ways of partially saving that approach.}, author = {Edelsbrunner, Herbert and Seidel, Raimund and Sharir, Micha}, pages = {108 -- 123}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{On the zone theorem for hyperplane arrangements}}, doi = {10.1007/BFb0038185}, volume = {555}, year = {1991}, }