@article{2991,
  abstract     = {Polar auxin transport controls multiple aspects of plant development including differential growth, embryo and root patterning and vascular tissue differentiation. Identification of proteins involved in this process and availability of new tools enabling `visualization' of auxin and auxin routes in planta largely contributed to the significant progress that has recently been made. New data support classical concepts, but several recent findings are likely to challenge our view on the mechanism of auxin transport. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the polar auxin transport field. It starts with classical models resulting from physiological studies, describes the genetic contributions and discusses the molecular basis of auxin influx and efflux. Finally, selected questions are presented in the context of developmental biology, integrating available data from different fields.},
  author       = {Friml, Jirí and Palme, Klaus},
  journal      = {Plant Molecular Biology},
  number       = {3-4},
  pages        = {273 -- 284},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{Polar auxin transport - Old questions and new concepts?}},
  doi          = {10.1023/A:1015248926412},
  volume       = {49},
  year         = {2002},
}

@article{3140,
  abstract     = {The maturation of synaptic structures depends on inductive interactions between axons and their prospective targets. One example of such an interaction is the influence of proprioceptive sensory axons on the differentiation of muscle spindles. We have monitored the expression of three transcription factors, Egr3, Pea3, and Erm, that delineate early muscle spindle development in an assay of muscle spindle-inducing signals. We provide genetic evidence that Neuregulin1 (Nrg1) is required for proprioceptive afferent-evoked induction of muscle spindle differentiation in the mouse. Ig-Nrg1 isoforms are preferentially expressed by proprioceptive sensory neurons and are sufficient to induce muscle spindle differentiation in vivo, whereas CRD-Nrg1 isoforms are broadly expressed in sensory and motor neurons but are not required for muscle spindle induction.},
  author       = {Hippenmeyer, Simon and Shneider, Neil and Birchmeier, Carmen and Burden, Steven and Jessell, Thomas and Arber, Silvia},
  issn         = {0896-6273},
  journal      = {Neuron},
  number       = {6},
  pages        = {1035 -- 1049},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{A role for Neuregulin1 signaling in muscle spindle differentiation}},
  doi          = {10.1016/S0896-6273(02)01101-7},
  volume       = {36},
  year         = {2002},
}

@article{11123,
  abstract     = {The small GTPase Ran is a key regulator of nucleocytoplasmic transport during interphase. The asymmetric distribution of the GTP-bound form of Ran across the nuclear envelope — that is, large quantities in the nucleus compared with small quantities in the cytoplasm — determines the directionality of many nuclear transport processes. Recent findings that Ran also functions in spindle formation and nuclear envelope assembly during mitosis suggest that Ran has a general role in chromatin-centred processes. Ran functions in these events as a signal for chromosome position.},
  author       = {HETZER, Martin W and Gruss, Oliver J. and Mattaj, Iain W.},
  issn         = {1476-4679},
  journal      = {Nature Cell Biology},
  keywords     = {Cell Biology},
  number       = {7},
  pages        = {E177--E184},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{The Ran GTPase as a marker of chromosome position in spindle formation and nuclear envelope assembly}},
  doi          = {10.1038/ncb0702-e177},
  volume       = {4},
  year         = {2002},
}

@article{11124,
  abstract     = {Ran GTPase plays important roles in nucleocytoplasmic transport in interphase [1, 2] and in both spindle formation and nuclear envelope (NE) assembly during mitosis [3, 4, 5]. The latter functions rely on the presence of high local concentrations of GTP-bound Ran near mitotic chromatin [3, 4, 5]. RanGTP localization has been proposed to result from the association of Ran's GDP/GTP exchange factor, RCC1, with chromatin [6, 7, 8, 9], but Ran is shown here to bind directly to chromatin in two modes, either dependent or independent of RCC1, and, where bound, to increase the affinity of chromatin for NE membranes. We propose that the Ran binding capacity of chromatin contributes to localized spindle and NE assembly.},
  author       = {Bilbao-Cortés, Daniel and HETZER, Martin W and Längst, Gernot and Becker, Peter B. and Mattaj, Iain W.},
  issn         = {0960-9822},
  journal      = {Current Biology},
  keywords     = {General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology},
  number       = {13},
  pages        = {1151--1156},
  publisher    = {Elsevier BV},
  title        = {{Ran binds to chromatin by two distinct mechanisms}},
  doi          = {10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00927-2},
  volume       = {12},
  year         = {2002},
}

@article{859,
  abstract     = {The polymeric ubiquitin (poly-u) genes are composed of tandem 228-bp repeats with no spacer sequences between individual monomer units. Ubiquitin is one of the most conserved proteins known to date, and the individual units within a number of poly-u genes are significantly more similar to each other than would be expected if each unit evolved independently. It has been proposed that the rather striking similarity among poly-u monomers in some lineages is caused by a series of homogenization events. Here we report the sequences of the polyubiquitin-C (Ubc) genes in two mouse strains. Analysis of these sequences, as well as those of the previously reported Chinese hamster and rat poly-u genes, supports the assertion that the homogenization of the ubiquitin-C gene in rodents is due to unequal crossing-over events. The sequence divergence of noncoding DNA was used to estimate the frequency of unequal crossing-over events (6.3 x 10-5 events per generation) in the Ubc gene, as well as to provide evidence of apparent selection in the poly-u gene.},
  author       = {Perelygin, Andrey and Kondrashov, Fyodor and Rogozin, Igor and Brinton, Margo},
  issn         = {0022-2844},
  journal      = {Journal of Molecular Evolution},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {202 -- 210},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{Evolution of the mouse polyubiquitin C gene}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s00239-002-2318-0},
  volume       = {55},
  year         = {2002},
}

@article{871,
  abstract     = {BACKGROUND: Gene duplications have a major role in the evolution of new biological functions. Theoretical studies often assume that a duplication per se is selectively neutral and that, following a duplication, one of the gene copies is freed from purifying (stabilizing) selection, which creates the potential for evolution of a new function. RESULTS: In search of systematic evidence of accelerated evolution after duplication, we used data from 26 bacterial, six archaeal, and seven eukaryotic genomes to compare the mode and strength of selection acting on recently duplicated genes (paralogs) and on similarly diverged, unduplicated orthologous genes in different species. We find that the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions (Kn/Ks) in most paralogous pairs is <<1 and that paralogs typically evolve at similar rates, without significant asymmetry, indicating that both paralogs produced by a duplication are subject to purifying selection. This selection is, however, substantially weaker than the purifying selection affecting unduplicated orthologs that have diverged to the same extent as the analyzed paralogs. Most of the recently duplicated genes appear to be involved in various forms of environmental response; in particular, many of them encode membrane and secreted proteins. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this analysis indicate that recently duplicated paralogs evolve faster than orthologs with the same level of divergence and similar functions, but apparently do not experience a phase of neutral evolution. We hypothesize that gene duplications that persist in an evolving lineage are beneficial from the time of their origin, due primarily to a protein dosage effect in response to variable environmental conditions; duplications are likely to give rise to new functions at a later phase of their evolution once a higher level of divergence is reached.},
  author       = {Kondrashov, Fyodor and Rogozin, Igor and Wolf, Yuri and Koonin, Eugene},
  issn         = {1465-6906},
  journal      = {Genome Biology},
  number       = {2},
  publisher    = {BioMed Central},
  title        = {{Selection in the evolution of gene duplications }},
  doi          = {10.1186/gb-2002-3-2-research0008},
  volume       = {3},
  year         = {2002},
}

@article{885,
  abstract     = {We study fitness landscape in the space of protein sequences by relating sets of human pathogenic missense mutations in 32 proteins to amino acid substitutions that occurred in the course of evolution of these proteins. On average, ≈10% of deviations of a nonhuman protein from its human ortholog are compensated pathogenic deviations (CPDs), i.e., are caused by an amino acid substitution that, at this site, would be pathogenic to humans. Normal functioning of a CPD-containing protein must be caused by other, compensatory deviations of the nonhuman species from humans. Together, a CPD and the corresponding compensatory deviation form a Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibility that can be visualized as the corner on a fitness ridge. Thus, proteins evolve along fitness ridges which contain only ≈10 steps between sucessive corners. The fraction of CPDs among all deviations of a protein from its human ortholog does not increase with the evolutionary distance between the proteins, indicating that subtitutions that carry evolving proteins around these corners occur in rapid succession, driven by positive selection. Data on fitness of interspecies hybrids suggest that the compensatory change that makes a CPD fit usually occurs within the same protein. Data on protein structures and on cooccurrence of amino acids at different sites of multiple orthologous proteins often make it possible to provisionally identify the substitution that compensates a partiCUlar CPD.},
  author       = {Kondrashov, Alexey and Sunyaev, Shamil and Kondrashov, Fyodor},
  issn         = {0027-8424},
  journal      = {PNAS},
  number       = {23},
  pages        = {14878 -- 14883},
  publisher    = {National Academy of Sciences},
  title        = {{Dobzhansky-Muller incompatibilities in protein evolution}},
  doi          = {10.1073/pnas.232565499},
  volume       = {99},
  year         = {2002},
}

@article{897,
  abstract     = {Transcription is a slow and expensive process: in eukaryotes, approximately 20 nucleotides can be transcribed per second at the expense of at least two ATP molecules per nucleotide. Thus, at least for highly expressed genes, transcription of long introns, which are particularly common in mammals, is costly. Using data on the expression of genes that encode proteins in Caenorhabditis elegans and Homo sapiens, we show that introns in highly expressed genes are substantially shorter than those in genes that are expressed at low levels. This difference is greater in humans, such that introns are, on average, 14 times shorter in highly expressed genes than in genes with low expression, whereas in C. Elegans the difference in intron length is only twofold. In contrast, the density of introns in a gene does not strongly depend on the level of gene expression. Thus, natural selection appears to favor short introns in highly expressed genes to minimize the cost of transcription and other molecular processes, such as splicing.
},
  author       = {Castillo Davis, Cristian and Mekhedov, Sergei and Hartl, Daniel and Koonin, Eugene and Kondrashov, Fyodor},
  journal      = {Nature Genetics},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {415 -- 418},
  publisher    = {Nature Publishing Group},
  title        = {{Selection for short introns in highly expressed genes}},
  doi          = {10.1038/ng940},
  volume       = {31},
  year         = {2002},
}

@article{1737,
  abstract     = {A new solvent-free composite polymer electrolyte consisting of high-molecular mass polyethylene oxide (PEO) filled with titanium oxide and containing LiI and I2 was developed. The introduction of the inorganic filler (TiO2 Degussa P25) into the polymer matrix produces dramatic morphological changes to the host polymer structure. Upon addition of the inorganic oxide, the surface roughness increases, with respect to the original polymer and in parallel, the fractal dimension decreases. Both the thermograms and the atomic force microscope (AFM) pictures confirm the amorphicity of the composite electrolyte. The polymer sub-units are held together in a parallel orientation, forming straight long chains of about 500 nm in width, along which TiO2 spherical particles of about 20-25 nm in diameter are distributed. The polymer chains separated by the titania particles are arranged in a three-dimensional, mechanically stable network, that creates free space and voids into which the iodide/triodide anions can easily migrate. All solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated using this composite electrolyte present high efficiencies (typical maximum incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) as high as 40% at 520 nm and overall conversion efficiency (η) of 0.96% (Voc = 0.67 V, Jsc = 2.050 mA/cm2, FF = 39%) under direct solar irradiation. Further improvement of the photovoltaic performance is expected by optimization of the electrolyte parameters and of the cell assembly.},
  author       = {Katsaros, Georgios and Stergiopoulos, Thomas and Arabatzis, Iannis and Papadokostaki, Kyriaki and Falaras, Polycarpos},
  issn         = {1010-6030},
  journal      = {Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry},
  number       = {1-3},
  pages        = {191 -- 198},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{A solvent-free composite polymer/inorganic oxide electrolyte for high efficiency solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells}},
  doi          = {10.1016/S1010-6030(02)00027-8},
  volume       = {149},
  year         = {2002},
}

@inproceedings{1738,
  abstract     = {New dyes of the type Ru(II)(bdmpp)(bpy) [where bdmpp is 2,6-bis(3,5-dimethyl-N-pyrazoyl)pyridine and bpy is 2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid] are prepared and characterized by infra-red (IR), mass (MS) and electrospray mass spectroscopy (ES-MS) as well as 1H NMR (1D and 2D) spectroscopies. The compounds present broad and very high intensity MLCT absorption bands in the visible and can be chemically anchored on TiO2 films via ester-like linkage involving carboxylato groups. These complexes have been tested with success as potential molecular antennas in dye-sensitized solar cells. Both opaque and transparent nanocrystalline TiO2 thin film electrodes obtained by a doctor blade technique sensitized by these complexes were incorporated in a sandwich type regenerative photoelectrochemical solar cell containing 0.1M LiI +0.01M I2 in propylene carbonate as well as a platinized conductive glass counter electrode. The cell was characterized by Raman spectroscopy under anodic and cathodic bias. Two new vibration bands were observed in the lower frequency region. The first one at 112 cm-1 is due to tri-iodide formed on the photoactive electrode, and the second one at 167 cm-1 is a sign of the dye/iodide interaction and corresponds to a vibration in a chemically stable "DI" intermediate species. Under direct sunlight illumination (solar irradiance of 60 mW/cm2) by using a composite polymer solid state electrolyte, the cell ITO/TiO2/[Ru(II)(bdmpp)(bpy)(NCS)](PF6)/electrolyte/Pt-ITO produced a continuous photocurrent as high as 4.29mA/cm2, and gave IPCE values about half of the corresponding values obtained by the standard N3 dye under the same conditions. The photovoltage is about 600 mV and the overall energy conversion cell's efficiency is as high as 1.72%.},
  author       = {Falaras, Polycarpos and Chryssou, Katerina and Stergiopoulos, Thomas and Arabatzis, Ioannis M and Georgios Katsaros and Catalano, Vincent J and Kurtaran, Raif and Hugot-Le Goff, Anne and Bernard, Marie C},
  pages        = {125 -- 135},
  publisher    = {SPIE},
  title        = {{Dye-sensitization of titanium dioxide thin films by Ru(II)-bpp-bpy complexes}},
  doi          = {10.1117/12.452446},
  volume       = {4801},
  year         = {2002},
}

@article{1739,
  abstract     = {Poly(ethylene oxide)/titania polymer electrolyte based photoelectrochemical cells have been fabricated with Ru(dcbpy)2(NCS)2 complex as the sensitizer and nanoporous TiO2 films as photoanodes. The introduction of the titania filler into the poly(ethylene oxide) matrix reduces the crystallinity of the polymer and enhances the mobility of the 1-/13 - redox couple, resulting in outstanding overall conversion efficiency (4.2% under direct sunlight illumination) of the corresponding dye-sensitized nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cell, one of the best efficiencies reported to date for a solid-state device.},
  author       = {Stergiopoulos, Thomas and Arabatzis, Iannis M and Georgios Katsaros and Falaras, Polycarpos},
  journal      = {Nano Letters},
  number       = {11},
  pages        = {1259 -- 1261},
  publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
  title        = {{Binary Polyethylene Oxide/Titania Solid-State Redox Electrolyte for Highly Efficient Nanocrystalline TiO2 Photoelectrochemical Cells}},
  doi          = {10.1021/nl025798u},
  volume       = {2},
  year         = {2002},
}

@article{204,
  abstract     = {Let k⩾5 be an integer, and let x⩾1 be an arbitrary real number. We derive a bound[Formula presented] for the number of positive integers less than or equal to x which can be represented as a sum of two non-negative coprime kth powers, in essentially more than one way.},
  author       = {Browning, Timothy D},
  issn         = {0022-314X},
  journal      = {Journal of Number Theory},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {293 -- 318},
  publisher    = {Academic Press},
  title        = {{Equal Sums of Two kth Powers}},
  doi          = {10.1006/jnth.2002.2800},
  volume       = {96},
  year         = {2002},
}

@inbook{2338,
  abstract     = {Now that the low temperature properties of quantum-mechanical many-body systems (bosons) at low density, ρ, can be examined experimentally it is appropriate to revisit some of the formulas deduced by many authors 4-5 decades ago. For systems with repulsive (i.e. positive) interaction potentials the experimental low temperature state and the ground state are effectively synonymous -- and this fact is used in all modeling. In such cases, the leading term in the energy/particle is 2πℏ2aρ/m where a is the scattering length of the two-body potential. Owing to the delicate and peculiar nature of bosonic correlations (such as the strange N7/5 law for charged bosons), four decades of research failed to establish this plausible formula rigorously. The only previous lower bound for the energy was found by Dyson in 1957, but it was 14 times too small. The correct asymptotic formula has recently been obtained by us and this work will be presented. The reason behind the mathematical difficulties will be emphasized. A different formula, postulated as late as 1971 by Schick, holds in two-dimensions and this, too, will be shown to be correct. With the aid of the methodology developed to prove the lower bound for the homogeneous gas, two other problems have been successfully addressed. One is the proof by us that the Gross-Pitaevskii equation correctly describes the ground state in the `traps' actually used in the experiments. For this system it is also possible to prove complete Bose condensation, as we have shown. Another topic is a proof that Foldy's 1961 theory of a high density Bose gas of charged particles correctly describes its ground state energy.},
  author       = {Lieb, Élliott and Solovej, Jan and Seiringer, Robert and Yngvason, Jakob},
  booktitle    = {Current Developments in Mathematics, 2001},
  isbn         = {9781571461018},
  pages        = {131 -- 178},
  publisher    = {International Press},
  title        = {{The ground state of the Bose gas}},
  doi          = {10.48550/arXiv.math-ph/0204027},
  year         = {2002},
}

@inproceedings{2339,
  author       = {Robert Seiringer},
  editor       = {Weder, Richardo and Exner, Pavel and Grébert, Benoit},
  pages        = {281 -- 286},
  publisher    = {World Scientific Publishing},
  title        = {{Symmetry breaking in a model of a rotating Bose gas}},
  doi          = {10.1090/conm/307},
  volume       = {307},
  year         = {2002},
}

@article{2349,
  abstract     = {The Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of the ground state of bosonic atoms in a trap was discussed. The BEC was proved for bosons with two-body repulsive interaction potentials in the dilute limit, starting from the basic Schrodinger equation. The BEC was 100% into the state which minimized the Gross-Pitaevskii energy functional. The analysis also included rigorous proof of BEC in a physically realistic, continuum model.},
  author       = {Lieb, Élliott H and Robert Seiringer},
  journal      = {Physical Review Letters},
  number       = {17},
  pages        = {1704091 -- 1704094},
  publisher    = {American Physical Society},
  title        = {{Proof of Bose-Einstein condensation for dilute trapped gases}},
  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.170409},
  volume       = {88},
  year         = {2002},
}

@article{2350,
  abstract     = {Using the Pauli-Fierz model of non-relativistic quantum electrodynamics, we calculate the binding energy of an electron in the field of a nucleus of charge Z and in presence of the quantized radiation field. We consider the case of small coupling constant α, but fixed Zα and ultraviolet cut-off Λ. We prove that after renormalizing the mass the binding energy has, to leading order in α, a finite limit as Λ goes to infinity; i.e., the cut-off can be removed. The expression for the ground state energy shift thus obtained agrees with Bethe's formula for small values of Zα, but shows a different behavior for bigger values.},
  author       = {Hainzl, Christian and Seiringer, Robert},
  issn         = {1095-0761},
  journal      = {Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics},
  number       = {5},
  pages        = {847 -- 871},
  publisher    = {International Press},
  title        = {{Mass renormalization and energy level shift in non-relativistic QED}},
  doi          = {10.4310/ATMP.2002.v6.n5.a3},
  volume       = {6},
  year         = {2002},
}

@article{2351,
  abstract     = {We study the Gross-Pitaevskii functional for a rotating two-dimensional Bose gas in a trap. We prove that there is a breaking of the rotational symmetry in the ground state; more precisely, for any value of the angular velocity and for large enough values of the interaction strength, the ground state of the functional is not an eigenfunction of the angular momentum. This has interesting consequences on the Bose gas with spin; in particular, the ground state energy depends non-trivially on the number of spin components, and the different components do not have the same wave function. For the special case of a harmonic trap potential, we give explicit upper and lower bounds on the critical coupling constant for symmetry breaking.},
  author       = {Robert Seiringer},
  journal      = {Communications in Mathematical Physics},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {491 -- 509},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{Gross-Pitaevskii theory of the rotating Bose gas}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s00220-002-0695-2},
  volume       = {229},
  year         = {2002},
}

@article{2352,
  abstract     = {We present a generalization of the Fefferman-de la Llave decomposition of the Coulomb potential to quite arbitrary radial functions V on ℝn going to zero at infinity. This generalized decomposition can be used to extend previous results on N-body quantum systems with Coulomb interaction to a more general class of interactions. As an example of such an application, we derive the high density asymptotics of the ground state energy of jellium with Yukawa interaction in the thermodynamic limit, using a correlation estimate by Graf and Solovej.},
  author       = {Hainzl, Christian and Robert Seiringer},
  journal      = {Letters in Mathematical Physics},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {75 -- 84},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{General decomposition of radial functions on ℝn and applications to N-body quantum systems}},
  doi          = {10.1023/A:1020204818938},
  volume       = {61},
  year         = {2002},
}

@article{2353,
  abstract     = {A commonly used theoretical definition of superfluidity in the ground state of a Bose gas is based on the response of the system to an imposed velocity field or, equivalently, to twisted boundary conditions in a box. We are able to carry out this program in the case of a dilute interacting Bose gas in a trap, and we prove that a gas with repulsive interactions is 100% superfluid in the dilute limit in which the Gross-Pitaevskii equation is exact. This is the first example in an experimentally realistic continuum model in which superfluidity is rigorously verified.},
  author       = {Lieb, Élliott and Seiringer, Robert and Yngvason, Jakob},
  issn         = {0163-1829},
  journal      = {Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics},
  number       = {13},
  publisher    = {American Physical Society},
  title        = {{Superfluidity in dilute trapped Bose gases}},
  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevB.66.134529},
  volume       = {66},
  year         = {2002},
}

@article{2420,
  abstract     = {A corner cut in dimension d is a finite subset of N0d that can be separated from its complement in N0d by an affine hyperplane disjoint from N0d. Corner cuts were first investigated by Onn and Sturmfels [Adv. Appl. Math. 23 (1999) 29-48], their original motivation stemmed from computational commutative algebra. Let us write (Nd0k)cut for the set of corner cuts of cardinality k; in the computational geometer's terminology, these are the k-sets of N0d. Among other things, Onn and Sturmfels give an upper bound of O(k2d(d-1)/(d+1)) for the size of (Nd0k)cut when the dimension is fixed. In two dimensions, it is known (see [Corteel et al., Adv. Appl. Math. 23 (1) (1999) 49-53]) that #(Nd0k)cut = Θ(k log k). We will see that in general, for any fixed dimension d, the order of magnitude of #(Nd0k)cut is between kd-1 log k and (k log k)d-1. (It has been communicated to me that the same bounds have been found independently by G. Rémond.) In fact, the elements of (Nd0k)cut correspond to the vertices of a certain polytope, and what our proof shows is that the above upper bound holds for the total number of flags of that polytope.},
  author       = {Wagner, Uli},
  issn         = {0196-8858},
  journal      = {Advances in Applied Mathematics},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {152 -- 161},
  publisher    = {ACM},
  title        = {{On the number of corner cuts}},
  doi          = {10.1016/S0196-8858(02)00014-3},
  volume       = {29},
  year         = {2002},
}