@article{2608, abstract = {The regulation of neurotransmitter receptors during synapse formation has been studied extensively at the neuromuscular junction, but little is known about the development of excitatory neurotransmitter receptors during synaptogenesis in central synapses. In this study we show qualitatively and quantitatively that a receptor undergoes changes in localisation on the surface of rat Purkinje cells during development in association with its excitatory synapses. The presence of mGluR1α at parallel and climbing fibre synapses on developing Purkinje cells was studied using high-resolution immunoelectron microscopy. Immunoreactivity for mGluR1α was detected from embryonic day 18 in Purkinje cells, and showed dramatic changes in its localisation with age. At early postnatal ages (P0 and P3), mGluR1α was found both in somata and stem dendrites but was not usually associated with synaptic contacts. At P7, mGluR1α became concentrated in somatic spines associated with climbing fibres and in the growing dendritic arborisation even before innervation by parallel fibres. During the second and third postnatal week, when spines and parallel fibre synapses were generated, mGluR1α became progressively concentrated in the molecular layer, particularly in the synaptic specialisations. As a result, during the fourth postnatal week, the pattern and level of mGluR1α expression became similar to the adult and mGluR1α appeared in high density in perisynaptic sites. Our results indicate that mGluR1α is present in the developing Purkinje cells prior to their innervation by climbing and parallel fibres and demonstrate that this receptor undergoes a dynamic and specific regulation during postnatal development in association with the establishment of synaptic inputs to Purkinje cell.}, author = {López Bendito, Guillermina and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Luján, Rafael and Juíz, José}, issn = {0306-4522}, journal = {Neuroscience}, number = {2}, pages = {413 -- 429}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Developmental changes in the localisation of the mGluR1α subtype of metabotropic glutamate receptors in Purkinje cells}}, doi = {10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00188-9}, volume = {105}, year = {2001}, } @article{2609, abstract = {The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have distinct distribution patterns in the CNS but subtypes within group I or group III mGluRs share similar ultrastructural localization relative to neurotransmitter release sites: group I mGluRs are concentrated in an annulus surrounding the edge of the postsynaptic density, whereas group III mGluRs are concentrated in the presynaptic active zone. One of the group II subtypes, mGluR2, is expressed in both pre- and postsynaptic elements, having no close association with synapses. In order to determine if such a distribution is common to another group II subtype, mGluR3, an antibody was raised against a carboxy-terminus of mGluR3 and used for light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry in the mouse CNS. The antibody reacted strongly with mGluR3, but it also reacted, though only weakly, with mGluR2. Therefore, to examine mGluR3-selective distribution, we used mGluR2-deficient mice as well as wild-type mice. Strong immunoreactivity for mGluR3 was found in the cerebral cortex, striatum, dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, olfactory tubercle, lateral septal nucleus, lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei, and nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract. Pre-embedding immunoperoxidase and immunogold methods revealed mGluR3 labeling in both presynaptic and postsynaptic elements, and also in glial profiles. Double labeling revealed that the vast majority of mGluR3 in presynaptic elements is not closely associated with glutamate and GABA release sites in the striatum and thalamus, respectively. However, in the spines of the dentate granule cells, the highest receptor density was found in perisynaptic sites (20% of immunogold particles within 60 nm from the edge of postsynaptic membrane specialization) followed by a decreasing receptor density away from the synapses (to ∼5% of particles per 60 nm). Furthermore, 19% of immunogold particles were located in asymmetrical postsynaptic specialization, indicating an association of mGluR3 to glutamatergic synapses. The present results indicate that the localization of mGluR3 is rather similar to that of group I mGluRs in the postsynaptic elements, suggesting a unique functional role of mGluR3 in glutamatergic neurotransmission in the CNS.}, author = {Tamaru, Y and Nomura, Sakashi and Mizuno, Noboru and Shigemoto, Ryuichi}, issn = {0306-4522}, journal = {Neuroscience}, number = {3}, pages = {481 -- 503}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR3 in the mouse CNS: Differential location relative to pre- and postsynaptic sites}}, doi = {10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00305-0}, volume = {106}, year = {2001}, } @article{2610, abstract = {To study the role of mGlu7 receptors (mGluR7), we used homologous recombination to generate mice lacking this metabotropic receptor subtype (mGluR7 -/-). After the serendipitous discovery of a sensory stimulus-evoked epileptic phenotype, we tested two convulsant drugs, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and bicuculline. In animals aged 12 weeks and older, subthreshold doses of these drugs induced seizures in mGluR7 -/-, but not in mGluR7 +/-, mice. PTZ-induced seizures were inhibited by three standard anticonvulsant drugs, but not by the group III selective mGluR agonist (R,S)-4-phosphonophenylglycine (PPG). Consistent with the lack of signs of epileptic activity in the absence of specific stimuli, mGluR7 -/- mice showed no major changes in synaptic properties in two slice preparations. However, slightly increased excitability was evident in hippocampal slices. In addition, there was slower recovery from frequency facilitation in cortical slices, suggesting a role for mGluR7 as a frequency-dependent regulator in presynaptic terminals. Our findings suggest that mGluR7 receptors have a unique role in regulating neuronal excitability and that these receptors may be a novel target for the development of anticonvulsant drugs.}, author = {Sansig, Gilles and Bushell, Trevor and Clarke, Vernon and Rozov, Andrei and Burnashev, Nail and Portet, Chantal and Gasparini, Fabrizio and Schmutz, Markus and Klebs, Klaus and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Flor, Peter and Kühn, Rainer and Knoepfel, Thomas and Schroeder, Markus and Hampson, David and Collett, Valerie and Zhang, Congxiao and Duvoisin, Robert and Collingridge, Graham and Van Der Putten, Herman}, issn = {0270-6474}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, number = {22}, pages = {8734 -- 8745}, publisher = {Society for Neuroscience}, title = {{Increased seizure susceptibility in mice lacking metabotropic glutamate receptor 7}}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-22-08734.2001}, volume = {21}, year = {2001}, } @article{2611, abstract = {Research using animal models of neuropathic pain has revealed sympathetic sprouting onto dorsal root ganglion cells. More recently, sensory fibre sprouting onto dorsal root ganglion cells has also been observed. Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated persistent sympathetic fibre sprouting in the skin of the rat lower lip following sensory denervation of this region. Therefore, we applied immunocytochemistry to determine the effects of sympathectomies on the terminal fields of sensory fibres. The superior cervical ganglia were removed bilaterally and the effects on the innervation of the skin of the rat lower lip were observed 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 weeks post-surgery. Substance P and dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunoreactivities were used to identify a subset of sensory and sympathetic fibres, respectively. We also assessed neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactivity. Quantitative data was obtained with the aid of an image analysis system. In controls, the epidermis and upper dermis were innervated by substance P-immunoreactive fibres only and upper dermal blood vessels possessed the highest density of neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactivity. Blood vessels in the lower dermis were innervated by both substance P- and dopamine-β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibres. Following sympathectomies, substance P-immunoreactive fibres in the epidermis and upper dermis were more intensely labelled only 1 and 2 weeks post-surgery when compared to sham controls. The length of substance P-immunoreactive fibres in this region was also increased only on the second week. Neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactivity in the upper dermis was slightly decreased 1 and 2 weeks post-surgery. In the lower dermis, substance P-immunoreactive fibres associated with blood vessels were more intensely labelled only 1 and 2 weeks post-surgery, and at all post-surgical time points studied, blood vessels in this region were devoid of dopamine-β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibres. The length of substance P-immunoreactive fibres was increased from the first to the third week post-surgery in the lower dermis. These results indicate that sympathectomies lead to transient changes in substance P-immunoreactive fibre innervation and neurokinin-1 receptor expression in rat lower lip skin. The effects are most prominent in the lower dermis probably due to a greater local concentration of nerve growth factor in this region. The plasticity of the interactions between sensory and sympathetic fibres may prove important in the regulation of skin microcirculation and in the generation of painful sensations under normal conditions or following peripheral nerve injuries.}, author = {Ruocco, Isabella and Cuello, Augusto and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Ribeiro Da Silva, Alfredo}, issn = {0306-4522}, journal = {Neuroscience}, number = {1}, pages = {157 -- 166}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Sympathectomies lead to transient substance P-immunoreactive sensory fibre plasticity in the rat skin}}, doi = {10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00158-0}, volume = {108}, year = {2001}, } @article{2612, abstract = {We examined immunoreactivities for γ-aminobutyric acidB-receptor (GABABR) subtypes, GABABR1 and GABABR2, in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus neurons (MTN neurons) of the rat. Immunoreactivity for GABABR1 was prominent in cell bodies of MTN, whereas that for GABABR2 was very weak, if existed. For electron microscopy, the immunogold-silver method for GABABR1 was combined with the immunoperoxidase method for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD: the synthetic enzyme of GABA). Immunogold-silver particles indicating GABABR1 immunoreactivity were distributed widely in the cytoplasm of the cell bodies postsynaptic to GAD-immunoreactive axon terminals, but were rarely associated with synaptic membrane specialization or extrasynaptic sites of plasma membrane. It has been indicated that GABABR1 may not be transported to plasma membrane when no GABABR2 exists. Thus, it was presumed that GABABR1 in the cell body of the rat MTN neurons might not be involved in the synaptic transmission.}, author = {Li, Jin and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Kulik, Ákos and Chen, Peng and Nomura, Sakashi and Kaneko, Takeshi and Mizuno, Noboru}, issn = {0304-3940}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, number = {1-2}, pages = {93 -- 97}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Immunocytochemical localization of GABAB receptors in mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus neurons in the rat}}, doi = {10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02321-7}, volume = {315}, year = {2001}, } @inbook{2709, author = {Erdös, László}, booktitle = {13th International Congress of Mathematical Physics}, isbn = {9781571460851}, pages = {273 -- 281}, publisher = { International Press of Boston}, title = {{Long time dynamics of an electron in a weakly coupled phonon field}}, year = {2001}, } @article{2734, abstract = {In this paper we describe an intrinsically geometric way of producing magnetic fields on S3 and R3 for which the corresponding Dirac operators have a non-trivial kernel. In many cases we are able to compute the dimension of the kernel. In particular we can give examples where the kernel has any given dimension. This generalizes the examples of Loss and Yau [1].}, author = {Erdös, László and Solovej, Jan}, issn = {0129-055X}, journal = {Reviews in Mathematical Physics}, number = {10}, pages = {1247 -- 1280}, publisher = {World Scientific Publishing}, title = {{The kernel of Dirac operators on S3 and R3}}, doi = {10.1142/S0129055X01000983}, volume = {13}, year = {2001}, } @article{2735, abstract = {We establish the exact low-energy asymptotics of the integrated density of states (Lifschitz tail) in a homogeneous magnetic field and Poissonian impurities with a repulsive single-site potential of Gaussian decay. It has been known that the Gaussian potential tail discriminates between the so-called “classical” and “quantum” regimes, and precise asymptotics are known in these cases. For the borderline case, the coexistence of the classical and quantum regimes was conjectured. Here we settle this last remaining open case to complete the full picture of the magnetic Lifschitz tails.}, author = {Erdös, László}, issn = {0044-3719}, journal = {Probability Theory and Related Fields}, number = {2}, pages = {219 -- 236}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Lifschitz tail in a magnetic field: Coexistence of classical and quantum behavior in the borderline case}}, doi = {10.1007/PL00008803}, volume = {121}, year = {2001}, } @article{2736, abstract = {We consider the time evolution of N bosonic particles interacting via a mean field Coulomb potential. Suppose the initial state is a product wavefunction. We show that at any finite time the correlation functions factorize in the limit N → ∞. Furthermore, the limiting one particle density matrix satisfies the nonlinear Hartree equation. The key ingredients are the uniqueness of the BBGKY hierarchy for the correlation functions and a new apriori estimate for the many-body Schrödinger equations.}, author = {Erdös, László and Yau, Horng}, issn = {1095-0761}, journal = {Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics}, number = {6}, pages = {1169 -- 1205}, publisher = {International Press}, title = {{Derivation of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation from a many body Coulomb system}}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.math-ph/0111042}, volume = {5}, year = {2001}, } @article{2981, abstract = {Plants contain a novel unique subfamily of Rho GTPases, vital components of cellular signalling networks. Here we report a general role for some members of this family in polarized plant growth processes. We show that Arabidopsis AtRop4 and AtRop6 encode functional GTPases with similar intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rates. We localized AtRop proteins in root meristem cells to the cross-wall and cell plate membranes. Polar localization of AtRops in trichoblasts specifies the growth sites for emerging root hairs. These sites were visible before budding and elongation of the Arabidopsis root hair when AtRops accumulated at their tips. Expression of constitutively active AtRop4 and AtRop6 mutant proteins in root hairs of transgenic Arabidopsis plants abolished polarized growth and delocalized the tip-focused Ca2+ gradient. Polar localization of AtRops was inhibited by brefeldin A, but not by other drugs such as latrunculin B, cytochalasin D or caffeine. Our results demonstrate a general function of AtRop GTPases in tip growth and in polar diffuse growth.}, author = {Molendijk, Arthur and Bischoff, Friedrich and Rajendrakumar, Chadalavada and Friml, Jirí and Braun, Markus and Gilroy, Simon and Palme, Klaus}, issn = {0261-4189}, journal = {EMBO Journal}, number = {11}, pages = {2779 -- 2788}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Arabidopsis thaliana Rop GTPases are localized to tips of root hairs and control polar growth}}, doi = {10.1093/emboj/20.11.2779}, volume = {20}, year = {2001}, } @article{2982, abstract = {Polar auxin transport is crucial for the regulation of auxin action and required for some light-regulated responses during plant development. We have found that two mutants of Arabidopsis - doc1, which displays altered expression of light-regulated genes, and tir3, known for its reduced auxin transport - have similar defects and define mutations in a single gene that we have renamed BIG. BIG is very similar to the Drosophila gene Calossin/Pushover, a member of a gene family also present in Caenorhabditis elegans and human genomes. The protein encoded by BIG is extraordinary in size, 560 kD, and contains several putative Zn-finger domains. Expression-profiling experiments indicate that altered expression of multiple light-regulated genes in doc1 mutants can be suppressed by elevated levels of auxin caused by overexpression of an auxin biosynthetic gene, suggesting that normal auxin distribution is required to maintain low-level expression of these genes in the dark. Double mutants of tir3 with the auxin mutants pin1, pid, and axr1 display severe defects in auxin-dependent growth of the inflorescence. Chemical inhibitors of auxin transport change the intracellular localization of the auxin efflux carrier PIN1 in doc1/tir3 mutants, supporting the idea that BIG is required for normal auxin efflux.}, author = {Gil, Pedro and Dewey, Elizabeth and Friml, Jirí and Zhao, Yunde and Snowden, Kimberley and Putterill, Jo and Palme, Klaus and Estelle, Mark and Chory, Joanne}, issn = {0890-9369}, journal = {Genes and Development}, number = {15}, pages = {1985 -- 1997}, publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press}, title = {{BIG: A calossin-like protein required for polar auxin transport in Arabidopsis}}, doi = {10.1101/gad.905201}, volume = {15}, year = {2001}, } @article{2983, abstract = {Polar transport of the phytohormone auxin mediates various processes in plant growth and development, such as apical dominance, tropisms, vascular patterning and axis formation. This view is based largely on the effects of polar auxin transport inhibitors. These compounds disrupt auxin efflux from the cell but their mode of action is unknown. It is thought that polar auxin flux is caused by the asymmetric distribution of efflux carriers acting at the plasma membrane. The polar localization of efflux carrier candidate PIN1 supports this model. Here we show that the seemingly static localization of PIN1 results from rapid actin-dependent cycling between the plasma membrane and endosomal compartments. Auxin transport inhibitors block PIN1 cycling and inhibit trafficking of membrane proteins that are unrelated to auxin transport. Our data suggest that PIN1 cycling is of central importance for auxin transport and that auxin transport inhibitors affect efflux by generally interfering with membrane-trafficking processes. In support of our conclusion, the vesicle-trafficking inhibitor brefeldin A mimics physiological effects of auxin transport inhibitors.}, author = {Geldner, Niko and Friml, Jirí and Stierhof, York and Jürgens, Gerd and Palme, Klaus}, issn = {0028-0836}, journal = {Nature}, number = {6854}, pages = {425 -- 428}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Auxin transport inhibitors block PIN1 cycling and vesicle trafficking}}, doi = {10.1038/35096571}, volume = {413}, year = {2001}, } @article{2984, abstract = {Auxins represent an important class of plant hormone that regulate plant development. Plants use specialized carrier proteins to transport the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to target tissues. To date, efflux carrier-mediated polar auxin transport has been assumed to represent the sole mode of long distance IAA movement. Localization of the auxin permease AUX1 in the Arabidopsis root apex has revealed a novel phloem-based IAA transport pathway. AUX1, asymmetrically localized to the plasma membrane of root protophloem cells, is proposed to promote the acropetal, post-phloem movement of auxin to the root apex. MS analysis shows that IAA accumulation in aux1 mutant root apices is impaired, consistent with an AUX1 phloem unloading function. AUX1 localization to columella and lateral root cap tissues of the Arabidopsis root apex reveals that the auxin permease regulates a second IAA transport pathway. Expression studies using an auxin-regulated reporter suggest that AUX1 is necessary for root gravitropism by facilitating basipetal auxin transport to distal elongation zone tissues.}, author = {Swarup, Ranjan and Friml, Jirí and Marchant, Alan and Ljung, Karin and Sandberg, Göran and Palme, Klaus and Bennett, Malcolm}, issn = {Genes and Development}, journal = {Genes and Development}, number = {20}, pages = {2648 -- 2653}, publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press}, title = {{Localization of the auxin permease AUX1 suggests two functionally distinct hormone transport pathways operate in the Arabidopsis root apex}}, doi = {10.1101/gad.210501}, volume = {15}, year = {2001}, } @article{2985, abstract = {The elimination voltammetry with linear scan (EVLS) was used to study adenine and cytosine reduction signals at the mercury electrode. In comparison with the linear scan voltammetry (which provides only one unresolved peak), two elimination functions provide good resolution of individual peaks and significant increase of sensitivity. The first elimination function eliminates the kinetic current (Ik) and conserves the diffusion current (Id). The second elimination function eliminates kinetic and charging currents (Ik and Ic) simultaneously and conserves the diffusion current (Id). Both functions give two well-resolved peaks of adenine and cytosine in a wide concentration range, while the linear sweep voltammetry gives badly resolved peaks due to hydrogen evolution. The best resolution of peaks is observed in acetate buffer at pH 3.8 and the detection limit for both substances is 500 nM. The concentration dependence of EVLS peak heights for one substance at the constant concentration of the other substance is linear. The peak potentials differ in these elimination functions. The difference in EVLS peak potentials gives the possibility to evaluate αna. Elimination voltammetry with linear scan contributes to the resolution of cathodic signals of purine and pyrimidine bases at very negative potentials near supporting electrolyte discharge. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.}, author = {Trnková, Libuše and Friml, Jirí and Dračka, Oldřich}, isbn = {1567-5394}, journal = {Bioelectrochemistry}, number = {2}, pages = {131 -- 136}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Elimination voltammetry of adenine and cytosine mixtures}}, doi = {10.1016/S1567-5394(01)00119-0}, volume = {54}, year = {2001}, } @inproceedings{3169, abstract = {Several new algorithms for visual correspondence based on graph cuts [7, 14, 17] have recently been developed. While these methods give very strong results in practice, they do not handle occlusions properly. Specifically, they treat the two input images asymmetrically, and they do not ensure that a pixel corresponds to at most one pixel in the other image. In this paper, we present a new method which properly addresses occlusions, while preserving the advantages of graph cut algorithms. We give experimental results for stereo as well as motion, which demonstrate that our method performs well both at detecting occlusions and computing disparities.}, author = {Kolmogorov, Vladimir and Zabih, Ramin}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision}, isbn = {0769511430}, location = {Vancouver, Canada}, pages = {508 -- 515}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {{Computing visual correspondence with occlusions using graph cuts}}, doi = {10.1109/ICCV.2001.937668}, volume = {2}, year = {2001}, } @article{11125, abstract = {Although nuclear envelope (NE) assembly is known to require the GTPase Ran, the membrane fusion machinery involved is uncharacterized. NE assembly involves formation of a reticular network on chromatin, fusion of this network into a closed NE and subsequent expansion. Here we show that p97, an AAA-ATPase previously implicated in fusion of Golgi and transitional endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes together with the adaptor p47, has two discrete functions in NE assembly. Formation of a closed NE requires the p97–Ufd1–Npl4 complex, not previously implicated in membrane fusion. Subsequent NE growth involves a p97–p47 complex. This study provides the first insights into the molecular mechanisms and specificity of fusion events involved in NE formation.}, author = {HETZER, Martin W and Meyer, Hemmo H. and Walther, Tobias C. and Bilbao-Cortes, Daniel and Warren, Graham and Mattaj, Iain W.}, issn = {1476-4679}, journal = {Nature Cell Biology}, keywords = {Cell Biology}, number = {12}, pages = {1086--1091}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Distinct AAA-ATPase p97 complexes function in discrete steps of nuclear assembly}}, doi = {10.1038/ncb1201-1086}, volume = {3}, year = {2001}, } @article{11755, abstract = {Hyperlink analysis algorithms significantly improve the relevance of the search results on the Web, so much so that all major Web search engines claim to use some type of hyperlink analysis. However, the search engines do not disclose details about the type of hyperlink analysis they perform, mostly to avoid manipulation of search results by Web-positioning companies. The article discusses how hyperlink analysis can be applied to ranking algorithms, and surveys other ways Web search engines can use this analysis.}, author = {Henzinger, Monika H}, issn = {1941-0131}, journal = {IEEE Internet Computing}, number = {1}, pages = {45--50}, publisher = {Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers}, title = {{Hyperlink analysis for the Web}}, doi = {10.1109/4236.895141}, volume = {5}, year = {2001}, } @article{841, author = {Wolf, Yuri and Kondrashov, Fyodor and Koonin, Eugene}, issn = {0168-9479}, journal = {Trends in Genetics}, number = {9}, pages = {499 -- 501}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Footprints of primordial introns on the eukaryotic genome: still no clear traces }}, doi = {10.1016/S0168-9525(01)02376-9}, volume = {17}, year = {2001}, } @article{851, abstract = {The study and comparison of mutation(al) spectra is an important problem in molecular biology, because these spectra often reflect on important features of mutations and their fixation. Such features include the interaction of DNA with various mutagens, the function of repair/replication enzymes, and properties of target proteins. It is known that mutability varies significantly along nucleotide sequences, such that mutations often concentrate at certain positions, called "hotspots," in a sequence. In this paper, we discuss in detail two approaches for mutation spectra analysis: the comparison of mutation spectra with a HG-PUBL program, (FTP: sunsite.unc.edu/pub/academic/ biology/dna-mutations/hyperg) and hotspot prediction with the CLUSTERM program (www.itba.mi.cnr.it/webmutation; ftp.bionet.nsc.ru/pub/biology/dbms/clusterm.zip). Several other approaches for mutational spectra analysis, such as the analysis of a target protein structure, hotspot context revealing, multiple spectra comparisons, as well as a number of mutation databases are briefly described. Mutation spectra in the lacI gene of E. coli and the human p53 gene are used for illustration of various difficulties of such analysis.}, author = {Rogozin, Igor and Kondrashov, Fyodor and Glazko, Galina}, issn = {1059-7794}, journal = {Human Mutation}, number = {2}, pages = {83 -- 102}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Use of mutation spectra analysis software}}, doi = {10.1002/1098-1004(200102)17:2<83::AID-HUMU1>3.0.CO;2-E}, volume = {17}, year = {2001}, } @article{8521, abstract = {We continue the previous article's discussion of bounds, for prevalent diffeomorphisms of smooth compact manifolds, on the growth of the number of periodic points and the decay of their hyperbolicity as a function of their period $n$. In that article we reduced the main results to a problem, for certain families of diffeomorphisms, of bounding the measure of parameter values for which the diffeomorphism has (for a given period $n$) an almost periodic point that is almost nonhyperbolic. We also formulated our results for $1$-dimensional endomorphisms on a compact interval. In this article we describe some of the main techniques involved and outline the rest of the proof. To simplify notation, we concentrate primarily on the $1$-dimensional case.}, author = {Kaloshin, Vadim and Hunt, Brian R.}, issn = {1079-6762}, journal = {Electronic Research Announcements of the American Mathematical Society}, keywords = {General Mathematics}, number = {5}, pages = {28--36}, publisher = {American Mathematical Society}, title = {{A stretched exponential bound on the rate of growth of the number of periodic points for prevalent diffeomorphisms II}}, doi = {10.1090/s1079-6762-01-00091-9}, volume = {7}, year = {2001}, }