@proceedings{4430,
  editor       = {Henzinger, Thomas A},
  isbn         = {978-3-540-64358-6},
  location     = {Berkeley, CA, United States of America},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{HSCC: Hybrid Systems—Computation and Control}},
  doi          = {10.1007/3-540-64358-3},
  volume       = {1386},
  year         = {1998},
}

@inproceedings{4486,
  abstract     = {The simulation preorder on state transition systems is widely accepted as a useful notion of refinement, both in its own right and as an efficiently checkable sufficient condition for trace containment. For composite systems, due to the exponential explosion of the state space, there is a need for decomposing a simulation check of the form P< s Q into simpler simulation checks on the components of P and Q. We present an assume-guarantee rule that enables such a decomposition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first assume-guarantee rule that applies to a refinement relation different from trace containment. Our rule is circular, and its soundness proof requires induction on trace trees. The proof is constructive: given simulation relations that witness the simulation preorder between corresponding components of P and Q, we provide a procedure for constructing a witness relation for P< s Q. We also extend our assume-guarantee rule to account for fairness assumptions on transition systems},
  author       = {Henzinger, Thomas A and Qadeer, Shaz and Rajamani, Sriram and Tasiran, Serdar},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Methods in Computer-Aided Design},
  isbn         = {9783540651918},
  location     = {Palo Alto, CA, United States of America},
  pages        = {421 -- 432},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{An assume-guarantee rule for checking simulation}},
  doi          = {10.1007/3-540-49519-3_27},
  volume       = {1522},
  year         = {1998},
}

@inproceedings{4488,
  abstract     = {Assume-guarantee reasoning has long been advertised as an important method for decomposing proof obligations in system verification. Refinement mappings (homomorphisms) have long been advertised as an important method for solving the language-inclusion problem in practice. When confronted with large verification problems, we therefore attempted to make use of both techniques. We soon found that rather than offering instant solutions, the success of assume-guarantee reasoning depends critically on the construction of suitable abstraction modules, and the success of refinement checking depends critically on the construction of suitable witness modules. Moreover, as abstractions need to be witnessed, and witnesses abstracted, the process must be iterated. We present here the main lessons we learned from our experiments, in limn of a systematic and structured discipline for the compositional verification of reactive modules. An infrastructure to support this discipline, and automate parts of the verification, has been implemented in the tool Mocha.},
  author       = {Henzinger, Thomas A and Qadeer, Shaz and Rajamani, Sriram},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification},
  isbn         = {9783540646082},
  location     = {Vancouver, Canada},
  pages        = {440 -- 451},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{You assume, we guarantee: Methodology and case studies}},
  doi          = {10.1007/BFb0028765},
  volume       = {1427},
  year         = {1998},
}

@inproceedings{4489,
  abstract     = {Symbolic model checking, which enables the automatic verification of large systems, proceeds by calculating with expressions that represent state sets. Traditionally, symbolic model-checking tools arc based on backward state traversal; their basic operation is the function pre, which given a set of states, returns the set of all predecessor states. This is because specifiers usally employ formalisms with future-time modalities. which are naturally evaluated by iterating applications of pre. It has been recently shown experimentally that symbolic model checking can perform significantly better if it is based, instead, on forward state traversal; in this case, the basic operation is the function post, which given a set of states, returns the set of all successor states. This is because forward state traversal can ensure that only those parts of the state space are explored which are reachable from an initial state and relevant for satisfaction or violation of the specification; that is, errors can be detected as soon as possible.
In this paper, we investigate which specifications can be checked by symbolic forward state traversal. We formulate the problems of symbolic backward and forward model checking by means of two -calculi. The pre- calculus is based on the pre operation; the post- calculus, on the post operation. These two -calculi induce query logics, which augment fixpoint expressions with a boolean emptiness query. Using query logics, we are able to relate and compare the symbolic backward and forward approaches. In particular, we prove that all -regular (linear-time) specifications can be expressed as post- queries, and therefore checked using symbolic forward state traversal. On the other hand, we show that there are simple branching-time specifications that cannot be checked in this way.},
  author       = {Henzinger, Thomas A and Kupferman, Orna and Qadeer, Shaz},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification},
  isbn         = {9783540646082},
  location     = {Vancouver, Canada},
  pages        = {195 -- 206},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{From pre-historic to post-modern symbolic model checking}},
  doi          = {10.1007/BFb0028745},
  volume       = {1427},
  year         = {1998},
}

@inproceedings{4490,
  abstract     = {A specification formalism for reactive systems defines a class of Ω-languages. We call a specification formalism fully decidable if it is constructively closed under boolean operations and has a decidable satisfiability (nonemptiness) problem. There are two important, robust classes of Ω-languages that are definable by fully decidable formalisms. The Ω -reqular languages are definable by finite automata, or equivalcntly, by the Sequential Calculus. The counter-free Ω-regular languages are definable by temporal logic, or equivalcntly, by the first-order fragment of the Sequential Calculus. The gap between both classes can be closed by finite counting (using automata connectives), or equivalently, by projection (existential second-order quantification over letters).
A specification formalism for real-time systems defines a class of timed Ω-langnages, whose letters have real-numbered time stamps. Two popular ways of specifying timing constraints rely on the use of clocks, and on the use of time bounds for temporal operators. However, temporal logics with clocks or time bounds have undecidable satisfiability problems, and finite automata with clocks (so-called timed automata) are not closed under complement. Therefore, two fully decidable restrictions of these formalisms have been proposed. In the first case, clocks are restricted to event clocks, which measure distances to immediately preceding or succeeding events only. In the second case, time bounds are restricted to nonsingular intervals, which cannot specify the exact punctuality of events. We show that the resulting classes of timed Ω-languages are robust, and we explain their relationship.
First, we show that temporal logic with event clocks defines the same class of timed Ω-languages as temporal logic with nonsingular time bounds, and we identify a first-order monadic theory that also defines this class. Second, we show that if the ability of finite counting is added to these formalisms, we obtain the class of timed Ω-languages that are definable by finite automata with event clocks, or equivalently, by a restricted second-order extension of the monadic theory. Third, we show that if projection is added, we obtain the class of timed Ω-languages that are definable by timed automata, or equivalently, by a richer second-order extension of the monadic theory. These results identify three robust classes of timed Ω-languages, of which the third, while popular, is not definable by a, fully decidable formalism. By contrast, the first two classes are definable by fully decidable formalisms from temporal logic, from automata theory, and from monadic logic. Since the gap between these two classes can be closed by finite counting, we dub them the timed Ω-regular languages and the timed counter-free Ω-rcgular languages, respectively.},
  author       = {Henzinger, Thomas A and Raskin, Jean and Schobbens, Pierre},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 25th International Colloqium on Automata, Languages and Programming},
  isbn         = {9783540647812},
  location     = {Aalborg, Denmark},
  pages        = {580 -- 591},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{The regular real-time languages}},
  doi          = {10.1007/BFb0055086},
  volume       = {1443},
  year         = {1998},
}

@article{4491,
  abstract     = {We present two methods for translating nonlinear hybrid systems into linear hybrid automata. Properties of the nonlinear systems can then be inferred from the automatic analysis of the translated linear hybrid automata. The first method, called clock translation, replaces constraints on nonlinear variables by constraints on clock variables. The second method, called linear phase-portrait approximation, conservatively overapproximates the phase portrait of a hybrid automaton using piecewise-constant polyhedral differential inclusions. Both methods are sound for safety properties. We illustrate both methods by using HYTECH, a symbolic model checker for linear hybrid automata, to automatically check properties of a nonlinear temperature controller and of a predator-prey ecology},
  author       = {Henzinger, Thomas A and Ho, Pei and Wong Toi, Howard},
  issn         = {0018-9162},
  journal      = {IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {540 -- 554},
  publisher    = {IEEE},
  title        = {{Algorithmic analysis of nonlinear hybrid systems}},
  doi          = {10.1109/9.664156 },
  volume       = {43},
  year         = {1998},
}

@article{4492,
  abstract     = {Hybrid automata model systems with both digital and analog components, such as embedded control programs. Many verification tasks for such programs can be expressed as reachability problems for hybrid automata. By improving on previous decidability and undecidability results, we identify a boundary between decidability and undecidability for the reachability problem of hybrid automata. On the positive side, we give an (optimal) PSPACE reachability algorithm for the case of initialized rectangular automata, where all analog variables follow independent trajectories within piecewise-linear envelopes and are reinitialized whenever the envelope changes. Our algorithm is based on the construction of a timed automaton that contains all reachability information about a given initialized rectangular automaton. The translation has practical significance for verification, because it guarantees the termination of symbolic procedures for the reachability analysis of initialized rectangular automata. The translation also preserves theω-languages of initialized rectangular automata with bounded nondeterminism. On the negative side, we show that several slight generalizations of initialized rectangular automata lead to an undecidable reachability problem. In particular, we prove that the reachability problem is undecidable for timed automata augmented with a single stopwatch.},
  author       = {Henzinger, Thomas A and Kopke, Peter and Puri, Anuj and Varaiya, P.},
  isbn         = {0022-0000},
  journal      = {Journal of Computer and System Sciences},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {94 -- 124},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{What's decidable about hybrid automata?}},
  doi          = {10.1006/jcss.1998.1581},
  volume       = {57},
  year         = {1998},
}

@inproceedings{4515,
  abstract     = {We summarize and reorganize some of the last decade's research on real-time extensions of temporal logic. Our main focus is on tableau constructions for model checking linear temporal formulas with timing constraints. In particular, we find that a great deal of real-time verification can be performed in polynomial space, but also that considerable care must be exercised in order to keep the real-time verification problem in polynomial space, or even decidable.},
  author       = {Henzinger, Thomas A},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 9th Interantional Conference on Concurrency Theory},
  isbn         = {978-3-540-64896-3},
  location     = {Nice, France},
  pages        = {439 -- 454},
  publisher    = {Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik},
  title        = {{It's about time: Real-time logics reviewed}},
  doi          = {10.1007/BFb0055640},
  volume       = {1466},
  year         = {1998},
}

@article{2493,
  abstract     = {A specific antiserum against substance P receptor (SPR) labels nonprincipal neurons in the cerebral cortex of the rat (T. Kaneko et al. [1994], Neuroscience 60:199-211; Y. Nakaya et al. [1994], J. Comp. Neurol. 347:249-274). In the present study, we aimed to identify the types of SPR- immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampus according to their content of neurochemical markers, which label interneuron populations with distinct termination patterns. Markers for perisomatic inhibitory cells, parvalbumin and cholecystokinin (CCK), colocalized with SPR in pyramidallike basket cells in the dentate gyrus and in large multipolar or bitufted cells within all hippocampal subfields respectively. A dense meshwork of SPR-immunoreactive spiny dendrites in the hilus and stratum lucidum of the CA3 region belonged largely to inhibitory cells terminating in the distal dendritic region of granule cells, as indicated by the somatostatin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) content. In addition, SPR and NPY were colocalized in numerous multipolar interneurons with dendrites branching close to the soma. Twenty-five percent of the SPR-immunoreactive cells overlapped with calretinin-positive neurons in all hippocampal subfields, showing that interneurons specialized to contact other gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic cells may also contain SPR. On the basis of the known termination pattern of the colocalized markers, we conclude that SPR-positive interneurons are functionally heterogeneous and participate in different inhibitory processes: (1) perisomatic inhibition of principal cells (CCK-containing cells, and parvalbumin-positive cells in the dentate gyrus), (2) feedback dendritic inhibition in the entorhinal termination zone (somatostatin and NPY-containing cells), and (3) innervation of other interneurons (calretinin-containing cells).},
  author       = {Acsády, László and Katona, István and Gulyás, Attila and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Freund, Tamás},
  issn         = {0021-9967},
  journal      = {Journal of Comparative Neurology},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {320 -- 336},
  publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  title        = {{Immunostaining for substance P receptor labels GABAergic cells with distinct termination patterns in the hippocampus}},
  doi          = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970217)378:3<320::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-5},
  volume       = {378},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{2575,
  abstract     = {It was examined electron microscopically in the rat if a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR7, might be localized in axon terminals of nociceptive, primary afferent fibers in laminae I and II of the spinal dorsal horn. Nociceptive nature of axon terminals showing mGluR7-like immunoreactivity (mGluR7-LI) was indicated by binding to the isolectin I-B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia (I-B4), or by substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI). Axon terminals labeled with immunogold particles indicating mGluR7-LI were usually filled with round synaptic vesicles and were in asymmetric synaptic contact with dendritic or somatic profiles; occasionally they contained pleomorphic vesicles and were in symmetric synaptic contact with somatic profiles in lamina II. The double-labeling studies revealed that most of axon terminals with I-B4 labeling as well as a small population of axon terminals with SP-LI, showed mGluR7-LI. About one-third or much smaller population of axon terminals with mGluR7-LI in laminae I and II were labeled, respectively, with I-B4 or SP-LI; these were in asymmetric synaptic contact with dendritic profiles.},
  author       = {Li, He and Ohishi, Hitoshi and Kinoshita, Ayae and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Nomura, Sakashi and Mizuno, Noboru},
  issn         = {0304-3940},
  journal      = {Neuroscience Letters},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {153 -- 156},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR7, in axon terminals of presumed nociceptive, primary afferent fibers in the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn: An electron microscope study in the rat}},
  doi          = {10.1016/S0304-3940(97)13429-2},
  volume       = {223},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{2576,
  abstract     = {Primary afferent neurons containing substance P (SP) are apparently implicated in the transmission of noxious information from the periphery to the central nervous system, and SP released from primary afferent neurons acts on second-order neurons with the SP receptor (SPR). In the rat, nociceptive information reached the hypothalamus not only through indirect pathways but also directly through trigeminohypothalamic and spinohypothalamic pathways. Thus, in the present study, the distribution pattern of trigeminohypothalamic and spinohypothalamic tract neurons showing SPR-like immunoreactivity (SPR-LI) was examined in the rat by a retrograde tract-tracing method combined with immunofluorescence histochemistry for SPR. A substantial number of trigeminal and spinal neurons with SPR-LI were retrogradely labeled with Fluore-Gold (FG) injected into the hypothalamic regions. These neurons were distributed mainly in lamina I of the medullary and spinal dorsal horns, lateral spinal nucleus, regions around the central canal of the spinal cord, and the lateral aspect of the deep part of the spinal dorsal horn. A number of SPR-LI neurons in the spinal parasympathetic nucleus were labeled with FG injected into the area around the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Some SPR-LI neurons in the lateral spinal nucleus and the lateral aspect of the deep part of the spinal dorsal horn were also labeled with FG injected into the septal region. On the basis of the distribution areas of SPR-LI trigeminal and spinal neurons projecting to the hypothalamic and septal regions, it is likely that these neurons are involved in the transmission of somatic and/or visceral noxious information.},
  author       = {Li, Jin and Kaneko, Takeshi and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru},
  issn         = {0021-9967},
  journal      = {Journal of Comparative Neurology},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {508 -- 521},
  publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  title        = {{Distribution of trigeminohypothalamic and spinohypothalamic tract neurons displaying substance P receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat}},
  doi          = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970224)378:4<508::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-6},
  volume       = {378},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{2577,
  abstract     = {The cloned cDNA for rat prostacyclin synthase was found to contain a 1503-bp open reading frame which encoded a 501-amino acid protein sharing 84% identity with the human enzyme. RNA blot analysis revealed that the rat prostacyclin synthase mRNA, as a single species of 2.1 kb, is expressed abundantly in the aorta and uterus. High levels of expression were also observed in the stomach, lung, heart, testis, liver, and skeletal muscle. Low but significant expression was also seen in the brain and kidney. Furthermore, the regional distribution and cellular localization of prostacyclin synthase mRNA were examined by in situ hybridization analysis of rat tissue sections. The definitive signals for the mRNA were localized in smooth muscle cells of the arteries, bronchi and uterus, and in the cells of the fibrous tunic surrounding the seminiferous tubules, which are characterized as smooth muscle cells. Besides smooth muscle cells, signal were also detected in the fibroblasts of the heart myocardium, lung parenchyma cells and kidney inner medulla tubules and interstitial cells.},
  author       = {Tone, Yoshinori and Inoue, Hiroyasu and Hara, Shuntaro and Yokoyama, Chieko and Hatae, Toshihisa and Oida, Hiroji and Narumiya, Shuh and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Yukawa, Susumu and Tanabe, Tadashi},
  issn         = {0171-9335},
  journal      = {European Journal of Cell Biology},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {268 -- 277},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{The regional distribution and cellular localization of mRNA encoding rat prostacyclin synthase}},
  volume       = {72},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{2578,
  abstract     = {The distribution of immunoreactivity to the neurokinin3 receptor (NK3R) was examined in segments C7, T11-12, L1-2, and L4-6 of the rat spinal cord. NK3R immunoreactivity was visualized by using two antisera generated against sequences of amino acids contained in the C-terminal region of the NK3R. NK3R-immunoreactive cells were numerous in the substantia gelatinosa of all spinal segments examined as well as the dorsal commissural nucleus of spinal segments L1-2. Isolated, immunoreactive cells were scattered throughout other regions of the spinal cord. The relationship of NK3R-immunoreactivity with neurons was demonstrated by colocalization with microtubule associated protein 2-immunoreactivity in individual cells. Within neurons, NK3R- immunoreactivity was associated predominately with the plasma membrane of cell bodies and dendrites. Within the substantia gelatinosa, 86% of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive neurons were also NK3R-immunoreactive. Although NOS-immunoreactive neurons were found throughout all other regions of the spinal cord in the segments examined, these were not NK3R- immunoreactive. When preganglionic sympathetic neurons in spinal segments T11-12 and L1-2 were visualized by intraperitoneal injection of Fluorogold, less than 1% of the Fluorogold-labeled neurons were also immunoreactive for NK3R. The large number of NK3R-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia gelatinosa suggests that some effects of tachykinins an somatosensation may be mediated by NK3R.},
  author       = {Seybold, Virginia and Grković, Ivica and Portbury, Andrea and Ding, Yu and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru and Furness, John and Southwell, Bridget},
  issn         = {0021-9967},
  journal      = {Journal of Comparative Neurology},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {439 -- 448},
  publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  title        = {{Relationship of NK3 receptor-immunoreactivity to subpopulations of neurons in rat spinal cord}},
  doi          = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970519)381:4<439::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-3},
  volume       = {381},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{2579,
  abstract     = {The localisation of the neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3r) in the rat gastrointestinal tract has been studied by using a polyclonal antiserum against the C-terminal portion (amino acids 388-452) of the rat NK3r. In the oesophagus, immunoreactivity for the NK3r was found on smooth muscle cells of the muscularis mucosae. NK3r immunoreactivity was not present on muscle cells of other regions. Nerve cell bodies immunoreactive for NK3r were seen in the myenteric and submucous plexuses of the small and large intestine, but not in the stomach or oesophagus. Immunoreactivity was largely confined to nerve cell surfaces. The reaction product was on the cell soma and initial parts of axons. Reactivity was not seen on nerve terminals. Immunoreactive nerve cells had Dogiel Type II morphology. Patterns of co-localisation of NK3r and immunoreactivity for other markers were examined in the ileum, to provide a basis from which to deduce the functional identity of NK3r-immunoreactive nerve cells. Most of the NK3r-immunoreactive nerve cells were also immunoreactive for the calcium-binding proteins, calretinin and calbindin, and all were immunoreactive for the NK1 receptor (NK1r). Nerve cells that were immunoreactive for nitric oxide synthase were not immunoreactive for either NK3r or NK1r. The projections of the calbindin and calretinin neurons were determined by nerve lesion studies. Their morphology, projections to the mucosa and other ganglia and immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding proteins suggest that the NK3r-immunoreactive neurons are intrinsic sensory neurons.},
  author       = {Mann, Patricia and Southwell, Bridget and Ding, Yu and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru and Furness, John},
  issn         = {0044-3794},
  journal      = {Cell and Tissue Research},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {1 -- 9},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{Localisation of neurokinin 3 (NK3) receptor immunoreactivity in the rat gastrointestinal tract}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s004410050846},
  volume       = {289},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{2580,
  abstract     = {Two group I metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes, mGluR1 and mGluR5, have been reported to occur in highest concentration in an annulus surrounding the edge of the postsynaptic membrane specialisation. In order to determine whether such a distribution is uniform amongst postsynaptic mGluRs, their distribution was compared quantitatively by a pre-embedding silver-intensified immunogold technique at electron microscopic level in hippocampal pyramidal cells (mGluR5), cerebellar Purkinje cells (mGluR1α) and Golgi cells (mGluR2). The results show that mGluR1α, mGluR5 and mGluR2 each have a distinct distribution in relation to the glutamatergic synaptic junctions. On dendritic spines, mGluRlα and mGluR5 showed the highest receptor density in a perisynaptic annulus (defined as within 60 nm of the edge of the synapse) followed by a decreasing extrasynaptic (60-900 nm) receptor level, but the gradient of decrease and the proportion of the perisynaptic pool (mGluR1α, ~ 50%; vs mGluR5, ~ 25%) were different for the two receptors. The distributions of mGluRlα and mGluR5 also differed significantly from simulated random distributions. In contrast, mGluR2 was not closely associated with glutamatergic synapses in the dendritic plasma membrane of cerebellar Golgi cells and its distribution relative to synapses is not different from simulated random distribution in the membrane. The somatic membrane, the axon and the synaptic boutons of the GABAergic Golgi cells also contained immunoreactive mGluR2 that is not associated with synaptic specialisations. In the hippocampal CA1 area the distribution of immunoparticles for mGluR5 on individual spines was established using serial sections. The results indicate that dendritic spines of pyramidal cells are heterogeneous with respect to the ratio of perisynaptic to extrasynaptic mGluR5 pools and about half of the immunopositive spines lack the perisynaptic pool. The quantitative comparison of receptor distributions demonstrates that mGluRlα and mGluR5, but not mGluR2, are highly compartmentalised in different plasma membrane domains. The unique distribution of each mGluR subtype may reflect requirements for different transduction and effector mechanisms between cell types and different domains of the same cell, and suggests that the precise placement of receptors is a crucial factor contributing to neuronal communication.},
  author       = {Luján, Rafael and Roberts, John and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Ohishi, Hitoshi and Somogyi, Péter},
  issn         = {0891-0618},
  journal      = {Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {219 -- 241},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Differential plasma membrane distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1α, mGluR2 and mGluR5, relative to neurotransmitter release sites}},
  doi          = {10.1016/S0891-0618(97)00051-3},
  volume       = {13},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{2581,
  abstract     = {It is well known that striatonigral neurons produce substance P (SP); however, no SP receptor (SPR) has so far been found in the substantia nigra. On the other hand, a previous study in the rat striatum indicated that SPR was expressed only in cholinergic or somatostatinergic intrinsic neurons (Kaneko et al. [1993] Brain Res. 631:297-303). Thus, it was assumed that SP produced by striatenigral neurons might be released through their intrastriatal axon collaterals to act upon intrinsic neurons in the striatum. To confirm this assumption, the distribution of axon collaterals of striatonigral neurons was examined in the striatum of the rat. The experiments were performed on brain slices by combining retrograde labeling with tetramethylrhodamine-dextran amine, electrophysiological recording, intracellular staining with biocytin, and immunocytochemistry for SPR. The distribution of axons of cholinergic striatal neurons (a group of SP-negative intrinsic striatal neurons) was also examined. It was observed that 16% of varicosities of intrastriatal axon collaterals of striatonigral neurons, as well as 6% of axonal varicosities of cholinergic neurons, were in close apposition to dendrites and cell bodies of SPB-immunoreactive striatal neurons. Since SPR-immunoreactive striatal neurons constituted only 2.7% of the total population of striatal neurons (Kaneko et al. [1993] Brain Res. 631:297-303), it appeared that axonal varicosities of striatonigral neurons were preferentially apposed to SPR-immunoreactive striatal neurons and that the varicosities in close apposition to SPR-immunoreactive neurons were derived more frequently from striatonigral neurons than from cholinergic interneurons. Confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that axonal varicosities in close apposition to SPR-immunoreactive cells showed synaptophysin immunoreactivity, a marker of synaptic vesicles. In intrastriatal axons of striatonigral neurons, it was further revealed from electron microscopy that axonal varicosities in close apposition to SPR- immunoreactive dendrites, at least a part of them, made synapses of the symmetric type. Striatonigral neurons might release SP preferentially around cholinergic or somatostatinergic intrinsic neurons to regulate them through SP-SPR interactions.},
  author       = {Lee, Teffy and Kaneko, Takeshi and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Nomura, Sakashi and Mizuno, Noboru},
  issn         = {0021-9967},
  journal      = {Journal of Comparative Neurology},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {250 -- 264},
  publisher    = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  title        = {{Collateral projections from striatonigral neurons to substance P receptor-expressing intrinsic neurons in the striatum of the rat}},
  doi          = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19971117)388:2<250::AID-CNE5>3.0.CO;2-0},
  volume       = {388},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{2582,
  abstract     = {Neurotransmission in the hippocampus is modulated variously through presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). To establish the precise localization of presynaptic mGluRs in the rat hippocampus, we used subtype-specific antibodies for eight mGluRs (mGluR1-mGluR8) for immunohistochemistry combined with lesioning of the three major hippocampal pathways: the perforant path, mossy fiber, and Schaffer collateral. Immunoreactivity for group II (mGluR2) and group III (mGluR4a, mGluR7a, mGluR7b, and mGluR8) mGluRs was predominantly localized to presynaptic elements, whereas that for group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and mGluR5) was localized to postsynaptic elements. The medial perforant path was strongly immunoreactive for mGluR2 and mGluR7a throughout the hippocampus, and the lateral perforant path was prominently immunoreactive for mGluR8 in the dentate gyrus and CA3 area. The messy fiber was labeled for mGluR2, mGluR7a, and mGluR7b, whereas the Schaffer collateral was labeled only for mGluR7a. Electron microscopy further revealed the spatial segregation of group II and group III mGluRs within presynaptic elements. Immunolabeling for the group III receptors was predominantly observed in presynaptic active zones of asymmetrical and symmetrical synapses, whereas that for the group II receptor (mGluR2) was found in preterminal rather than terminal portions of axons. Target cell-specific segregation of receptors, first reported for mGluR7a (Shigemoto et al., 1996), was also apparent for the other group III mGluRs, suggesting that transmitter release is differentially regulated by 2-amino- 4-phosphonobutyrate-sensitive mGluRs in individual synapses on single axons according to the identity of postsynaptic neurons.},
  author       = {Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Kinoshita, Ayae and Wada, Eiki and Nomura, Sakashi and Ohishi, Hitoshi and Takada, Masahiko and Flor, Peter and Neki, Akio and Abe, Takaaki and Nakanishi, Shigetada and Mizuno, Noboru},
  issn         = {0270-6474},
  journal      = {Journal of Neuroscience},
  number       = {19},
  pages        = {7503 -- 7522},
  publisher    = {Society for Neuroscience},
  title        = {{Differential presynaptic localization of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the rat hippocampus}},
  doi          = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-19-07503.1997},
  volume       = {17},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{2727,
  abstract     = {Diamagnetism of the magnetic Schrödinger operator and paramagnetism of the Pauli operator are rigorously proven for nonhomogeneous magnetic fields in the large field, in the large temperature and in the semiclassical asymptotic regimes. New counterexamples are presented which show that neither dia-nor paramagnetism is true in a robust sense (without asymptotics). In particular, we demonstrate that the recent diamagnetic comparison result by Loss and Thaller [M. Loss and B. Thaller, Commun. Math. Phys. (submitted)] is essentially the best one can hope for.},
  author       = {Erdös, László},
  issn         = {0022-2488},
  journal      = {Journal of Mathematical Physics},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {1289 -- 1317},
  publisher    = {American Institute of Physics},
  title        = {{Dia- and paramagnetism for nonhomogeneous magnetic fields}},
  doi          = {10.1063/1.531909},
  volume       = {38},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{2729,
  abstract     = {We give the leading order semiclassical asymptotics for the sum of the negative eigenvalues of the Pauli operator (in dimension two and three) with a strong non-homogeneous magnetic field. As in [LSY-II] for homogeneous field, this result can be used to prove that the magnetic Thomas-Fermi theory gives the leading order ground state energy of large atoms. We develop a new localization scheme well suited to the anisotropic character of the strong magnetic field. We also use the basic Lieb-Thirring estimate obtained in our companion paper [ES-I].},
  author       = {Erdös, László and Solovej, Jan},
  issn         = {0010-3616},
  journal      = {Communications in Mathematical Physics},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {599 -- 656},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{Semiclassical eigenvalue estimates for the Pauli operator with strong non-homogeneous magnetic fields, II. Leading order asymptotic estimates}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s002200050181},
  volume       = {188},
  year         = {1997},
}

@article{11666,
  abstract     = {This article describes the Digital Continuous Profiling Infrastructure, a sampling-based profiling system designed to run continuously on production systems. The system supports multiprocessors, works on unmodified executables, and collects profiles for entire systems, including user programs, shared libraries, and the operating system kernel. Samples are collected at a high rate (over 5200 samples/sec. per 333MHz processor), yet with low overhead (1–3% slowdown for most workloads). Analysis tools supplied with the profiling system use the sample data to produce a precise and accurate accounting, down to the level of pipeline stalls incurred by individual instructions, of where time is bring spent. When instructions incur stalls, the tools identify possible reasons, such as cache misses, branch mispredictions, and functional unit contention. The fine-grained instruction-level analysis guides users and automated optimizers to the causes of performance problems and provides important insights for fixing them.},
  author       = {Anderson, Jennifer M. and Berc, Lance M. and Dean, Jeffrey and Ghemawat, Sanjay and Henzinger, Monika H and Leung, Shun-Tak A. and Sites, Richard L. and Vandevoorde, Mark T. and Waldspurger, Carl A. and Weihl, William E.},
  issn         = {1557-7333},
  journal      = {ACM Transactions on Computer Systems},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {357--390},
  publisher    = {Association for Computing Machinery},
  title        = {{Continuous profiling: Where have all the cycles gone?}},
  doi          = {10.1145/265924.265925},
  volume       = {15},
  year         = {1997},
}