@article{2577,
  abstract     = {The cloned cDNA for rat prostacyclin synthase was found to contain a 1503-bp open reading frame which encoded a 501-amino acid protein sharing 84% identity with the human enzyme. RNA blot analysis revealed that the rat prostacyclin synthase mRNA, as a single species of 2.1 kb, is expressed abundantly in the aorta and uterus. High levels of expression were also observed in the stomach, lung, heart, testis, liver, and skeletal muscle. Low but significant expression was also seen in the brain and kidney. Furthermore, the regional distribution and cellular localization of prostacyclin synthase mRNA were examined by in situ hybridization analysis of rat tissue sections. The definitive signals for the mRNA were localized in smooth muscle cells of the arteries, bronchi and uterus, and in the cells of the fibrous tunic surrounding the seminiferous tubules, which are characterized as smooth muscle cells. Besides smooth muscle cells, signal were also detected in the fibroblasts of the heart myocardium, lung parenchyma cells and kidney inner medulla tubules and interstitial cells.},
  author       = {Tone, Yoshinori and Inoue, Hiroyasu and Hara, Shuntaro and Yokoyama, Chieko and Hatae, Toshihisa and Oida, Hiroji and Narumiya, Shuh and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Yukawa, Susumu and Tanabe, Tadashi},
  issn         = {0171-9335},
  journal      = {European Journal of Cell Biology},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {268 -- 277},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{The regional distribution and cellular localization of mRNA encoding rat prostacyclin synthase}},
  volume       = {72},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{2578,
  abstract     = {The distribution of immunoreactivity to the neurokinin3 receptor (NK3R) was examined in segments C7, T11-12, L1-2, and L4-6 of the rat spinal cord. NK3R immunoreactivity was visualized by using two antisera generated against sequences of amino acids contained in the C-terminal region of the NK3R. NK3R-immunoreactive cells were numerous in the substantia gelatinosa of all spinal segments examined as well as the dorsal commissural nucleus of spinal segments L1-2. Isolated, immunoreactive cells were scattered throughout other regions of the spinal cord. The relationship of NK3R-immunoreactivity with neurons was demonstrated by colocalization with microtubule associated protein 2-immunoreactivity in individual cells. Within neurons, NK3R- immunoreactivity was associated predominately with the plasma membrane of cell bodies and dendrites. Within the substantia gelatinosa, 86% of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive neurons were also NK3R-immunoreactive. Although NOS-immunoreactive neurons were found throughout all other regions of the spinal cord in the segments examined, these were not NK3R- immunoreactive. When preganglionic sympathetic neurons in spinal segments T11-12 and L1-2 were visualized by intraperitoneal injection of Fluorogold, less than 1% of the Fluorogold-labeled neurons were also immunoreactive for NK3R. The large number of NK3R-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia gelatinosa suggests that some effects of tachykinins an somatosensation may be mediated by NK3R.},
  author       = {Seybold, Virginia and Grković, Ivica and Portbury, Andrea and Ding, Yu and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru and Furness, John and Southwell, Bridget},
  issn         = {0021-9967},
  journal      = {Journal of Comparative Neurology},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {439 -- 448},
  publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  title        = {{Relationship of NK3 receptor-immunoreactivity to subpopulations of neurons in rat spinal cord}},
  doi          = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970519)381:4<439::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-3},
  volume       = {381},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{2579,
  abstract     = {The localisation of the neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3r) in the rat gastrointestinal tract has been studied by using a polyclonal antiserum against the C-terminal portion (amino acids 388-452) of the rat NK3r. In the oesophagus, immunoreactivity for the NK3r was found on smooth muscle cells of the muscularis mucosae. NK3r immunoreactivity was not present on muscle cells of other regions. Nerve cell bodies immunoreactive for NK3r were seen in the myenteric and submucous plexuses of the small and large intestine, but not in the stomach or oesophagus. Immunoreactivity was largely confined to nerve cell surfaces. The reaction product was on the cell soma and initial parts of axons. Reactivity was not seen on nerve terminals. Immunoreactive nerve cells had Dogiel Type II morphology. Patterns of co-localisation of NK3r and immunoreactivity for other markers were examined in the ileum, to provide a basis from which to deduce the functional identity of NK3r-immunoreactive nerve cells. Most of the NK3r-immunoreactive nerve cells were also immunoreactive for the calcium-binding proteins, calretinin and calbindin, and all were immunoreactive for the NK1 receptor (NK1r). Nerve cells that were immunoreactive for nitric oxide synthase were not immunoreactive for either NK3r or NK1r. The projections of the calbindin and calretinin neurons were determined by nerve lesion studies. Their morphology, projections to the mucosa and other ganglia and immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding proteins suggest that the NK3r-immunoreactive neurons are intrinsic sensory neurons.},
  author       = {Mann, Patricia and Southwell, Bridget and Ding, Yu and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru and Furness, John},
  issn         = {0044-3794},
  journal      = {Cell and Tissue Research},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {1 -- 9},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{Localisation of neurokinin 3 (NK3) receptor immunoreactivity in the rat gastrointestinal tract}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s004410050846},
  volume       = {289},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{2580,
  abstract     = {Two group I metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes, mGluR1 and mGluR5, have been reported to occur in highest concentration in an annulus surrounding the edge of the postsynaptic membrane specialisation. In order to determine whether such a distribution is uniform amongst postsynaptic mGluRs, their distribution was compared quantitatively by a pre-embedding silver-intensified immunogold technique at electron microscopic level in hippocampal pyramidal cells (mGluR5), cerebellar Purkinje cells (mGluR1α) and Golgi cells (mGluR2). The results show that mGluR1α, mGluR5 and mGluR2 each have a distinct distribution in relation to the glutamatergic synaptic junctions. On dendritic spines, mGluRlα and mGluR5 showed the highest receptor density in a perisynaptic annulus (defined as within 60 nm of the edge of the synapse) followed by a decreasing extrasynaptic (60-900 nm) receptor level, but the gradient of decrease and the proportion of the perisynaptic pool (mGluR1α, ~ 50%; vs mGluR5, ~ 25%) were different for the two receptors. The distributions of mGluRlα and mGluR5 also differed significantly from simulated random distributions. In contrast, mGluR2 was not closely associated with glutamatergic synapses in the dendritic plasma membrane of cerebellar Golgi cells and its distribution relative to synapses is not different from simulated random distribution in the membrane. The somatic membrane, the axon and the synaptic boutons of the GABAergic Golgi cells also contained immunoreactive mGluR2 that is not associated with synaptic specialisations. In the hippocampal CA1 area the distribution of immunoparticles for mGluR5 on individual spines was established using serial sections. The results indicate that dendritic spines of pyramidal cells are heterogeneous with respect to the ratio of perisynaptic to extrasynaptic mGluR5 pools and about half of the immunopositive spines lack the perisynaptic pool. The quantitative comparison of receptor distributions demonstrates that mGluRlα and mGluR5, but not mGluR2, are highly compartmentalised in different plasma membrane domains. The unique distribution of each mGluR subtype may reflect requirements for different transduction and effector mechanisms between cell types and different domains of the same cell, and suggests that the precise placement of receptors is a crucial factor contributing to neuronal communication.},
  author       = {Luján, Rafael and Roberts, John and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Ohishi, Hitoshi and Somogyi, Péter},
  issn         = {0891-0618},
  journal      = {Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {219 -- 241},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Differential plasma membrane distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1α, mGluR2 and mGluR5, relative to neurotransmitter release sites}},
  doi          = {10.1016/S0891-0618(97)00051-3},
  volume       = {13},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{2581,
  abstract     = {It is well known that striatonigral neurons produce substance P (SP); however, no SP receptor (SPR) has so far been found in the substantia nigra. On the other hand, a previous study in the rat striatum indicated that SPR was expressed only in cholinergic or somatostatinergic intrinsic neurons (Kaneko et al. [1993] Brain Res. 631:297-303). Thus, it was assumed that SP produced by striatenigral neurons might be released through their intrastriatal axon collaterals to act upon intrinsic neurons in the striatum. To confirm this assumption, the distribution of axon collaterals of striatonigral neurons was examined in the striatum of the rat. The experiments were performed on brain slices by combining retrograde labeling with tetramethylrhodamine-dextran amine, electrophysiological recording, intracellular staining with biocytin, and immunocytochemistry for SPR. The distribution of axons of cholinergic striatal neurons (a group of SP-negative intrinsic striatal neurons) was also examined. It was observed that 16% of varicosities of intrastriatal axon collaterals of striatonigral neurons, as well as 6% of axonal varicosities of cholinergic neurons, were in close apposition to dendrites and cell bodies of SPB-immunoreactive striatal neurons. Since SPR-immunoreactive striatal neurons constituted only 2.7% of the total population of striatal neurons (Kaneko et al. [1993] Brain Res. 631:297-303), it appeared that axonal varicosities of striatonigral neurons were preferentially apposed to SPR-immunoreactive striatal neurons and that the varicosities in close apposition to SPR-immunoreactive neurons were derived more frequently from striatonigral neurons than from cholinergic interneurons. Confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that axonal varicosities in close apposition to SPR-immunoreactive cells showed synaptophysin immunoreactivity, a marker of synaptic vesicles. In intrastriatal axons of striatonigral neurons, it was further revealed from electron microscopy that axonal varicosities in close apposition to SPR- immunoreactive dendrites, at least a part of them, made synapses of the symmetric type. Striatonigral neurons might release SP preferentially around cholinergic or somatostatinergic intrinsic neurons to regulate them through SP-SPR interactions.},
  author       = {Lee, Teffy and Kaneko, Takeshi and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Nomura, Sakashi and Mizuno, Noboru},
  issn         = {0021-9967},
  journal      = {Journal of Comparative Neurology},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {250 -- 264},
  publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  title        = {{Collateral projections from striatonigral neurons to substance P receptor-expressing intrinsic neurons in the striatum of the rat}},
  doi          = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19971117)388:2<250::AID-CNE5>3.0.CO;2-0},
  volume       = {388},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{2582,
  abstract     = {Neurotransmission in the hippocampus is modulated variously through presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). To establish the precise localization of presynaptic mGluRs in the rat hippocampus, we used subtype-specific antibodies for eight mGluRs (mGluR1-mGluR8) for immunohistochemistry combined with lesioning of the three major hippocampal pathways: the perforant path, mossy fiber, and Schaffer collateral. Immunoreactivity for group II (mGluR2) and group III (mGluR4a, mGluR7a, mGluR7b, and mGluR8) mGluRs was predominantly localized to presynaptic elements, whereas that for group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and mGluR5) was localized to postsynaptic elements. The medial perforant path was strongly immunoreactive for mGluR2 and mGluR7a throughout the hippocampus, and the lateral perforant path was prominently immunoreactive for mGluR8 in the dentate gyrus and CA3 area. The messy fiber was labeled for mGluR2, mGluR7a, and mGluR7b, whereas the Schaffer collateral was labeled only for mGluR7a. Electron microscopy further revealed the spatial segregation of group II and group III mGluRs within presynaptic elements. Immunolabeling for the group III receptors was predominantly observed in presynaptic active zones of asymmetrical and symmetrical synapses, whereas that for the group II receptor (mGluR2) was found in preterminal rather than terminal portions of axons. Target cell-specific segregation of receptors, first reported for mGluR7a (Shigemoto et al., 1996), was also apparent for the other group III mGluRs, suggesting that transmitter release is differentially regulated by 2-amino- 4-phosphonobutyrate-sensitive mGluRs in individual synapses on single axons according to the identity of postsynaptic neurons.},
  author       = {Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Kinoshita, Ayae and Wada, Eiki and Nomura, Sakashi and Ohishi, Hitoshi and Takada, Masahiko and Flor, Peter and Neki, Akio and Abe, Takaaki and Nakanishi, Shigetada and Mizuno, Noboru},
  issn         = {0270-6474},
  journal      = {Journal of Neuroscience},
  number       = {19},
  pages        = {7503 -- 7522},
  publisher    = {Society for Neuroscience},
  title        = {{Differential presynaptic localization of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the rat hippocampus}},
  doi          = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-19-07503.1997},
  volume       = {17},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{2727,
  abstract     = {Diamagnetism of the magnetic Schrödinger operator and paramagnetism of the Pauli operator are rigorously proven for nonhomogeneous magnetic fields in the large field, in the large temperature and in the semiclassical asymptotic regimes. New counterexamples are presented which show that neither dia-nor paramagnetism is true in a robust sense (without asymptotics). In particular, we demonstrate that the recent diamagnetic comparison result by Loss and Thaller [M. Loss and B. Thaller, Commun. Math. Phys. (submitted)] is essentially the best one can hope for.},
  author       = {Erdös, László},
  issn         = {0022-2488},
  journal      = {Journal of Mathematical Physics},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {1289 -- 1317},
  publisher    = {American Institute of Physics},
  title        = {{Dia- and paramagnetism for nonhomogeneous magnetic fields}},
  doi          = {10.1063/1.531909},
  volume       = {38},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{2729,
  abstract     = {We give the leading order semiclassical asymptotics for the sum of the negative eigenvalues of the Pauli operator (in dimension two and three) with a strong non-homogeneous magnetic field. As in [LSY-II] for homogeneous field, this result can be used to prove that the magnetic Thomas-Fermi theory gives the leading order ground state energy of large atoms. We develop a new localization scheme well suited to the anisotropic character of the strong magnetic field. We also use the basic Lieb-Thirring estimate obtained in our companion paper [ES-I].},
  author       = {Erdös, László and Solovej, Jan},
  issn         = {0010-3616},
  journal      = {Communications in Mathematical Physics},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {599 -- 656},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{Semiclassical eigenvalue estimates for the Pauli operator with strong non-homogeneous magnetic fields, II. Leading order asymptotic estimates}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s002200050181},
  volume       = {188},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{3482,
  abstract     = {AMPA- and NMDA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs and NMDARs) mediate excitatory synoptic transmission in the basal ganglia and may contribute to excitotoxic injury. We investigated the functional properties of AMPARs and NMDARs expressed by six main types of basal ganglia neurons in acute rat brain slices (principal neurons and cholinergic interneurons of striatum, GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra, globus pallidus neurons, and subthalamic nucleus neurons) using fast application of glutamate to nucleated and outside-out membrane patches, AMPARs in different types of basal ganglia neurons were functionally distinct. Those expressed in striatal principal neurons exhibited the slowest gating (desensitization time constant τ = 11.5 msec, 1 mM glutamate, 22°C), whereas those in striatal cholinergic interneurons showed the fastest gating (desensitization time constant τ = 3.6 msec). The lowest Ca2+ permeability of AMPARs was observed in nigral dopaminergic neurons (P(CA)/P(NA) = 0.10), whereas the highest Ca2+ permeability was found in subthalamic nucleus neurons (P(Ca)/P(Na) = 1.17). NMDARs of different types of basal ganglia neurons were less variable in their functional properties; those expressed in nigral dopaminergic neurons exhibited the slowest gating (deactivation time constant of predominant fast component τ1 150 msec, 100 μM glutamate), and those of globus pallidus neurons showed the fastest gating (τ1 = 67 msec). The Mg2+ block of NMDARs was similar; the average chord conductance ratio g(+60mv)/g(+40mV) was 0.18-0.22 in 100 μM external Mg2+. Hence, AMPARs expressed in different types of basal ganglia neurons are markedly diverse, whereas NMDARs are less variable in functional properties that are relevant for excitatory synoptic transmission and neuronal vulnerability.},
  author       = {Götz, Thomas and Kraushaar, Udo and Geiger, Jörg and Lubke, Joachim and Berger, Thomas and Jonas, Peter M},
  issn         = {0270-6474},
  journal      = {Journal of Neuroscience},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {204 -- 215},
  publisher    = {Society for Neuroscience},
  title        = {{Functional properties of AMPA and NMDA receptors expressed in identified types of basal ganglia neurons}},
  doi          = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00204.1997},
  volume       = {17},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{3483,
  abstract     = {The main excitatory pathway of the hippocampal formation is controlled by a network of morphologically distinct populations of GABAergic interneurons. Here we describe a novel type of GABAergic interneuron located in the outer molecular layer (OML) of the rat dentate gyrus with a long- range forward projection from the dentate gyrus to the subiculum across the hippocampal fissure, OML interneurons were recorded in hippocampal slices by using the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration. During recording, cells were filled with biocytin for subsequent light and electron microscopic analysis. Neurons projecting to the subiculum were distributed throughout the entire OML. They had round or ovoid somata and a multipolar dendritic morphology. Two axonal domains could be distinguished: an extensive, tangential distribution within the OML and a long-range vertical and tangential projection to layer 1 and stratum pyramidale of the subiculum. Symmetric synaptic contacts were established by these interneurons on dendritic shafts in the OML and subiculum. OML interneurons were characterized physiologically by short action potential duration and marked afterhyperpolarization that followed the spike. On sustained current injection, they generated high- frequency (up to 130 Hz, 34°C) trains of action potentials with only little adaptation. In situ hybridization and single-call RT-PCR analysis for GAD67 mRNA confirmed the GABAergic nature of OML interneurons. GABAergic interneurons in the OML projecting to the subiculum connect the input and output regions of the hippocampus. Hence, they could mediate long-range feed- forward inhibition and may participate in an oscillating cross-regional interneuron network that may synchronize the activity of spatially distributed principal neurons in the dentate gyrus and the subiculum.},
  author       = {Ceranik, Katya and Bender, Roland and Geiger, Jörg and Monyer, Hannah and Jonas, Peter M and Frotscher, Michael and Lubke, Joachim},
  issn         = {0270-6474},
  journal      = {Journal of Neuroscience},
  number       = {14},
  pages        = {5380 -- 5394},
  publisher    = {Society for Neuroscience},
  title        = {{A novel type of GABAergic interneuron connecting the input and the output regions of the hippocampus.}},
  doi          = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05380.1997},
  volume       = {17},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{3484,
  abstract     = {Glutamatergic transmission at a principal neuroninterneuron synapse was investigated by dual whole-cell patch-clamp recording in rat hippocampal slices combined with morphological analysis. Evoked EPSPs with rapid time course (half duration ≃ 4 ms; 34°C) were generated at multiple synaptic contacts established on the interneuron dendrites close to the soma. The underlying postsynaptic conductance change showed a submillisecond rise and decay, due to the precise timing of glutamate release and the rapid deactivation of the postsynaptic AMPA receptors. Simulations based on a compartmental model of the interneuron indicated that the rapid postsynaptic conductance change determines the shape and the somatodendritic integration of EPSPs, thus enabling interneurons to detect synchronous principal neuron activity.},
  author       = {Geiger, Jörg and Lubke, Joachim and Roth, Arnd and Frotscher, Michael and Jonas, Peter M},
  issn         = {0896-6273},
  journal      = {Neuron},
  number       = {6},
  pages        = {1009 -- 1023},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Submillisecond AMPA receptor-mediated signaling at a principal neuron-interneuron synapse}},
  doi          = {10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80339-6},
  volume       = {18},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{3485,
  abstract     = {1. GABAergic interneurones differ from glutamatergic principal neurones in their ability to discharge high-frequency trains of action potentials without adaptation. To examine whether Na+ channel gating contributed to these differences, Na+ currents were recorded in nucleated patches from interneurones (dentate gyrus basket cells, BCs) and principal neurones (CA1 pyramidal cells, PCs) of rat hippocampal slices. 2. The voltage dependence of Na+ channel activation in BCs and PCs was similar. The slope factors of the activation curves, fitted with Boltzmann functions raised to the third power, were 11.5 and 11.8 mV, and the mid-point potentials were -25.1 and -23.9 mV, respectively. 3. Whereas the time course of Na+ channel activation (-30 to +40 mV) was similar, the deactivation kinetics (-100 to -40 mV) were faster in BCs than in PCs (tail current decay time constants, 0.13 and 0.20 ms, respectively, at -40 mV). 4. Na+ channels in BCs and PCs differed in the voltage dependence of inactivation. The slope factors of the steady-state inactivation curves fitted with Boltzmann functions were 6.7 and 10.7 mV, and the mid-point potentials were -58.3 and -62.9 mV, respectively. 5. The onset of Na+ channel inactivation at -55 mV was slower in BC's than in PCs; the inactivation time constants were 18.6 and 9.3 ms, respectively. At more positive potentials the differences in inactivation onset were smaller. 6. The time course of recovery of Na+ channels from inactivation induced by a 30 ms pulse was fast and mono-exponential (τ = 2.0 ms at -120 mV) in BCs, whereas it was slower and biexponential in PCs (τ1 = 2.0 ms and τ2 = 133 ms; amplitude contribution of the slow component, 15%). 7. We conclude that Na+ channels of BCs and PCs differ in gating properties that contribute to the characteristic action potential patterns of the two types of neurones.},
  author       = {Martina, Marco and Jonas, Peter M},
  issn         = {0022-3751},
  journal      = {Journal of Physiology},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {593 -- 603},
  publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  title        = {{Functional differences in Na+ channel gating between fast-spiking interneurones and principal neurones in rat hippocampus}},
  doi          = {10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.593ba.x},
  volume       = {505},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{3486,
  abstract     = {1. Dendritic patch-clamp recordings were obtained from mitral cells in rat olfactory bulb slices, up to 350 μm from the soma. Simultaneous dendritic and somatic whole-cell recordings indicated that action potentials (APs) evoked by somatic or dendritic current injection were initiated near the soma. Both the large amplitude (100.7 ± 1.1 mV) and the short duration (1.38 ± 0.07 ms) of the AP were maintained as the AP propagated back into the primary mitral cell dendrites. 2. Outside-out patches isolated from mitral cell dendrites contained voltage-gated Na+ channels (peak conductance density, 90 pS μm-2 at -10 mV). When an AP was used as a somatic voltage-clamp command in the presence of 1 μM tetrodotoxin (TTX), the amplitude of the dendritic potential was attenuated to 48 ± 14 mV. This shows that dendritic Na+ channels support the active back-propagation of APs. 3. Dendritic patches contained voltage-gated K+ channels with high density (conductance density, 513 pS μm-2 at 30 mV. Dendritic K+ currents were reduced to 35% by 1 mM external tetraethylammonium chloride (TEACl). When an AP was used as a somatic voltage clamp command in the presence of TEACl, the dendritic potential was markedly prolonged. This indicates that dendritic K+ channels mediate the fast repolarization of dendritic APs. 4. We conclude that voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels support dendritic APs with large amplitudes and short durations that may trigger fast transmitter release at dendrodendritic synapses in the olfactory bulb.},
  author       = {Bischofberger, Joseph and Jonas, Peter M},
  issn         = {0022-3751},
  journal      = {Journal of Physiology},
  number       = {Pt 2},
  pages        = {359 -- 365},
  publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  title        = {{Action potential propagation into the presynaptic dendrites of rat mitral cells}},
  doi          = {10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.359be.x},
  volume       = {504},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{3541,
  abstract     = {The contribution of the various hippocampal regions to the maintenance of epileptic activity, induced by stimulation of the perforant path or commissural system, was examined in the awake rat. Combination of multiple-site recordings with silicon probes, current source density analysis and unit recordings allowed for a high spatial resolution of the field events. Following perforant path stimulation, seizures began in the dentate gyrus, followed by events in the CA3-CA1 regions. After commissural stimulation, rhythmic bursts in the CA3-CA1 circuitry preceded the activation of the dentate gyrus. Correlation of events in the different subregions indicated that the sustained rhythmic afterdischarge (2-6 Hz) could not be explained by a cycle-by-cycle excitation of principal cell populations in the hippocampal-entorhinal loop. The primary afterdischarge always terminated in the CA1 region, followed by the dentate gyrus, CA3 region and the entorhinal cortex. The duration and pattern of the hippocampal afterdischarge was essentially unaffected by removal of the entorhinal cortex. The emergence of large population spike bursts coincided with a decreased discharge of interneurons in both CAI and hilar regions. The majority of hilar interneurons displayed a strong amplitude decrement prior to the onset of population spike phase of the afterdischarge. These findings suggest that (i) afterdischarges can independently arise in the CA3-CA1 and entorhinal-dentate gyrus circuitries, (ii) reverberation of excitation in the hippocampal-entorhinal loop is not critical for the maintenance of afterdischarges and (iii) decreased activity of the interneuronal network may release population bursting of principal cells. },
  author       = {Bragin, Anatol and Csicsvari, Jozsef L and Penttonen, Markku and Buzsáki, György},
  issn         = {0306-4522},
  journal      = {Neuroscience},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {1187 -- 1203},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Epileptic afterdischarge in the hippocampal-entorhinal system: Current source density and unit studies}},
  doi          = {10.1016/S0306-4522(96)00446-0},
  volume       = {76},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{3630,
  abstract     = {This paper derives the long-term effective size, Ne, for a general model of population subdivision, allowing for differential deme fitness, variable emigration and immigration rates, extinction, colonization, and correlations across generations in these processes. We show that various long-term measures of Ne are equivalent. The effective size of a metapopulation can be expressed in a variety of ways. At a demographic equilibrium, Ne can be derived from the demography by combining information about the ultimate contribution of each deme to the future genetic make-up of the population and Wright's FST's. The effective size is given by Ne = 1/(1 + var (upsilon) ((1 - FST)/Nin), where n is the number of demes, theta i is the eventual contribution of individuals in deme i to the whole population (scaled such that sigma theta i = n), and < > denotes an average weighted by theta i. This formula is applied to a catastrophic extinction model (where sites are either empty or at carrying capacity) and to a metapopulation model with explicit dynamics, where extinction is caused by demographic stochasticity and by chaos. Contrary to the expectation from the standard island model, the usual effect of population subdivision is to decrease the effective size relative to a panmictic population living on the same resource.},
  author       = {Whitlock, Michael and Barton, Nicholas H},
  issn         = {0016-6731},
  journal      = {Genetics},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {427 -- 441},
  publisher    = {Genetics Society of America},
  title        = {{The effective size of a subdivided population}},
  doi          = {10.1093/genetics/146.1.427},
  volume       = {146},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{3631,
  abstract     = {In spatially heterogeneous environments, natural selection for maintenance of adaptation to habitats that contribute little to the population's reproduction is weak. In this paper we model a mechanism that can result in loss of fitness in such marginal habitats, and thus lead to specialisation on the main habitat. It involves accumulation of mutations that are deleterious in the marginal habitat but neutral or nearly so in the main habitat (mutations deleterious in the main habitat and neutral in the marginal habitat have a negligible influence). If the contribution of the marginal habitat to total reproduction in the absence of the mutations is less than a threshold value, selection is too weak to counter accumulation of such mutations. A positive feedback then results in loss of fitness in the marginal habitat. This mechanism does not require antagonistic pleiotropy in adaptation to different habitats, although antagonistic pleiotropy facilitates the mutational collapse of fitness in the marginal habitat. We suggest that deleterious mutations with habitat-specific expression may play a role in the evolution of ecological specialisation and promote evolutionary conservatism of ecological niches.},
  author       = {Kawecki, Tadeusz and Barton, Nicholas H and Fry, James},
  issn         = {1010-061X},
  journal      = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {407 -- 430},
  publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  title        = {{Mutational collapse of fitness in marginal habitats and the evolution of ecological specialisation}},
  doi          = {10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10030407.x},
  volume       = {10},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{3632,
  abstract     = {An important but controversial class of hypotheses concerning the evolution of female preferences for extreme male mating displays involves 'indirect selection.' Even in the absence of direct fitness effects, preference for males with high overall fitness can spread via a genetic correlation that develops between preference alleles and high fitness genotypes. Here we develop a quantitative expression for the force of indirect selection that (i) applies to any female mating behavior, (ii) is relatively insensitive to the underlying genetics, and (iii) is based on measurable quantities. In conjunction with the limited data now available, it suggests that the evolutionary force generated by indirect selection on preferences is weak in absolute terms. This finding raises the possibility that direct selection on preference genes may often be more important than indirect selection, but more data on the quantities identified by our model and on direct selection are needed to decide the question.},
  author       = {Kirkpatrick, Mark and Barton, Nicholas H},
  issn         = {0027-8424},
  journal      = {PNAS},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {1282 -- 1286},
  publisher    = {National Academy of Sciences},
  title        = {{The strength of indirect selection on female mating preferences}},
  doi          = {10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282},
  volume       = {94},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{3633,
  abstract     = {Gene flow from the center of a species' range can stymie adaptation at the periphery and prevent the range from expanding outward. We study this process using simple models that track both demography and the evolution of a quantitative trait in a population that is continuously distributed in space. Stabilizing selection acts on the trait and favors an optimum phenotype that changes linearly across the habitat. One of three outcomes is possible: the species will become extinct, expand to fill all of the available habitat, or be confined to a limited range in which it is significantly adapted to allow population growth. When the environment changes rapidly in space, increased migration inhibits local adaptation and so decreases the species' total population size. Gene flow can cause enough maladaptation that the peripheral half of a species' range acts as an demographic sink. The trait's genetic variance has little effect on species persistence or the size of the range when gene flow is sufficiently strong to keep population densities far below the carrying capacity throughout the range, but it can increase the range width and population size of an abundant species. Under some conditions, a small parameter change can dramatically shift the balance between gene flow and local adaptation, allowing a species with a limited range to suddenly expand to fill all the available habitat.},
  author       = {Kirkpatrick, Mark and Barton, Nicholas H},
  issn         = {0003-0147},
  journal      = {American Naturalist},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {1 -- 23},
  publisher    = {University of Chicago Press},
  title        = {{Evolution of a species' range}},
  doi          = {10.1086/286054},
  volume       = {150},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{4018,
  abstract     = {Given a subspace X subset of or equal to R-d and a finite set S subset of or equal to R-d, we introduce the Delaunay complex, D-X, restricted by X. Its simplices are spanned by subsets T subset of or equal to S for which the common intersection of Voronoi cells meets X in a non-empty set. By the nerve theorem, boolean OR D-X and X are homotopy equivalent if all such sets are contractible. This paper proves a sufficient condition for boolean OR D-X and X be homeomorphic.},
  author       = {Edelsbrunner, Herbert and Shah, Nimish},
  issn         = {0925-7721},
  journal      = {International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {365 -- 378},
  publisher    = {World Scientific Publishing},
  title        = {{Triangulating topological spaces}},
  doi          = {10.1142/S0218195997000223},
  volume       = {7},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{4021,
  abstract     = {A homeomorphism from R-2 to itself distorts metric quantities, such as distance and area. We describe an algorithm that constructs homeomorphisms with prescribed area distortion. Such homeomorphisms can be used to generate cartograms, which are geographic maps purposely distorted so their area distributions reflects a variable different from area, as for example population density. The algorithm generates the homeomorphism through a sequence of local piecewise linear homeomorphic changes. Sample results produced by the preliminary implementation of the method are included.},
  author       = {Edelsbrunner, Herbert and Waupotitsch, Roman},
  issn         = {0925-7721},
  journal      = {Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications},
  number       = {5-6},
  pages        = {343 -- 360},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{A combinatorial approach to cartograms}},
  doi          = {10.1016/S0925-7721(96)00006-5},
  volume       = {7},
  year         = {1997},
}