@inproceedings{2421, abstract = {Intersection graphs of disks and of line segments, respectively, have been well studied, because of both, practical applications and theoretically interesting properties of these graphs. Despite partial results, the complexity status of the Clique problem for these two graph classes is still open. Here, we consider the Clique problem for intersection graphs of ellipses which in a sense, interpolate between disc and ellipses, and show that it is APX-hard in that case. Moreover, this holds even if for all ellipses, the ratio of the larger over the smaller radius is some prescribed number. To our knowledge, this is the first hardness result for the Clique problem in intersection graphs of objects with finite description complexity. We also describe a simple approximation algorithm for the case of ellipses for which the ratio of radii is bounded.}, author = {Ambühl, Christoph and Wagner, Uli}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation}, isbn = {9783540001423}, location = {Vancouver, Canada}, pages = {489 -- 500}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{On the Clique problem in intersection graphs of ellipses}}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-36136-7_43}, volume = {2518}, year = {2002}, } @inproceedings{4562, abstract = {We present interface models that describe both the input assumptions of a component, and its output behavior. By enabling us to check that the input assumptions of a component are met in a design, interface models provide a compatibility check for component-based design. When refining a design into an implementation, interface models require that the output behavior of a component satisfies the design specification only when the input assumptions of the specification are satisfied, yielding greater flexibility in the choice of implementations. Technically, our interface models are games between two players, Input and Output; the duality of the players accounts for the dual roles of inputs and outputs in composition and refinement. We present two interface models in detail, one for a simple synchronous form of interaction between components typical in hardware, and the other for more complex synchronous interactions on bidirectional connections. As an example, we specify the interface of a bidirectional bus, with the input assumption that at any time at most one component has write access to the bus. For these interface models, we present algorithms for compatibility and refinement checking, and we describe efficient symbolic implementations.}, author = {Chakrabarti, Arindam and De Alfaro, Luca and Henzinger, Thomas A and Mang, Freddy}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification}, isbn = {9783540439974}, location = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, pages = {414 -- 427}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Synchronous and bidirectional component interfaces}}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-45657-0_34}, volume = {2404}, year = {2002}, } @inproceedings{4563, abstract = {We present a formal methodology and tool for uncovering errors in the interaction of software modules. Our methodology consists of a suite of languages for defining software interfaces, and algorithms for checking interface compatibility. We focus on interfaces that explain the method-call dependencies between software modules. Such an interface makes assumptions about the environment in the form of call and availability constraints. A call constraint restricts the accessibility of local methods to certain external methods. An availability constraint restricts the accessibility of local methods to certain states of the module. For example, the interface for a file server with local methods open and read may assert that a file cannot be read without having been opened. Checking interface compatibility requires the solution of games, and in the presence of availability constraints, of pushdown games. Based on this methodology, we have implemented a tool that has uncovered incompatibilities in TinyOS, a small operating system for sensor nodes in adhoc networks.}, author = {Chakrabarti, Arindam and De Alfaro, Luca and Henzinger, Thomas A and Jurdziński, Marcin and Mang, Freddy}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Verification}, isbn = { 9783540439974}, location = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, pages = {428 -- 441}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Interface compatibility checking for software modules}}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-45657-0_35}, volume = {2404}, year = {2002}, } @inproceedings{4565, abstract = {In the literature, we find several formulations of the control problem for timed and hybrid systems. We argue that formulations where a controller can cause an action at any point in dense (rational or real) time are problematic, by presenting an example where the controller must act faster and faster, yet causes no Zeno effects (say, the control actions are at times 0, 1/2, 1, 1 1/4, 2, 2 1/8, 3, 3 1/16 ,...). Such a controller is, of course, not implementable in software. Such controllers are avoided by formulations where the controller can cause actions only at discrete (integer) points in time. While the resulting control problem is well- understood if the time unit, or “sampling rate” of the controller, is fixed a priori, we define a novel, stronger formulation: the discrete-time control problem with unknown sampling rate asks if a sampling controller exists for some sampling rate. We prove that this problem is undecidable even in the special case of timed automata.}, author = {Cassez, Franck and Henzinger, Thomas A and Raskin, Jean}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control}, isbn = {9783540433217}, location = {Stanford, CA, USA}, pages = {134 -- 148}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{A comparison of control problems for timed and hybrid systems}}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-45873-5_13}, volume = {2289}, year = {2002}, } @article{4595, abstract = {Temporal logic comes in two varieties: linear-time temporal logic assumes implicit universal quantification over all paths that are generated by the execution of a system; branching-time temporal logic allows explicit existential and universal quantification over all paths. We introduce a third, more general variety of temporal logic: alternating-time temporal logic offers selective quantification over those paths that are possible outcomes of games, such as the game in which the system and the environment alternate moves. While linear-time and branching-time logics are natural specification languages for closed systems, alternating-time logics are natural specification languages for open systems. For example, by preceding the temporal operator "eventually" with a selective path quantifier, we can specify that in the game between the system and the environment, the system has a strategy to reach a certain state. The problems of receptiveness, realizability, and controllability can be formulated as model-checking problems for alternating-time formulas. Depending on whether or not we admit arbitrary nesting of selective path quantifiers and temporal operators, we obtain the two alternating-time temporal logics ATL and ATL*.ATL and ATL* are interpreted over concurrent game structures. Every state transition of a concurrent game structure results from a choice of moves, one for each player. The players represent individual components and the environment of an open system. Concurrent game structures can capture various forms of synchronous composition for open systems, and if augmented with fairness constraints, also asynchronous composition. Over structures without fairness constraints, the model-checking complexity of ATL is linear in the size of the game structure and length of the formula, and the symbolic model-checking algorithm for CTL extends with few modifications to ATL. Over structures with weak-fairness constraints, ATL model checking requires the solution of 1-pair Rabin games, and can be done in polynomial time. Over structures with strong-fairness constraints, ATL model checking requires the solution of games with Boolean combinations of Büchi conditions, and can be done in PSPACE. In the case of ATL*, the model-checking problem is closely related to the synthesis problem for linear-time formulas, and requires doubly exponential time.}, author = {Alur, Rajeev and Henzinger, Thomas A and Kupferman, Orna}, issn = {0004-5411}, journal = {Journal of the ACM}, number = {5}, pages = {672 -- 713}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{Alternating-time temporal logic}}, doi = {10.1145/585265.585270}, volume = {49}, year = {2002}, } @inproceedings{4631, abstract = {We present a theory of timed interfaces, which is capable of specifying both the timing of the inputs a component expects from the environment, and the timing of the outputs it can produce. Two timed interfaces are compatible if there is a way to use them together such that their timing expectations are met. Our theory provides algorithms for checking the compatibility between two interfaces and for deriving the composite interface; the theory can thus be viewed as a type system for real-time interaction. Technically, a timed interface is encoded as a timed game between two players, representing the inputs and outputs of the component. The algorithms for compatibility checking and interface composition are thus derived from algorithms for solving timed games.}, author = {De Alfaro, Luca and Henzinger, Thomas A and Stoelinga, Mariëlle}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Software}, isbn = {9783540443070}, location = {Grenoble, France}, pages = {108 -- 122}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{Timed interfaces}}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-45828-X_9}, volume = {2491}, year = {2002}, } @article{6158, abstract = {Wild isolates of Caenorhabditis elegans can feed either alone or in groups1,2. This natural variation in behaviour is associated with a single residue difference in NPR-1, a predicted G-protein-coupled neuropeptide receptor related to Neuropeptide Y receptors2. Here we show that the NPR-1 isoform associated with solitary feeding acts in neurons exposed to the body fluid to inhibit social feeding. Furthermore, suppressing the activity of these neurons, called AQR, PQR and URX, using an activated K+ channel, inhibits social feeding. NPR-1 activity in AQR, PQR and URX neurons seems to suppress social feeding by antagonizing signalling through a cyclic GMP-gated ion channel encoded by tax-2 and tax-4. We show that mutations in tax-2 or tax-4 disrupt social feeding, and that tax-4 is required in several neurons for social feeding, including one or more of AQR, PQR and URX. The AQR, PQR and URX neurons are unusual in C. elegans because they are directly exposed to the pseudocoelomic body fluid3. Our data suggest a model in which these neurons integrate antagonistic signals to control the choice between social and solitary feeding behaviour.}, author = {Coates, Juliet C. and de Bono, Mario}, issn = {0028-0836}, journal = {Nature}, number = {6910}, pages = {925--929}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Antagonistic pathways in neurons exposed to body fluid regulate social feeding in Caenorhabditis elegans}}, doi = {10.1038/nature01170}, volume = {419}, year = {2002}, } @article{6159, abstract = {Natural Caenorhabditis elegans isolates exhibit either social or solitary feeding on bacteria. We show here that social feeding is induced by nociceptive neurons that detect adverse or stressful conditions. Ablation of the nociceptive neurons ASH and ADL transforms social animals into solitary feeders. Social feeding is probably due to the sensation of noxious chemicals by ASH and ADL neurons; it requires the genes ocr-2 and osm-9, which encode TRP-related transduction channels, and odr-4 and odr-8, which are required to localize sensory chemoreceptors to cilia. Other sensory neurons may suppress social feeding, as social feeding in ocr-2 and odr-4 mutants is restored by mutations in osm-3, a gene required for the development of 26 ciliated sensory neurons. Our data suggest a model for regulation of social feeding by opposing sensory inputs: aversive inputs to nociceptive neurons promote social feeding, whereas antagonistic inputs from neurons that express osm-3 inhibit aggregation.}, author = {de Bono, Mario and Tobin, David M. and Davis, M. Wayne and Avery, Leon and Bargmann, Cornelia I.}, issn = {0028-0836}, journal = {Nature}, number = {6910}, pages = {899--903}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Social feeding in Caenorhabditis elegans is induced by neurons that detect aversive stimuli}}, doi = {10.1038/nature01169}, volume = {419}, year = {2002}, } @article{1451, abstract = {Extending work of Bielawski-Dancer 3 and Konno 14, we develop a theory of toric hyperkähler varieties, which involves toric geometry, matroid theory and convex polyhedra. The framework is a detailed study of semi-projective toric varieties, meaning GIT quotients of affine spaces by torus actions, and specifically, of Lawrence toric varieties, meaning GIT quotients of even-dimensional affine spaces by symplectic torus actions. A toric hyperkähler variety is a complete intersection in a Lawrence toric variety. Both varieties are non-compact, and they share the same cohomology ring, namely, the Stanley-Reisner ring of a matroid modulo a linear system of parameters. Familiar applications of toric geometry to combinatorics, including the Hard Lefschetz Theorem and the volume polynomials of Khovanskii-Pukhlikov 11, are extended to the hyperkähler setting. When the matroid is graphic, our construction gives the toric quiver varieties, in the sense of Nakajima 17.}, author = {Hausel, Tamas and Sturmfels, Bernd}, issn = {1431-0635}, journal = {Documenta Mathematica}, number = {1}, pages = {495 -- 534}, publisher = {Deutsche Mathematiker Vereinigung}, title = {{Toric hyperkähler varieties}}, doi = {10.4171/DM/130}, volume = {7}, year = {2002}, } @article{13438, abstract = {ICln is an ion channel identified by expression cloning using a cDNA library from Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. In all organisms tested so far, only one transcript for the ICln protein could be identified. Here we show that two splice variants of the ICln ion channel can be found in Caenorhabditis elegans. Moreover, we show that these two splice variants of the ICln channel protein, which we termed IClnN1 and IClnN2, can be functionally reconstituted and tested in an artificial lipid bilayer. In these experiments, the IClnN1-induced currents showed no voltage-dependent inactivation, whereas the IClnN2-induced currents fully inactivated at positive potentials. The molecular entity responsible for the voltage-dependent inactivation of IClnN2 is a cluster of positively charged amino acids encoded by exon 2a, which is absent in IClnN1. Our experiments suggest a mechanism of channel inactivation that is similar to the “ball and chain” model proposed for the Shaker potassium channel,i.e. a cluster of positively charged amino acids hinders ion permeation through the channel by a molecular and voltage-dependent interaction at the inner vestibulum of the pore. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that synthetic peptides with the same amino acid sequence as the positive cluster can transform the IClnN1-induced current to the current observed after reconstitution of IClnN2. Furthermore, we show that the nematode ICln gene is embedded in an operon harboring two additional genes, which we termed Nx and Ny. Co-reconstitution of Nx and IClnN2 and functional analysis of the related currents revealed a functional interaction between the two proteins, as evidenced by the fact that the IClnN2-induced current in the presence of Nx was no longer voltage-sensitive. The experiments described indicate that the genome organization in nematodes allows an effective approach for the identification of functional partner proteins of ion channels.}, author = {Fürst, Johannes and Ritter, Markus and Rudzki, Jakob and Danzl, Johann G and Gschwentner, Martin and Scandella, Elke and Jakab, Martin and König, Matthias and Oehl, Bernhard and Lang, Florian and Deetjen, Peter and Paulmichl, Markus}, issn = {0021-9258}, journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry}, keywords = {Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry}, number = {6}, pages = {4435--4445}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{ICln Ion channel splice variants in Caenorhabditis elegans}}, doi = {10.1074/jbc.m107372200}, volume = {277}, year = {2002}, } @article{12659, abstract = {For many years considerable efforts have been put into investigating and modelling hydrological processes of mountainous catchments. On the one hand, the complexity and intrinsically high variability of the involved processes as well as insufficient knowledge of the underlying physical mechanisms still induce large uncertainties in understanding observed phenomena and predicting the behaviour of the system. On the other hand, the demand for models that are able to simulate mountainous water resource systems is increasing because of the needs related to both water exploitation and water conservation, which clearly call for an integrated vision and modelling of these systems. Accordingly, this paper moves from a brief survey of the most significant achievements in mountain hydrology to discuss what could be future challenging issues related to the broader spectrum of questions, which hydrologic modelling of mountainous river systems may face in the next decades. Firstly, reference is made to existing methodologies for modelling alpine water systems, focussing on some specific aspects that provide a basis for the discussion of the weaknesses and perspectives of present simulation tools. The future is thus discussed, delineating some of the research challenges that may foster a comprehensive and integrated vision of water related issues in mountainous regions.}, author = {Burlando, Paolo and Pellicciotti, Francesca and Strasser, Ulrich}, issn = {2224-7955}, journal = {Hydrology Research}, number = {1}, pages = {47--74}, publisher = {IWA Publishing}, title = {{Modelling mountainous water systems between learning and speculating looking for challenges}}, doi = {10.2166/nh.2002.0004}, volume = {33}, year = {2002}, } @article{3421, abstract = {Single molecule experiments provide insight into the individuality of biological macromolecules, their unique function, reaction pathways, trajectories and molecular interactions. The exceptional signal-to-noise ratio of the atomic force microscope allows individual proteins to be imaged under physiologically relevant conditions at a lateral resolution of 0.5–1 nm and a vertical resolution of 0.1–0.2 nm. Recently, it has become possible to observe single molecule events using this technique. This capability is reviewed on various water-soluble and membrane proteins. Examples of the observation of function, variability, and assembly of single proteins are discussed. Statistical analysis is important to extend conclusions derived from single molecule experiments to protein species. Such approaches allow the classification of protein conformations and movements. Recent developments of probe microscopy techniques allow simultaneous measurement of multiple signals on individual macromolecules, and greatly extend the range of experiments possible for probing biological systems at the molecular level. Biologists exploring molecular mechanisms will benefit from a burgeoning of scanning probe microscopes and of their future combination with molecular biological experiments.}, author = {Mueller, Daniel and Janovjak, Harald L and Lehto, Tiina and Kuerschner, Lars and Anderson, Kurt}, issn = {0079-6107}, journal = {Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology}, number = {1-3}, pages = {1 -- 43}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Observing structure, function and assembly of single proteins by AFM}}, doi = {10.1016/S0079-6107(02)00009-3}, volume = {79}, year = {2002}, } @article{3422, abstract = {Quantitative real-time PCR represents a highly sensitive and powerful technique for the quantitation of nucleic acids. It has a tremendous potential for the high-throughput analysis of gene expression in research and routine diagnostics. However, the major hurdle is not the practical performance of the experiments themselves but rather the efficient evaluation and the mathematical and statistical analysis of the enormous amount of data gained by this technology, as these functions are not included in the software provided by the manufacturers of the detection systems. In this work, we focus on the mathematical evaluation and analysis of the data generated by quantitative real-time PCR, the calculation of the final results, the propagation of experimental variation of the measured values to the final results, and the statistical analysis. We developed a Microsoft Excel-based software application coded in Visual Basic for Applications, called Q-Gene, which addresses these points. Q-Gene manages and expedites the planning, performance, and evaluation of quantitative real-time PCR experiments, as well as the mathematical and statistical analysis, storage, and graphical presentation of the data. The Q-Gene software application is a tool to cope with complex quantitative real-time PCR experiments at a high-throughput scale and considerably expedites and rationalizes the experimental setup, data analysis, and data management while ensuring highest reproducibility.}, author = {Müller, Patrick and Janovjak, Harald L and Miserez, Andre and Dobbie, Zuzana}, issn = {0736-6205}, journal = {Biotechniques}, number = {6}, pages = {1372 -- 1379}, publisher = {Informa Healthcare}, title = {{Processing of gene expression data generated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR}}, volume = {32}, year = {2002}, } @inproceedings{3423, author = {Bauer, Wolfgang and Bollenbach, Mark Tobias and Kleine Berkenbusch, Marko and Harreis, Holger}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 18th Winter Workshop on Nuclear Dynamics}, location = {Nassau, Bahamas}, pages = {111 -- 118}, publisher = {EP Systema}, title = {{The percolation interpretation of the nuclear fragmentation phase transition}}, year = {2002}, } @inproceedings{3424, abstract = {We give a brief overview of the current understanding of the explosion mechanism of core collapse supernovae. Our main focus is the impact of rotation on the explosion. Recent observations of the polarization of the light emitted by supernova explosions indicate that there are large deviations from spherical symmetry in the very heart of the explosion the origin of which is unknown. We use the new approach of a three dimensional test particle based simulation to simulate the infall phase of a supernova event. The underlying microphysics is simplified to make this computationally possible. A systematic study of the influence of rotation mainly during the infall phase of the collapse of a typical iron core is performed. Indications for significant deviations from spherical symmetry are found in our very rapidly rotating models. © 2002 American Institute of Physics }, author = {Bollenbach, Mark Tobias and Bauer, Wolfgang}, isbn = {9781510832008}, location = {Catania, Italy}, pages = {219 -- 232}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, title = {{3d supernovae collapse calculations}}, doi = {10.1063/1.1523196 }, volume = {644}, year = {2002}, } @inproceedings{3448, author = {Mallick, Sanhita and Krishnendu Chatterjee and Merchant, Arif N and Dasgupta, Pallab}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Implementation of shape grammar for plan analysis}}, year = {2002}, } @article{3497, abstract = {The use of advanced patch-clamp recording techniques in brain slices, such as simultaneous recording from multiple neurons and recording from dendrites or presynaptic terminals, demands slices of the highest quality. In this context the mechanics of the tissue slicer are an important factor. Ideally, a tissue slicer should generate large-amplitude and high-frequency movements of the cutting blade in a horizontal axis, with minimal vibrations in the vertical axis. We developed a vibroslicer that fulfils these in part conflicting requirements. The oscillator is a permanent-magnet-coil-leaf-spring system. Using an auto-resonant mechano-electrical feedback circuit, large horizontal oscillations (up to 3 mm peak-to-peak) with high frequency (,90 Hz) are generated. To minimize vertical vibrations, an adjustment mechanism was employed that allowed alignment of the cutting edge of the blade with the major axis of the oscillation. A vibroprobe device was used to monitor vertical vibrations during adjustment. The system is based on the shading of the light path between a light-emitting diode (LED) and a photodiode. Vibroprobe monitoring revealed that the vibroslicer, after appropriate adjustment, generated vertical vibrations of <1 µm, significantly less than many commercial tissue slicers. Light- and electron-microscopic analysis of surface layers of slices cut with the vibroslicer showed that cellular elements, dendritic processes and presynaptic terminals are well preserved under these conditions, as required for patch-clamp recording from these structures.}, author = {Geiger, Jörg and Bischofberger, Joseph and Vida, Imre and Fröbe, Ulrich and Pfitzinger, S and Weber, H. and Haverkampf, Klaus and Jonas, Peter M}, issn = {0031-6768}, journal = {Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology}, number = {3}, pages = {491 -- 501}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Patch-clamp recording in brain slices with improved slicer technology}}, doi = {10.1007/s00424-001-0735-3}, volume = {443}, year = {2002}, } @misc{3508, abstract = {A method of automatic conversion of a physical object into a three-dimensional digital model. The method acquires a set of measured data points on the surface of a physical model. From the measured data points, the method reconstructs a digital model of the physical object using a Delaunay complex of the points, a flow strcuture of the simplicies in the Delaunay complex and retracting the Delaunay complex into a digital model of the physical object using the flow structure. The method then outputs the digital model of the physical object.}, author = {Edelsbrunner, Herbert and Fu, Ping}, title = {{Methods of generating three-dimensional digital models of objects by wrapping point cloud data points}}, year = {2002}, } @article{3533, abstract = {Information in neuronal networks is thought to be represented by the rate of discharge and the temporal relationship between the discharging neurons. The discharge frequency of neurons is affected by their afferents and intrinsic properties, and shows great individual variability. The temporal coordination of neurons is greatly facilitated by network oscillations. In the hippocampus, population synchrony fluctuates during theta and gamma oscillations (10-100 ms scale) and can increase almost 10-fold during sharp wave bursts. Despite these large changes in excitability in the sub-second scale, longer-term (minute-scale) firing rates of individual neurons are relatively constant in an unchanging environment. As a result, mean hippocampal output remains stable over time. To understand the mechanisms responsible for this homeostasis, we address the following issues: (i) Can firing rates of single cells be modified? (ii) Once modified, what mechanism(s) can maintain the changes? We show that firing rates of hippocampal pyramidal cells can be altered in a novel environment and by Hebbian pairing of physiological input patterns with postsynaptic burst discharge. We also illustrate a competition between single spikes and the occurrence of spike bursts. Since spike-inducing (suprathreshold) inputs decrease the ability of strong ('teaching') inputs to induce a burst discharge, we propose that the single spike versus burst competition presents a homeostatic regulatory mechanism to maintain synaptic strength and, consequently, firing rate in pyramidal cells.}, author = {Buzsáki, György and Csicsvari, Jozsef L and Dragoi, George and Harris, Kenneth and Henze, D. and Hirase, Hajima}, issn = {1047-3211}, journal = {Cerebral Cortex}, number = {9}, pages = {893 -- 899}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, title = {{Homeostatic maintenance of neuronal excitability by burst discharges in vivo}}, doi = {10.1093/cercor/12.9.893}, volume = {12}, year = {2002}, } @article{3621, abstract = {In 1991, Barton and Turelli developed recursions to describe the evolution of multilocus systems under arbitrary forms of selection. This article generalizes their approach to allow for arbitrary modes of inheritance, including diploidy, polyploidy, sex linkage, cytoplasmic inheritance, and genomic imprinting. The framework is also extended to allow for other deterministic evolutionary forces, including migration and mutation. Exact recursions that fully describe the state of the population are presented; these are implemented in a computer algebra package (available on the Web at http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/evolgen). Despite the generality of our framework, it can describe evolutionary dynamics exactly by just two equations. These recursions can be further simplified using a "quasi-linkage equilibrium" (QLE) approximation. We illustrate the methods by finding the effect of natural selection, sexual selection, mutation, and migration on the genetic composition of a population.}, author = {Kirkpatrick, Mark and Johnson, Toby and Barton, Nicholas H}, issn = {0016-6731}, journal = {Genetics}, number = {4}, pages = {1727 -- 1750}, publisher = {Genetics Society of America}, title = {{General models of multilocus evolution}}, doi = {10.1093/genetics/161.4.1727}, volume = {161}, year = {2002}, }