@article{2568,
  abstract     = {Localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR4a, was immunohistochemically examined in the rat cerebellum with an antibody, which was produced by using a synthetic peptide corresponding to a C-terminal sequence of rat mGluR4a. Marked mGluR4a-like immunoreactivity (mGluRLta-LI) was seen in neuropil of the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Electron microscopically, mGluR4a-LI was observed in many axon terminals in the molecular layer. These axon terminals showing mGluR4a-LI were filled with round synaptic vesicles and were in asymmetric synaptic contacts most frequently with dendritic spines. The results indicate that mGluR4a are located presynaptically in the parallel fibers arising from the granule cells in the cerebellar cortex.},
  author       = {Kinoshita, Ayae and Ohishi, Hitoshi and Nomura, Sakashi and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Nakanishi, Shigetada and Mizuno, Noboru},
  issn         = {0304-3940},
  journal      = {Neuroscience Letters},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {199 -- 202},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Presynaptic localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR4a, in the cerebellar cortex: A light and electron microscope study in the rat}},
  doi          = {10.1016/0304-3940(96)12519-2},
  volume       = {207},
  year         = {1996},
}

@article{2569,
  abstract     = {Morphological substrates for interactions between γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and substance P upon neurons expressing substance Preceptor (SPR) in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) were investigated by immunocytochemical electron microscopy. In the NST of the rat, many GABA-like immunoreactive axon terminals were in symmetric synaptic contacts with dendritic profiles; they were observed on nearly a half of the SPR-like immunoreactive dendritic profiles in the medial part of the caudal half of the NST.},
  author       = {Jia, Hong and Wang, Bai and Rao, Zhi and Shi, Ji and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Kaneko, Takeshi and Mizuno, Noboru},
  issn         = {0304-3940},
  journal      = {Neuroscience Letters},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {49 -- 52},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{GABAergic synapses upon neurons expressing substance P receptors in the nucleus of the solitary tract: An immunocytochemical electron microscope study in the rat}},
  doi          = {10.1016/0304-3940(96)12654-9},
  volume       = {210},
  year         = {1996},
}

@article{2570,
  abstract     = {The probability of synaptic neurotransmitter release from nerve terminals is regulated by presynaptic receptors responding to transmitters released from the same nerve terminal or from terminals of other neurons. The release of glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter, is suppressed by presynaptic auto receptors. Here we show that a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR7) in the rat hippocampus is restricted to the presynaptic grid, the site of synaptic vesicle fusion. Pyramidal cell terminals presynaptic to mGluR1α-expressing interneurons have at least a ten-fold higher level of presynaptic mGluR7 than terminals making synapses with pyramidal cells and other types of interneuron. Distinct levels of mGluR7 are found at different synapses made by individual pyramidal axons or even single boutons. These results raise the possibility that presynaptic neurons could regulate the probability of transmitter release at individual synapses according to the postsynaptic target},
  author       = {Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Kulik, Ákos and Roberts, John and Ohishi, Hitoshi and Nusser, Zoltán and Kaneko, Takeshi and Somogyi, Péter},
  issn         = {0028-0836},
  journal      = {Nature},
  number       = {6582},
  pages        = {523 -- 525},
  publisher    = {Nature Publishing Group},
  title        = {{Target-cell-specific concentration of a metabotropic glutamate receptor in the presynaptic active zone}},
  doi          = {10.1038/381523a0},
  volume       = {381},
  year         = {1996},
}

@article{2571,
  abstract     = {Subtype 2 of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR2) is expressed in the presynaptic elements of hippocampal mossy fiber-CA3 synapses. Knockout mice deficient in mGluR2 showed no histological changes and no alterations in basal synaptic transmission, paired-pulse facilitation, or tetanus-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) at the mossy fiber-CA3 synapses. Long-term depression (LTD) induced by low-frequency stimulation, however, was almost fully abolished. The mutant mice performed normally in water maze learning tasks. Thus, the presynaptic mGluR2 is essential for inducing LTD at the mossy fiber-CA3 synapses, but this hippocampal LTD does not seem to be required for spatial learning.},
  author       = {Yokoi, Mineto and Kobayashi, Kazuto and Manabe, Toshiya and Takahashi, Tomoyuki and Sakaguchi, Isako and Katsuura, Goro and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Ohishi, Hitoshi and Nomura, Sakashi and Nakamura, Kenji and Nakao, Kazuki and Katsuki, Motoya and Nakanishi, Shigetada},
  issn         = {0036-8075},
  journal      = {Science},
  pages        = {645 -- 647},
  publisher    = {American Association for the Advancement of Science},
  title        = {{Impairment of hippocampal mossy fiber LTD in mice lacking mGluR2}},
  doi          = {10.1126/science.273.5275.645},
  volume       = {273},
  year         = {1996},
}

@article{2572,
  abstract     = {The distribution of the mRNA for a pituitary adenylate cyclase- activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptor (PACAP-R) was examined in the rat brain, and also in the hypophysis and pineal gland, by in situ hybridization with a specific 35S-labeled riboprobe which was generated from a rat PACAP-R cDNA clone. In the brain, expression of PACAP-R mRNA was most prominent in the periglomerular and granule cells of the olfactory bulb, granule cells of the dentate gyrus, supraoptic nucleus, and area postrema. The expression was also intense in the piriform, cingulate, and retrosplenial cortices, pyramidal cells in CA2, non-pyramidal cells in CA1- CA3, neuronal cells in the hilus of the dentate gyrus, lateral septal nucleus, intercalated amygdaloid nucleus, anterodorsal thalamic nucleus, most of the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei, many regions of the hypothalamus, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, hypoglossal nucleus, and lateral reticular nucleus. No significant expression was detected in the mitral and tufted cells in the olfactory bulb, pyramidal cells in CA1 and CA3, posterior nuclear group of the thalamus, dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, and Purkinje, Golgi, and granule cells in the cerebellar cortex. Moderate-to-weak expression was further observed in many other regions of the brain. In the cerebellar cortex, presumed Bergmann gila cells showed moderate expression. In the hypophysis, the expression was moderate in the anterior lobe, and weak to moderate in the posterior lobe; no significant expression was observed in the intermediate lobe. In the pineal gland, the expression was very weak, if any. Thus, the expression of PACAP-R was detected not only on neuronal cells but also on some particular glial cells. The present study has shown, for the first time, the exact site of PACAP-R expression in the brain and hypophysis. Although the functional significance of PACAP and PACAP-R in the brain still remains to be clarified, the present results are considered to provide some direction for future functional studies.},
  author       = {Hashimoto, Hitoshi and Nogi, Hiroyuki and Mori, Kensaku and Ohishi, Hitoshi and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Yamamoto, Kyohei and Matsuda, Toshio and Mizuno, Noboru and Nagata, Shigekazu and Baba, Akemichi},
  issn         = {0021-9967},
  journal      = {Journal of Comparative Neurology},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {567 -- 577},
  publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  title        = {{Distribution of the mRNA for a pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor in the rat brain: An in situ hybridization study}},
  doi          = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960805)371:4<567::AID-CNE6>3.3.CO;2-M},
  volume       = {371},
  year         = {1996},
}

@article{2573,
  abstract     = {Developmental changes of the distribution pattern of substance P receptor (SPR) were investigated immunohistochemically in the rat striatum. The SPR immunoreactivity in the striatum first emerged at postnatal day 1 and transiently showed a patchy pattern of distribution until it displayed the adult pattern of homogeneous distribution by the end of the third postnatal week. The SPR-immunoreactive patches were most marked in the medial and dorsolateral parts of the striatum, as well as in the subcallosal streak. They matched tyrosine hydroxylase-enriched areas and, conversely, avoided calbindin-enriched zones. No neurons within the SPR-immunoreactive patches contained either choline acetyltransferase or somatostatin, which is known to be contained in intrinsic neurons in the striatum. The vast majority of SPR-immunoreactive patch neurons also contained DARPP-32, a phosphoprotein that is expressed in striatal projection neurons with D1 dopamine receptor. The results indicate that SPR-immunoreactive patches which appear transiently in the developing striatum are in register with the striatal patch compartment, and that SPR immunoreactivity within these patches may be expressed on projection neurons rather than intrinsic neurons. Such SPR immunoreactivity in projection neurons in striatal patches may fade out in adulthood.},
  author       = {Tokuno, Hironobu and Takada, Masahiko and Kaneko, Takeshi and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru},
  issn         = {0165-3806},
  journal      = {Developmental Brain Research},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {107 -- 117},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Patchy distribution of substance P receptor immunoreactivity in the developing rat striatum}},
  doi          = {10.1016/0165-3806(96)00080-6},
  volume       = {95},
  year         = {1996},
}

@article{2574,
  abstract     = {lonotropic and metabotropic (mGluR1a) glutamate receptors were reported to be segregated from each other within the postsynaptic membrane at individual synapses. In order to establish whether this pattern of distribution applies to the hippocampal principal cells and to other postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors, the mGluR1a/b/c and mGluR5 subtypes were localized by immunocytochemistry. Principal cells in all hippocampal fields were reactive for mGluR5, the strata oriens and radiatum of the CA1 area being most strongly immunolabelled. Labelling for mGluR1b/c was strongest on some pyramids in the CA3 area, weaker on granule cells and absent on CA1 pyramids. Subpopulations of non-principal cells showed strong mGluR1 or mGluR5 immunoreactivity. Electron microscopic pre-embedding immunoperoxidase and both pre- and postembedding immunogold methods consistently revealed the extrasynaptic location of both mGluRs in the somatic and dendritic membrane of pyramidal and granule cells. The density of immunolabelling was highest on dendritic spines. At synapses, immunoparticles for both mGluR1 and mGluR5 were found always outside the postsynaptic membrane specializations. Receptors were particularly concentrated in a perisynaptic annulus around type 1 synaptic junctions, including the invaginations at 'perforated' synapses. Measurements of immunolabelling on dendritic spines showed decreasing levels of receptor as a function of distance from the edge of the synaptic specialization. We propose that glutamatergic synapses with an irregular edge develop in order to increase the circumference of synaptic junctions leading to an increase in the metabotropic to ionotropic glutamate receptor ratio at glutamate release sites. The perisynaptic position of postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors appears to be a general feature of glutamatergic synaptic organization and may apply to other G-protein-coupled receptors. © European Neuroscience Association.},
  author       = {Luján, Rafael and Nusser, Zoltán and Roberts, John and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Somogyi, Péter},
  issn         = {0953-816X},
  journal      = {European Journal of Neuroscience},
  number       = {7},
  pages        = {1488 -- 1500},
  publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  title        = {{ Perisynaptic location of metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1 and mGluR5 on dendrites and dendritic spines in the rat hippocampus}},
  doi          = {10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01611.x},
  volume       = {8},
  year         = {1996},
}

@article{2725,
  abstract     = {We prove that the two dimensional free magnetic Schrödinger operator, with a fixed constant magnetic field and Dirichlet boundary conditions on a planar domain with a given area, attains its smallest possible eigenvalue if the domain is a disk. We also give some rough bounds on the lowest magnetic eigenvalue of the disk.},
  author       = {László Erdös},
  journal      = {Calculus of Variations and Partial Differential Equations},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {283 -- 292},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{Rayleigh-type isoperimetric inequality with a homogeneous magnetic field}},
  doi          = {10.1007/BF01254348},
  volume       = {4},
  year         = {1996},
}

@article{2726,
  abstract     = {We investigate whether the eigenfunctions of the two-dimensional magnetic Schrödinger operator have a Gaussian decay of type exp(-Cx2) at infinity (the magnetic field is rotationally symmetric). We establish this decay if the energy (E) of the eigenfunction is below the bottom of the essential spectrum (B), and if the angular Fourier components of the external potential decay exponentially (real analyticity in the angle variable). We also demonstrate that almost the same decay is necessary. The behavior of C in the strong field limit and in the small (B - E) limit is also studied.},
  author       = {Erdös, László},
  issn         = {1016-443X},
  journal      = {Geometric and Functional Analysis},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {231 -- 248},
  publisher    = {Birkhäuser},
  title        = {{Gaussian decay of the magnetic eigenfunctions}},
  doi          = {10.1007/BF02247886},
  volume       = {6},
  year         = {1996},
}

@article{11761,
  abstract     = {We prove that in an undirected graph there are at most O(n²) cuts of size strictly less than of the size of the minimum cut.},
  author       = {Henzinger, Monika H and Williamson, David P.},
  issn         = {0020-0190},
  journal      = {Information Processing Letters},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {41--44},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{On the number of small cuts in a graph}},
  doi          = {10.1016/0020-0190(96)00079-8},
  volume       = {59},
  year         = {1996},
}

@inproceedings{1942,
  author       = {Leonid Sazanov and Burrows, P and Nixon, P J},
  pages        = {705 -- 708},
  publisher    = {Kluwer},
  title        = {{Presence of a large protein complex containing the ndhK gene product and possessing NADH-specific dehydrogenase activity in thylakoid membranes of higher plant chloroplasts}},
  volume       = {2},
  year         = {1996},
}

@article{1951,
  author       = {Sazanov, Leonid A and Burrows, Paul and Nixon, Peter},
  issn         = {0300-5127},
  journal      = {Biochemical Society Transactions},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {739 -- 743},
  publisher    = {Portland Press},
  title        = {{Detection and characterization of a complex I-like NADH-specific dehydrogenase from pea thylakoids}},
  doi          = {10.1042/bst0240739},
  volume       = {24},
  year         = {1996},
}

@article{1952,
  abstract     = {Two strains of Rhodospirillum rubrum were constructed in which, by a gene dosage effect, the transhydrogenase activity of isolated chromatophores was increased 7-10-fold and 15-20-fold, respectively. The H+/H- ratio (the ratio of protons translocated per hydride ion equivalent transferred from NADPH to an NAD+ analogue, acetyl pyridine adenine dinucleotide), determined by a spectroscopic technique, was approximately 1.0 for chromatophores from the over-expressing strains, but was only approximately 0.6 for wild-type chromatophores. Highly-coupled proteoliposomes were prepared containing purified transhydrogenase from beef-heart mitochondria. Using the same technique, the H+/H- ratio was close to 1.0 for these proteoliposomes. It is suggested that the mechanistic H+/H- ratio is indeed unity, but that a low ratio is obtained in wild-type chromatophores because of inhomogeneity in the vesicle population.},
  author       = {Bizouarn, Tania and Sazanov, Leonid A and Aubourg, Sébastien and Jackson, Julie},
  issn         = {0005-2728},
  journal      = {Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Bioenergetics},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {4 -- 12},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Estimation of the H+/H- ratio of the reaction catalysed by the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase in chromatophores from over-expressing strains of Rhodospirillum rubrum and in liposomes inlaid with the purified bovine enzyme}},
  doi          = {10.1016/0005-2728(95)00125-5},
  volume       = {1273},
  year         = {1996},
}

@proceedings{4585,
  editor       = {Henzinger, Thomas A and Alur, Rajeev},
  location     = {New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{ 8th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification}},
  doi          = {10.1007/3-540-61474-5},
  volume       = {1102},
  year         = {1996},
}

@inproceedings{4588,
  abstract     = {We present a formal model for concurrent systems. The model represents synchronous and asynchronous components in a uniform framework that supports compositional (assume-guarantee) and hierarchical (stepwise refinement) reasoning. While synchronous models are based on a notion of atomic computation step, and asynchronous models remove that notion by introducing stuttering, our model is based on a flexible notion of what constitutes a computation step: by applying an abstraction operator to a system, arbitrarily many consecutive steps can be collapsed into a single step. The abstraction operator, which may turn an asynchronous system into a synchronous one, allows us to describe systems at various levels of temporal detail. For describing systems at various levels of spatial detail, we use a hiding operator that may turn a synchronous system into an asynchronous one. We illustrate the model with diverse examples from synchronous circuits, asynchronous shared-memory programs, and synchronous message passing},
  author       = {Alur, Rajeev and Henzinger, Thomas A},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings 11th Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science},
  issn         = {0018-9162},
  location     = {New Brunswick, NJ, USA},
  pages        = {207 -- 218},
  publisher    = {IEEE},
  title        = {{Reactive modules}},
  doi          = {10.1109/LICS.1996.561320},
  year         = {1996},
}

@article{4610,
  abstract     = {The most natural, compositional, way of modeling real-time systems uses a dense domain for time. The satisfiability of timing constraints that are capable of expressing punctuality in this model, however, is known to be undecidable. We introduce a temporal language that can constrain the time difference between events only with finite, yet arbitrary, precision and show the resulting logic to be EXPSPACE-complete. This result allows us to develop an algorithm for the verification of timing properties of real-time systems with a dense semantics.},
  author       = {Alur, Rajeev and Feder, Tomás and Henzinger, Thomas A},
  issn         = {0004-5411},
  journal      = {Journal of the ACM},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {116 -- 146},
  publisher    = {ACM},
  title        = {{The benefits of relaxing punctuality}},
  doi          = {10.1145/227595.227602},
  volume       = {43},
  year         = {1996},
}

@article{4611,
  abstract     = {Presents a model-checking procedure and its implementation for the automatic verification of embedded systems. The system components are described as hybrid automata-communicating machines with finite control and real-valued variables that represent continuous environment parameters such as time, pressure and temperature. The system requirements are specified in a temporal logic with stop-watches, and verified by symbolic fixpoint computation. The verification procedure-implemented in the Cornell Hybrid Technology tool, HyTech-applies to hybrid automata whose continuous dynamics is governed by linear constraints on the variables and their derivatives. We illustrate the method and the tool by checking safety, liveness, time-bounded and duration requirements of digital controllers, schedulers and distributed algorithms},
  author       = {Alur, Rajeev and Henzinger, Thomas A and Ho, Pei},
  issn         = {0018-9162},
  journal      = {IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {181 -- 201},
  publisher    = {IEEE},
  title        = {{Automatic symbolic verification of embedded systems}},
  doi          = {10.1109/32.489079},
  volume       = {22},
  year         = {1996},
}

@book{4612,
  editor       = {Alur, Rajeev and Henzinger, Thomas A and Sontag, Eduardo D},
  isbn         = {978-3-540-61155-4},
  issn         = {0302-9743},
  pages        = {IX, 619},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{Hybrid Systems III: Verification and Control}},
  doi          = {10.1007/BFb0020931},
  volume       = {1066},
  year         = {1996},
}

@article{6161,
  abstract     = {The tra-1 gene is a terminal regulator of somatic sex in Caenorhabditis elegans: high tra-1 activity elicits female development, low tra-1 activity elicits male development. To investigate the function and evolution of tra- 1, we examined the tra-1 gene from the closely related nematode C. briggsae. Ce-tra-1 and Cb-tra-1 are unusually divergent. Each gene generates two transcripts, but only one of these is present in both species. This common transcript encodes TRA-1A, which shows only 44% amino acid identity between the species, a figure much lower than that for previously compared genes. A Cb-tra-1 transgene rescues many tissues of tra-1(null) mutants of C. elegans but not the somatic gonad or germ line. This transgene also causes nongonadal feminization of XO animals, indicating incorrect sexual regulation. Alignment of Ce-TRA-1A and Cb-TRA-1A defined several conserved regions likely to be important for tra-1 function. The phenotype differences between Ce-tra- 1(null) mutants rescued by Cb-tra-1 transgenes and wild-type C. elegans indicate significant divergence of regulatory regions. These molecular and functional studies suggest that evolution of sex determination in nematodes is rapid and genetically complex.},
  author       = {de Bono, Mario and Hodgkin, J.},
  issn         = {00166731},
  journal      = {Genetics},
  keywords     = {amino acid sequence, article, caenorhabditis elegans, evolution, genetic variability, nonhuman, priority journal, sex determination, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Animals, Genetically Modified, Base Sequence, Caenorhabditis, Caenorhabditis elegans, Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins, DNA, Helminth, DNA-Binding Proteins, Evolution, Molecular, Female, Helminth Proteins, Membrane Proteins, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutagenesis, RNA, Messenger, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Sex Determination (Analysis), Transcription Factors, Transgenes, Turner Syndrome, Animalia, Caenorhabditis, Caenorhabditis briggsae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Nematoda},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {587--595},
  publisher    = {Genetics Society of America},
  title        = {{Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually high divergence of tra-1 and its functional consequences}},
  volume       = {144},
  year         = {1996},
}

@inproceedings{11804,
  abstract     = {This paper shows how a general technique, called lock-step search, used in dynamic graph algorithms, can be used to improve the running time of two problems arising in program verification and communication protocol design.
(1)We consider the nonemptiness problem for Streett automata: We are given a directed graph G = (V, E) with n = ¦V¦ and m = ¦E¦, and a collection of pairs of subsets of vertices, called Streett pairs,〈L i , U i 〉, i = 1.k. The question is whether G has a cycle (not necessarily simple) which, for each 1 ≤ i ≤ k, if it contains a vertex from L i then it also contains a vertex of U i . Let b=Σ i=1..k |L i |+|U i |. The previously best algorithm takes time O((m + b) min{n, k}). We present an algorithm that takes time 𝑂(𝑚min{𝑚𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛,‾‾‾‾‾‾√𝑘,𝑛}+𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛,𝑘}).
(2)In communication protocol pruning we are given a directed graph G = (V, E) with l special vertices. The problem is to efficiently maintain the strongly-connected components of the special vertices on a restricted set of edge deletions. Let m i be the number of edges in the strongly connected component of the ith special vertex. The previously best algorithm repeatedly recomputes the strongly-connected components which leads to a running time of O(Σ i m 2i). We present an algorithm with time 𝑂(𝑙√∑𝑖𝑚1.5𝑖).},
  author       = {Henzinger, Monika H and Telle, Jan Arne},
  booktitle    = {5th Scandinavian Workshop on Algorithm Theory},
  isbn         = {9783540614227},
  issn         = {1611-3349},
  location     = {Reykjavik, Iceland},
  pages        = {16–27},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Faster algorithms for the nonemptiness of streett automata and for communication protocol pruning}},
  doi          = {10.1007/3-540-61422-2_117},
  volume       = {1097},
  year         = {1996},
}