@article{4177, abstract = {Thyroid hormones play an important role in brain development, but the mechanism(s) by which triiodothyronine (T3) mediates neuronal differentiation is poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that T3 regulates the neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), in developing rat cerebellar granule cells both in cell culture and in vivo. In situ hybridization experiments showed that developing Purkinje cells do not express NT-3 mRNA but do express trkC, the putative neuronal receptor for NT-3. Addition of recombinant NT-3 to cerebellar cultures from embryonic rat brain induces hypertrophy and neurite sprouting of Purkinje cells, and upregulates the mRNA encoding the calcium-binding protein, calbindin-28 kD. The present study demonstrates a novel interaction between cerebellar granule neurons and developing Purkinje cells in which NT-3 induced by T3 in the granule cells promotes Purkinje cell differentiation.}, author = {Lindholm, Dan and Castrén, Eero and Tsoulfas, Pantelis and Kolbeck, Roland and Berzaghi, Maria and Leingärtner, Axel and Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J and Tesarollo, Lino and Parada, Luis and Thoenen, Hans}, issn = {0021-9525}, journal = {Journal of Cell Biology}, number = {2}, pages = {443 -- 450}, publisher = {Rockefeller University Press}, title = {{Neurotrophin-3 induced by tri-iodothyronine in cerebellar granule cells promotes Purkinje cell differentiation}}, doi = {10.1083/jcb.122.2.443}, volume = {122}, year = {1993}, } @article{4299, abstract = {Evolutionary explanations of aging (or senescence) fall into two classes. First, organisms might have evolved the optimal life history, in which survival and fertility late in life are sacrificed for the sake of early reproduction or high pre-adult survival. Second, the life history might be depressed below this optimal compromise by the influx of deleterious mutations; since selection against late-acting mutations is weaker, deleterious mutations will impose a greater load on late life. We discuss ways in which these theories might be investigated and distinguished, with reference to experimental work withDrosophila. While genetic correlations between life history traits determine the immediate response to selection, they are hard to measure, and may not reflect the fundamental constraints on life history. Long term selection experiments are more likely to be informative. The third approach of using experimental manipulations suffers from some of the same problems as measures of genetic correlations; however, these two approaches may be fruitful when used together. The experimental results so far suggest that aging inDrosophila has evolved in part as a consequence of selection for an optimal life history, and in part as a result of accumulation of predominantly late-acting deleterious mutations. Quantification of these effects presents a major challenge for the future.}, author = {Partridge, Linda and Barton, Nicholas H}, issn = {0016-6707}, journal = {Genetica}, number = {1-3}, pages = {89 -- 98}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Evolution of aging: Testing the theory using Drosophila}}, doi = {10.1007/BF01435990}, volume = {91}, year = {1993}, } @article{4300, abstract = {Evolutionary explanations of ageing fall into two classes. Organisms might have evolved the optimal life history, in which survival and fertility late in life are sacrificed for the sake of early reproduction and survival. Alternatively, the life history might be depressed below this optimal compromise by deleterious mutations: because selection against late-acting mutations is weaker, these will impose a greater load on late life. Evidence for the importance of both is emerging, and unravelling their relative importance presents experimentalists with a major challenge.}, author = {Partridge, Linda and Barton, Nicholas H}, issn = {0028-0836}, journal = {Nature}, pages = {305 -- 311}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Optimality, mutation and the evolution of ageing}}, doi = {10.1038/362305a0}, volume = {362}, year = {1993}, } @inbook{4301, author = {Barton, Nicholas H and Gale, Katherine}, booktitle = {Hybrid zones and the evolutionary process}, editor = {Harrison, Richard}, isbn = { 0-19-506917-X}, pages = {13 -- 45}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{Genetic analysis of hybrid zones}}, doi = {10.1046/j.1420-9101.1994.7050631.x}, year = {1993}, } @misc{4302, author = {Barton, Nicholas H}, booktitle = {Genetical Research}, issn = {0016-6723}, number = {1}, pages = {77 -- 85}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {{Review of "The causes of molecular evolution" by J.H. Gillespie}}, doi = {10.1017/S001667230003158X }, volume = {62}, year = {1993}, } @article{4303, abstract = {In a stably subdivided population with symmetric migration, the chance that a favoured allele will be fixed is independent of population structure. However, random extinction introduces an extra component of sampling drift, and reduces the probability of fixation. In this paper, the fixation probability is calculated using the diffusion approximation; comparison with exact solution of the discrete model shows this to be accurate. The key parameters are the rates of selection, migration and extinction, scaled relative to population size (S = 4Ns, M = 4Nm, Λ = 4Nλ); results apply to a haploid model, or to diploids with additive selection. If new colonies derive from many demes, the fixation probability cannot be reduced by more than half. However, if colonies are initially homogeneous, fixation probability can be much reduced. In the limit of low migration and extinction rates (M, Λ 1), it is 2s/{1 + (Λ/MS)(1 −exp(−S))}, whilst in the opposite limit (S 1), it is 4sM/{Λ(Λ + M)}. In the limit of weak selection (M, Λ 1), it is 4sM/{Λ(Λ + M)}. These factors are not the same as the reduction in effective population size (Ne/N), showing that the effects of population structure on selected alleles cannot be understood from the behaviour of neutral markers.}, author = {Barton, Nicholas H}, issn = {0016-6723}, journal = {Genetics Research}, number = {2}, pages = {149 -- 158}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {{The probability of fixation of a favoured allele in a subdivided population}}, doi = {10.1017/S0016672300031748}, volume = {62}, year = {1993}, } @article{4304, author = {Barton, Nicholas H}, issn = {0960-9822}, journal = {Current Biology}, number = {11}, pages = {797 -- 799}, publisher = {Cell Press}, title = {{Why species and subspecies?}}, doi = {10.1016/0960-9822(93)90036-N}, volume = {3}, year = {1993}, } @inproceedings{4506, abstract = {We propose a formal framework for designing hybrid systems by stepwise refinement. Starting with a specification in hybrid temporal logic, we make successively more transitions explicit until we obtain an executable system.}, author = {Henzinger, Thomas A and Manna, Zohar and Pnueli, Amir}, booktitle = {International Hybrid Systems Workshop}, editor = {Grossman, Robert and Nerode, Anil and Ravn, Anders and Rischel, Hans}, isbn = {978-3-540-57318-0}, pages = {60 -- 76}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Towards refining temporal specifications into hybrid systems}}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-57318-6_24}, volume = {736}, year = {1993}, } @article{4589, abstract = {The theory of the natural numbers with linear order and monadic predicates underlies propositional linear temporal logic. To study temporal logics that are suitable for reasoning about real-time systems, we combine this classical theory of infinite state sequences with a theory of discrete time, via a monotonic function that maps every state to its time. The resulting theory of timed state sequences is shown to be decidable, albeit nonelementary, and its expressive power is characterized by ω-regular sets. Several more expressive variants are proved to be highly undecidable. This framework allows us to classify a wide variety of real-time logics according to their complexity and expressiveness. Indeed, it follows that most formalisms proposed in the literature cannot be decided. We are, however, able to identify two elementary real-time temporal logics as expressively complete fragments of the theory of timed state sequences, and we present tableau-based decision procedures for checking validity. Consequently, these two formalisms are well-suited for the specification and verification of real-time systems. Copyright © 1993 Academic Press. All rights reserved.}, author = {Alur, Rajeev and Henzinger, Thomas A}, issn = {0890-5401}, journal = {Information and Computation}, number = {1}, pages = {35 -- 77}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Real-time logics: Complexity and expressiveness}}, doi = {10.1006/inco.1993.1025}, volume = {104}, year = {1993}, } @inproceedings{4616, abstract = {We present a model checking procedure and its implementation for the automatic verification of embedded systems. Systems are represented by hybrid automata - machines with finite control and real-valued variables modeling continuous environment parameters such as time, pressure, and temperature. System properties are specified in a real-time temporal logic and verified by symbolic computation. The verification procedure, implemented in Mathematica, is used to prove digital controllers and distributed algorithms correct. The verifier checks safety, liveness, time-bounded, and duration properties of hybrid automata}, author = {Alur, Rajeev and Henzinger, Thomas A and Ho, Pei}, booktitle = {1993 Proceedings Real-Time Systems Symposium}, isbn = {0-8186-4480-X}, location = {Raleigh, NC, United States of America}, pages = {2 -- 11}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {{Automatic symbolic verification of embedded systems}}, doi = {10.1109/REAL.1993.393520 }, year = {1993}, } @inproceedings{4618, abstract = {We introduce the framework of hybrid automata as a model and specification language for hybrid systems. Hybrid automata can be viewed as a generalization of timed automata, in which the behavior of variables is governed in each state by a set of differential equations. We show that many of the examples considered in the workshop can be defined by hybrid automata. While the reachability problem is undecidable even for very restricted classes of hybrid automata, we present two semidecision procedures for verifying safety properties of piecewiselinear hybrid automata, in which all variables change at constant rates. The two procedures are based, respectively, on minimizing and computing fixpoints on generally infinite state spaces. We show that if the procedures terminate, then they give correct answers. We then demonstrate that for many of the typical workshop examples, the procedures do terminate and thus provide an automatic way for verifying their properties.}, author = {Alur, Rajeev and Courcoubetis, Costas and Henzinger, Thomas A and Ho, Pei}, booktitle = {Hybrid Systems}, editor = {Grossman, Robert and Nerode, Anil and Ravn, Anders and Rischel, Hans}, pages = {209 -- 229}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Hybrid automata: An algorithmic approach to the specification and verification of hybrid systems}}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-57318-6_30}, volume = {736}, year = {1993}, } @inproceedings{4619, abstract = {Traditional approaches to the algorithmic verification of real-time systems are limited to checking program correctness with respect to concrete timing properties (e.g., "message delivery within 10 milliseconds"). We address the more realistic and more ambitious problem of deriving symbolic constraints on the timing properties required of real-time systems (e.g., "message delivery within the time it takes to execute two assignment statements"). To model this problem, we introduce parametric timed automata -- finite-state machines whose transitions are constrained with parametric timing requirements. The emptiness question for parametric timed automata is central to the verification problem. On the negative side, we show that in general this question is undecidable. On the positive side, we provide algorithms for checking the emptiness of restricted classes of parametric timed automata. The practical relevance of these classes is illustrated with several verification examples. There remains a gap between the automata classes for which we know that emptiness is decidable and undecidable, respectively, and this gap is related to various hard and open problems of logic and automata theory.}, author = {Alur, Rajeev and Henzinger, Thomas A and Vardi, Moshe}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 25th annual ACM symposium on Theory of Computing}, location = {San Diego, CA, United States of America}, pages = {592 -- 601}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{Parametric real-time reasoning}}, doi = {10.1145/167088.167242}, year = {1993}, } @inproceedings{4620, abstract = {We present a verification algorithm for duration properties of finite-state real-time systems. While simple real-time properties constrain the total elapsed time between events, duration properties constrain the accumulated time during which certain state predicates hold. We formalize the concept of durations by introducing duration measures for (dense-time) timed automata. Given a timed automaton with a duration measure, a start and a target state, and a duration constraint, the duration-bounded reachability problem asks if there is a run of the automaton from the start state to the target state such that the accumulated duration along the run satisfies the constraint. Our main result is a novel decision procedure for solving the duration-bounded reachability problem. We also prove that the problem is PSPACE-complete and demonstrate how the solution can be used to verify interesting duration properties of real-time systems.}, author = {Alur, Rajeev and Courcoubetis, Costas and Henzinger, Thomas A}, booktitle = {5th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification}, location = {Elounda, Greece}, pages = {181 -- 193}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Computing accumulated delays in real-time systems}}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-56922-7_16}, volume = {697}, year = {1993}, } @article{2487, abstract = {Distribution of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR3, which is coupled to the inhibitory cAMP cascade, was examined in the central nervous system of the adult albino rat by in situ hybridization. The hybridization signals of mGluR3 were detected not only on neuronal cells but also on many glial cells throughout the brain and spinal cord. In the neuronal cells, prominent expression of mGluR3 mRNA was seen in the thalamic reticular nucleus. Moderately labeled neurons were seen in the anterior olfactory nucleus, cerebral neo- and mesocortical regions, lateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part of the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal endopiriform nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, superficial layers of the superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, interpeduncular nucleus, superior olivary nuclei, and Golgi cells in the cerebellar cortex. Weakly labeled neurons were observed in the striatum, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, medial habenular nucleus, anterior pretectal nucleus, Barrington's nucleus, Nucleus O, paragenual nucleus, trigeminal sensory complex, cochlear nuclei, dorsal motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, dorsal cap of the inferior olive, spinal dorsal horn, and lamina X of the spinal cord. The stellate cells in the cerebellar cortex, and neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei were also labeled weakly. The granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, as a whole, appeared to be labeled intensely, but each of the granule cells was labeled only weakly. No significant labeling was detected in the mitral and tufted cells in the olfactory bulb, hippocampal pyramidal cells, Purkinje and granule cells in the cerebellar cortex, or somatic motoneurons. The distribution of mGluR3 mRNA in particular neurons and glial cells indicates specific roles of mGluR3 in the glutamatergic system of the central nervous system.}, author = {Ohishi, Hitoshi and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Nakanishi, Shigetada and Mizuno, Noboru}, issn = {0021-9967}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, number = {2}, pages = {252 -- 266}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{ Distribution of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR3) in the rat brain: An in situ hybridization study}}, doi = {10.1002/cne.903350209}, volume = {335}, year = {1993}, } @article{2536, abstract = {A cDNA clone for a new metabotropic glutamate receptor, termed mGluR6, was isolated from a rat retinal cDNA library by cross-hybridization with the previously isolated cDNA clone for a metabotropic glutamate receptor. The cloned mGluR6 subtype consists of 871 amino acid residues and exhibits a structural architecture common to the metabotropic receptor family, possessing a large extracellular domain preceding the seven putative membrane-spanning domains. mGluR6 shows the highest sequence similarity to mGluR4 among the metabotropic receptor subtypes and inhibits the forskolin- stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the cloned cDNA. mGluR6 potently reacts with L-2-amino-4- phosphonobutyrate (L-AP4) and L-serine-O-phosphate, and the potencies of these compounds are one order of magnitude greater than that of L-glutamate. Blot and in situ hybridization analyses indicated that mGluR6 mRNA is restrictedly expressed in the inner nuclear layer of the retina where ON- bipolar cells are distributed. The metabotropic receptor that responds strongly to L-AP4 and L-serine-O-phosphate in ON-bipolar cells is known to mediate glutamate synaptic transmission between photoreceptor cells and ON- bipolar cells. On the basis of the agonist selectivity of mGluR6 and its specific expression in retinal cells, the physiological role of this receptor subtype in the visual system is discussed.}, author = {Nakajima, Yoshiaki and Iwakabe, Hideki and Akazawa, Chihiro and Nawa, Hiroyuki and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru and Nakanishi, Shigetada}, issn = {0021-9258}, journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry}, number = {16}, pages = {11868 -- 11873}, publisher = {American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology}, title = {{Molecular characterization of a novel retinal metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR6 with a high agonist selectivity for L-2-amino-4- phosphonobutyrate}}, doi = {10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50280-0}, volume = {268}, year = {1993}, } @article{2537, abstract = {The metabotropic glutamate receptors are coupled to intracellular signal transduction via G-proteins and consist of a family of at least five different subtypes, termed mGluR1-mGluR5. We studied the signal transduction mechanism and pharmacological characteristics of the rat mGluR3 and mGluR4 subtypes in Chinese hamster ovary cells permanently expressing the cloned receptors. Both mGluR3 and mGluR4 inhibit the forskolin-stimulated accumulation of intracellular cAMP formation in response to agonist interaction. Consistent with the high degree of sequence similarity to mGluR2, mGluR3 closely resembles mGluR2 in its agonist selectivity; the potency rank order of agonists is L-glutamate > trans-1-aminocyclopentane- 1,3-dicarboxylate > ibotenate > quisqualate. mGluR4 is totally different in its agonist specificity from any other member of the metabotropic receptors. This receptor potently reacts with L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate(L-AP4) in a stereo-selective manner and moderately responds to L-serine-O-phosphate. mGluR4 thus corresponds well to the putative L-AP4 receptor characterized from brain preparations. Blot and in situ hybridization analyses indicated that both mRNAs are widely distributed in the rat brain. mGluR3 mRNA is highly expressed in neuronal cells of the cerebral cortex and the caudate- putamen, and in granule cells of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. The expression pattern of mGluR4 mRNA is more restricted, and this expression is prominent in the cerebellum, olfactory bulb, and thalamus. Furthermore, the mGluR3 mRNA, unlike the other mRNAs for the metabotropic receptors, is highly expressed in glial cells throughout the brain regions. The metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes can thus be classified into three subgroups according to the similarity in their amino acid sequences, signal transduction, and agonist selectivity: mGluR1/mGluR5, mGluR2/mGluR3, and mGluR4. The mRNAs for the individual receptor subtypes, however, show overlapping but distinct patterns of expression in the rat CNS.}, author = {Tanabe, Yasuto and Nomura, Akinori and Masu, Masayuki and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru and Nakanishi, Shigetada}, issn = {0270-6474}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, number = {4}, pages = {1372 -- 1378}, publisher = {Society for Neuroscience}, title = {{Signal transduction, pharmacological properties, and expression patterns of two rat metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR3 and mGluR4}}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-04-01372.1993}, volume = {13}, year = {1993}, } @article{2538, abstract = {Rat mRNAs encoding two subtypes of the endothelin (ET) receptor (ET(A) and ET(B)) were studied in the rat ovary and fallopian tube by means of Northern blotting and in situ hybridization. The mRNA transcripts for the endothelin- 1-specific type receptor (ET(A)) in pooled RNA from the ovary and fallopian tube were 4.2 and 5.2 kilonucleotides, and that for the nonselective type receptor (ET(B)) was 4.7 kilonucleotides; these were similar to transcripts for endothelin receptors from other tissues. ET(A) mRNA expression was abundant in the muscle cell layer of the fallopian tube, but low in the ovary. On the other hand, ET(B) mRNA was abundant in the granulosa cells in the developing follicles, but low in atretic follicles and absent in the fallopian tube. These results demonstrated that the mRNAs for the two subtypes of the rat endothelin receptor have different expression profiles in the ovary and fallopian tube. ETs may mainly affect the granulosa cells in the dominant follicles as well as the muscle cells of the fallopian tube through ET(B) and ET(A), respectively.}, author = {Iwai, Masazumi and Hori, Seiji and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Kanzaki, Hideharu and Mori, Takahide and Nakanishi, Shigetada}, issn = {0006-3363}, journal = {Biology of Reproduction}, number = {4}, pages = {675 -- 680}, publisher = {Society for the Study of Reproduction}, title = {{Localization of endothelin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat ovary and fallopian tube by in situ hybridization}}, doi = {10.1095/biolreprod49.4.675}, volume = {49}, year = {1993}, } @article{2539, abstract = {cDNA clones for four different N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunits (NMDAR2A-NMDAR2D) were isolated through polymerase chain reactions followed by molecular screening of a rat brain cDNA library. These subunits are only about 15% identical with the key subunit of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR1) but are highly homologous (~50% homology) with one another. They also commonly possess large hydrophilic domains at both amino- and carboxyl- terminal sides of the four putative transmembrane segments. NMDAR2A and NMDAR2C expressed individually in Xenopus oocytes showed no electrophysiological response to agonists. However, these subunits in combined expression with NMDAR1 markedly potentiated the NMDAR1 activity and produced functional variability in the affinity of agonists, the effectiveness of antagonists, and the sensitivity to Mg2+ blockade. Thus, NMDAR1 is essential for the function of the NMDA receptor, and multiple NMDAR2 subunits potentiate and differentiate the function of the NMDA receptor by forming different heteromeric configurations with NMDAR1. Northern blotting and in situ hybridization analyses revealed that the expressions of individual mRNAs for the NMDAR2 subunits overlap in some brain regions but are also specialized in many other regions. This investigation demonstrates the anatomical and functional differences of the NMDAR2 subunits, which provide the molecular basis for the functional diversity of the NMDA receptor.}, author = {Ishii, Takahiro and Moriyoshi, Koki and Sugihara, Hidemitsu and Sakurada, Kazuhir and Kadotani, Hiroshi and Yokoi, Mineto and Akazawa, Chihiro and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru and Masu, Masayuki and Nakanishi, Shigetada}, issn = {0021-9258}, journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry}, number = {4}, pages = {2836 -- 2843}, publisher = {American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology}, title = {{Molecular characterization of the family of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunits}}, doi = {10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53849-7 }, volume = {268}, year = {1993}, } @article{2540, abstract = {Distribution of the messenger RNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, which is coupled to the inhibitory cyclic AMP cascade, was investigated in the central nervous system of the adult rat by in situ hybridization. Transcripts of mGluR2 were specifically localized to neuronal cells of the brain. Although the hybridization signals were widely distributed in the brain, the most prominent expression of mGluR2 messenger RNA was seen in Golgi cells of the cerebellum. Marked expression of mGluR2 messenger RNA was further observed in the mitral cells of the accessory olfactory bulb, neurons in the external part of the anterior olfactory nucleus, and pyramidal neurons in the entorhinal and parasubicular cortical regions. The granule cells of the accessory olfactory bulb, and many pyramidal and non-pyramidal neurons in the neocortical, cingulate, retrosplenial and subicular cortices, were moderately labeled. All of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus were also labeled moderately, whereas no significant hybridization signals were detected in Ammon's horn. In the basal forebrain regions, moderately labeled neurons were distributed in the triangular septal nucleus, in the lateral, basolateral and basomedial amygdaloid nuclei, and in the medial mammillary nucleus. Weakly labeled neurons were sparsely scattered in the striatum, globus pallidus, ventral pallidum and claustrum. The subthalamic nucleus was also labeled weakly. No significant labeling was found in the entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra. In the thalamus, moderately labeled neurons were distributed in the anterodorsal, anteromedial, ventromedial, intralaminar and midline nuclei; the ventrolateral part of the anteroventral nucleus and the rostral pole of the ventrolateral nucleus also contained moderately labeled neurons. No significant labeling was found in the thalamic reticular, submedius, ventroposterior, lateral geniculate and medial geniculate nuclei. In the lower brainstem, labeling was generally weak. No significant hybridization signals were found in the spinal cord. Some neurons in the inner part of the inner nuclear layer of the retina and some retinal ganglion cells were labeled moderately. The pattern of distribution of mGluR2 messenger RNA revealed in the present study indicates specific roles of mGluR2 in the glutamatergic system in the brain.}, author = {Ohishi, Hitoshi and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Nakanishi, Shigetada and Mizuno, Noboru}, issn = {0306-4522}, journal = {Neuroscience}, number = {4}, pages = {1009 -- 1018}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Distribution of the messenger RNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, in the central nervous system of the rat}}, doi = {10.1016/0306-4522(93)90485-X}, volume = {53}, year = {1993}, } @article{2541, abstract = {A trp E fusion protein containing a C-terminal portion of the rat substance P receptor (SPR) was expressed in bacteria and used to produce an antibody. The antibody specifically reacted with SPR expressed in a mammalian cell line and rat striatum. Light and electron microscope analyses of the rat striatum revealed intense SPR-like immunoreactivity in neuronal somata and dendrites. These immunoreactive neurons constituted ∼ 3% of the total population of striatal neurons; they were putative interneurons of large and medium-sized aspiny types.}, author = {Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Nakaya, Yoshifumi and Nomura, Sakashi and Ogawa Meguro, Reiko and Ohishi, Hitoshi and Kaneko, Takeshi and Nakanishi, Shigetada and Mizuno, Noboru}, issn = {0304-3940}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, number = {2}, pages = {157 -- 160}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Immunocytochemical localization of rat substance P receptor in the striatum}}, doi = {10.1016/0304-3940(93)90311-8}, volume = {153}, year = {1993}, }