@article{1036, abstract = {We report on the control of interaction-induced dephasing of Bloch oscillations for an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate in an optical lattice. We quantify the dephasing in terms of the width of the quasimomentum distribution and measure its dependence on time for different interaction strengths which we control by means of a Feshbach resonance. For minimal interaction, the dephasing time is increased from a few to more than 20 thousand Bloch oscillation periods, allowing us to realize a BEC-based atom interferometer in the noninteracting limit.}, author = {Gustavsson, Mattias and Haller, Elmar and Mark, Manfred and Danzl, Johann G and Rojas Kopeinig, Gabriel and Nägerl, Hanns}, journal = {Physical Review Letters}, number = {8}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Control of interaction-induced dephasing of bloch oscillations}}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.080404}, volume = {100}, year = {2008}, } @article{1037, abstract = {We experimentally demonstrate Cs2 Feshbach molecules well above the dissociation threshold, which are stable against spontaneous decay on the time scale of 1s. An optically trapped sample of ultracold dimers is prepared in a high rotational state and magnetically tuned into a region with a negative binding energy. The metastable character of these molecules arises from the large centrifugal barrier in combination with negligible coupling to states with low rotational angular momentum. A sharp onset of dissociation with increasing magnetic field is mediated by a crossing with a lower rotational dimer state and facilitates dissociation on demand with a well-defined energy.}, author = {Knoop, Steven and Mark, Michael and Ferlaino, Francesca and Danzl, Johann G and Kraemer, Tobias and Nägerl, Hanns and Grimm, Rudolf}, journal = {Physical Review Letters}, number = {8}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Metastable feshbach molecules in high rotational states}}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.083002}, volume = {100}, year = {2008}, } @article{1039, abstract = {Molecular cooling techniques face the hurdle of dissipating translational as well as internal energy in the presence of a rich electronic, vibrational, and rotational energy spectrum. In our experiment, we create a translationally ultracold, dense quantum gas of molecules bound by more than 1000 wave numbers in the electronic ground state. Specifically, we stimulate with 80% efficiency, a two-photon transfer of molecules associated on a Feshbach resonance from a Bose-Einstein condensate of cesium atoms. In the process, the initial loose, long-range electrostatic bond of the Feshbach molecule is coherently transformed into a tight chemical bond. We demonstrate coherence of the transfer in a Ramsey-type experiment and show that the molecular sample is not heated during the transfer. Our results show that the preparation of a quantum gas of molecules in specific rovibrational states is possible and that the creation of a Bose-Einstein condensate of molecules in their rovibronic ground state is within reach.}, author = {Danzl, Johann G and Haller, Elmar and Gustavsson, Mattias and Mark, Manfred and Hart, Russell and Bouloufa, Nadia and Dulieu, Olivier and Ritsch, Helmut and Nägerl, Hanns}, journal = {Science}, number = {5892}, pages = {1062 -- 1066}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Quantum gas of deeply bound ground state molecules}}, doi = {10.1126/science.1159909}, volume = {321}, year = {2008}, } @article{10392, abstract = {Protonated formylmetallocenes [M(C5H5)(C5H4-CHOH)]+ (M = Fe, Ru) and their isomers have been studied at the BP86 and B3LYP levels of density functional theory. Oxygen-protonated isomers are the most stable forms in each case, with a plethora of ring- or metal-protonated species at least ca. 14 and 10 kcal/mol higher in energy for M = Fe and Ru, respectively. The computed rotational barriers around the C−C bond connecting the cyclopentadienyl and protonated formyl moieties, ca. 18 kcal/mol, are indicative of substantial conjugation between these moieties. Some of the ring- and iron-protonated species are models for possible intermediates in Friedel–Crafts acylation of ferrocene, and the computations provide further evidence that exo attack is clearly favored over endo attack of the electrophile in this reaction. The structures of the most stable mono- and diprotonated formylferrocenes are corroborated by the good agreement between GIAO-B3LYP-computed and experimental NMR chemical shifts.}, author = {Šarić, Anđela and Vrček, Valerije and Bühl, Michael}, issn = {1520-6041}, journal = {Organometallics}, keywords = {Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry}, number = {3}, pages = {394--401}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, title = {{Density functional study of protonated formylmetallocenes}}, doi = {10.1021/om700916f}, volume = {27}, year = {2008}, } @article{11878, abstract = {Given only the URL of a web page, can we identify its language? This is the question that we examine in this paper. Such a language classifier is, for example, useful for crawlers of web search engines, which frequently try to satisfy certain language quotas. To determine the language of uncrawled web pages, they have to download the page, which might be wasteful, if the page is not in the desired language. With URL-based language classifiers these redundant downloads can be avoided. We apply a variety of machine learning algorithms to the language identification task and evaluate their performance in extensive experiments for five languages: English, French, German, Spanish and Italian. Our best methods achieve an F-measure, averaged over all languages, of around .90 for both a random sample of 1,260 web page from a large web crawl and for 25k pages from the ODP directory. For 5k pages of web search engine results we even achieve an F-measure of .96. The achieved recall for these collections is .93, .88 and .95 respectively. Two independent human evaluators performed considerably worse on the task, with an F-measure of .75 and a typical recall of a mere .67. Using only country-code top-level domains, such as .de or .fr yields a good precision, but a typical recall of below .60 and an F-measure of around .68.}, author = {Baykan, Eda and Henzinger, Monika H and Weber, Ingmar}, issn = {2150-8097}, journal = {Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment}, number = {1}, pages = {176--187}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, title = {{Web page language identification based on URLs}}, doi = {10.14778/1453856.1453880}, volume = {1}, year = {2008}, } @article{12656, abstract = {We use meteorological data from two automatic weather stations (AWS) on Juncal Norte Glacier, central Chile, to investigate the glacier–climate interaction and to test ablation models of different complexity. The semi-arid Central Andes are characterized by dry summers, with precipitation close to zero, low relative humidity and intense solar radiation. We show that katabatic forcing is dominant both on the glacier tongue and in the fore field, and that low humidity and absence of clouds cause strong radiative cooling of the glacier surface. Surface albedo is basically constant for snow and ice, because of the scarcity of solid precipitation. The energy balance of the glacier is simulated for a 2-month period in austral summer using two models of different complexity, which differ in the inclusion of the heat conduction flux into the snowpack and in the parameterization of the incoming longwave radiation. Net shortwave radiation is the dominant component of the energy balance. The sensible heat flux is always positive, while both the net longwave radiation and latent heat flux are negative. Neglecting the subsurface heat flux and corresponding variations in surface temperature leads to an overestimation of ablation of 2% over a total of 3695 mm water equivalent (w.e.) at the end of the season. Correct modelling of incoming longwave radiation is crucial, and we suggest that parameterizations based on vapour pressure and air temperature should be used rather than on computed cloud amount. We also used an enhanced temperature-index model incorporating the shortwave radiation flux, which has two empirical parameters. We apply it both with values of parameters obtained for Alpine glaciers and recalibrated on Juncal Norte. The model recalibrated against the correct energy balance simulations performs very well. The model parameters respond to the meteorological conditions typical of this climatic setting.}, author = {Pellicciotti, Francesca and Helbing, Jakob and Rivera, Andrés and Favier, Vincent and Corripio, Javier and Araos, José and Sicart, Jean-Emmanuel and Carenzo, Marco}, issn = {1099-1085}, journal = {Hydrological Processes}, keywords = {Water Science and Technology}, number = {19}, pages = {3980--3997}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{A study of the energy balance and melt regime on Juncal Norte Glacier, semi-arid Andes of central Chile, using melt models of different complexity}}, doi = {10.1002/hyp.7085}, volume = {22}, year = {2008}, } @article{1296, abstract = {The crystalline-like structure of the optic lobes of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has made them a model system for the study of neuronal cell-fate determination, axonal path finding, and target selection. For functional studies, however, the small size of the constituting visual interneurons has so far presented a formidable barrier. We have overcome this problem by establishing in vivo whole-cell recordings [1] from genetically targeted visual interneurons of Drosophila. Here, we describe the response properties of six motion-sensitive large-field neurons in the lobula plate that form a network consisting of individually identifiable, directionally selective cells most sensitive to vertical image motion (VS cells [2, 3]). Individual VS cell responses to visual motion stimuli exhibit all the characteristics that are indicative of presynaptic input from elementary motion detectors of the correlation type [4, 5]. Different VS cells possess distinct receptive fields that are arranged sequentially along the eye's azimuth, corresponding to their characteristic cellular morphology and position within the retinotopically organized lobula plate. In addition, lateral connections between individual VS cells cause strongly overlapping receptive fields that are wider than expected from their dendritic input. Our results suggest that motion vision in different dipteran fly species is accomplished in similar circuitries and according to common algorithmic rules. The underlying neural mechanisms of population coding within the VS cell network and of elementary motion detection, respectively, can now be analyzed by the combination of electrophysiology and genetic intervention in Drosophila.}, author = {Maximilian Jösch and Plett, Johannes and Borst, Alexander and Reiff, Dierk F}, journal = {Current Biology}, number = {5}, pages = {368 -- 374}, publisher = {Cell Press}, title = {{Response properties of motion sensitive visual interneurons in the Lobula plate of Drosophila melanogaster}}, doi = {10.1016/j.cub.2008.02.022}, volume = {18}, year = {2008}, } @article{3409, abstract = {With the introduction of single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) it has become possible to directly access the interactions of various molecular systems. A bottleneck in conventional SMFS is collecting the large amount of data required for statistically meaningful analysis. Currently, atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based SMFS requires the user to tediously 'fish' for single molecules. In addition, most experimental and environmental conditions must be manually adjusted. Here, we developed a fully automated single-molecule force spectroscope. The instrument is able to perform SMFS while monitoring and regulating experimental conditions such as buffer composition and temperature. Cantilever alignment and calibration can also be automatically performed during experiments. This, combined with in-line data analysis, enables the instrument, once set up, to perform complete SMFS experiments autonomously.}, author = {Struckmeier, Jens and Wahl, Reiner and Leuschner, Mirko and Nunes, Joao and Harald Janovjak and Geisler, Ulrich and Hofmann, Gerd and Jähnke, Torsten and Mueller, Daniel J}, journal = {Nanotechnology}, number = {38}, publisher = {IOP Publishing Ltd.}, title = {{Fully automated single-molecule force spectroscopy for screening applications}}, doi = {10.1088/0957-4484/19/38/384020}, volume = {19}, year = {2008}, } @misc{3410, abstract = {Membrane proteins are involved in essential biological processes such as energy conversion, signal transduction, solute transport and secretion. All biological processes, also those involving membrane proteins, are steered by molecular interactions. Molecular interactions guide the folding and stability of membrane proteins, determine their assembly, switch their functional states or mediate signal transduction. The sequential steps of molecular interactions driving these processes can be described by dynamic energy landscapes. The conceptual energy landscape allows to follow the complex reaction pathways of membrane proteins while its modifications describe why and how pathways are changed. Single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) detects, quantifies and locates interactions within and between membrane proteins. SMFS helps to determine how these interactions change with temperature, point mutations, oligomerization and the functional states of membrane proteins. Applied in different modes, SMFS explores the co-existence and population of reaction pathways in the energy landscape of the protein and thus reveals detailed insights into local mechanisms, determining its structural and functional relationships. Here we review how SMFS extracts the defining parameters of an energy landscape such as the barrier position, reaction kinetics and roughness with high precision.}, author = {Harald Janovjak and Sapra, Tanuj K and Kedrov, Alexej and Mueller, Daniel J}, booktitle = {ChemPhysChem}, number = {7}, pages = {954 -- 966}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{From valleys to ridges: Exploring the energy landscape of single membrane proteins}}, doi = {10.1002/cphc.200700662}, volume = {9}, year = {2008}, } @article{3435, abstract = {We develop a new method for estimating effective population sizes, Ne, and selection coefficients, s, from time-series data of allele frequencies sampled from a single diallelic locus. The method is based on calculating transition probabilities, using a numerical solution of the diffusion process, and assuming independent binomial sampling from this diffusion process at each time point. We apply the method in two example applications. First, we estimate selection coefficients acting on the CCR5-Δ32 mutation on the basis of published samples of contemporary and ancient human DNA. We show that the data are compatible with the assumption of s = 0, although moderate amounts of selection acting on this mutation cannot be excluded. In our second example, we estimate the selection coefficient acting on a mutation segregating in an experimental phage population. We show that the selection coefficient acting on this mutation is ~0.43.}, author = {Jonathan Bollback and York, Thomas L and Nielsen, Rasmus}, journal = {Genetics}, number = {1}, pages = {497 -- 502}, publisher = {Genetics Society of America}, title = {{Estimation of 2Nes From Temporal Allele Frequency Data}}, doi = {10.1534/genetics.107.085019}, volume = {179}, year = {2008}, } @inproceedings{3501, abstract = {The Wikipedia is a collaborative encyclopedia: anyone can contribute to its articles simply by clicking on an "edit" button. The open nature of the Wikipedia has been key to its success, but has also created a challenge: how can readers develop an informed opinion on its reliability? We propose a system that computes quantitative values of trust for the text in Wikipedia articles; these trust values provide an indication of text reliability. The system uses as input the revision history of each article, as well as information about the reputation of the contributing authors, as provided by a reputation system. The trust of a word in an article is computed on the basis of the reputation of the original author of the word, as well as the reputation of all authors who edited text near the word. The algorithm computes word trust values that vary smoothly across the text; the trust values can be visualized using varying text-background colors. The algorithm ensures that all changes to an article's text are reflected in the trust values, preventing surreptitious content changes. We have implemented the proposed system, and we have used it to compute and display the trust of the text of thousands of articles of the English Wikipedia. To validate our trust-computation algorithms, we show that text labeled as low-trust has a significantly higher probability of being edited in the future than text labeled as high-trust.}, author = {Adler, B Thomas and Krishnendu Chatterjee and de Alfaro, Luca and Faella, Marco and Pye, Ian and Raman, Vishwanath}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{Assigning trust to Wikipedia content}}, doi = {10.1145/1822258.1822293}, year = {2008}, } @inproceedings{3502, abstract = {In content-driven reputation systems for collaborative content, users gain or lose reputation according to how their contributions fare: authors of long-lived contributions gain reputation, while authors of reverted contributions lose reputation. Existing content-driven systems are prone to Sybil attacks, in which multiple identities, controlled by the same person, perform coordinated actions to increase their reputation. We show that content-driven reputation systems can be made resistant to such attacks by taking advantage of thefact that the reputation increments and decrements depend on content modifications, which are visible to all. We present an algorithm for content-driven reputation that prevents a set of identities from increasing their maximum reputation without doing any useful work. Here, work is considered useful if it causes content to evolve in a direction that is consistent with the actions of high-reputation users. We argue that the content modifications that require no effort, such as the insertion or deletion of arbitrary text, are invariably non-useful. We prove a truthfullness result for the resulting system, stating that users who wish to perform a contribution do not gain by employing complex contribution schemes, compared to simply performing the contribution at once. In particular, splitting the contribution in multiple portions, or employing the coordinated actions of multiple identities, do not yield additional reputation. Taken together, these results indicate that content-driven systems can be made robust with respect to Sybil attacks. Copyright 2008 ACM.}, author = {Krishnendu Chatterjee and de Alfaro, Luca and Pye, Ian}, pages = {33 -- 42}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{Robust content-driven reputation}}, doi = {10.1145/1456377.1456387 }, year = {2008}, } @inproceedings{3504, abstract = {Simulation and bisimulation metrics for stochastic systems provide a quantitative gen- eralization of the classical simulation and bisimulation relations. These metrics capture the similarity of states with respect to quantitative specifications written in the quantitative μ-calculus and related probabilistic logics. We present algorithms for computing the metrics on Markov decision processes (MDPs), turn- based stochastic games, and concurrent games. For turn-based games and MDPs, we provide a polynomial-time algorithm based on linear programming for the computation of the one-step metric distance between states. The algorithm improves on the previously known exponential-time algo- rithm based on a reduction to the theory of reals. We then present PSPACE algorithms for both the decision problem and the problem of approximating the metric distance between two states, matching the best known bound for Markov chains. For the bisimulation kernel of the metric, which corresponds to probabilistic bisimulation, our algorithm works in time O(n4) for both turn-based games and MDPs; improving the previously best known O(n9 · log(n)) time algorithm for MDPs. For a concurrent game G, we show that computing the exact distance between states is at least as hard as computing the value of concurrent reachability games and the square-root-sum problem in computational geometry. We show that checking whether the metric distance is bounded by a rational r, can be accomplished via a reduction to the theory of real closed fields, involving a formula with three quantifier alternations, yielding O(|G|O(|G|5)) time complexity, improving the previously known reduction with O(|G|O(|G|7)) time complexity. These algorithms can be iterated to approximate the metrics using binary search.}, author = {Chatterjee, Krishnendu and De Alfaro, Luca and Majumdar, Ritankar and Raman, Vishwanath}, pages = {107 -- 118}, publisher = {Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik}, title = {{Algorithms for game metrics}}, doi = {10.4230/LIPIcs.FSTTCS.2008.1745}, volume = {2}, year = {2008}, } @article{3516, abstract = {Temporal coding is a means of representing information by the time, as opposed to the rate, at which neurons fire. Evidence of temporal coding in the hippocampus comes from place cells, whose spike times relative to theta oscillations reflect a rat's position while running along stereotyped trajectories. This arises from the backwards shift in cell firing relative to local theta oscillations (phase precession). Here we demonstrate phase precession during place-field crossings in an open-field foraging task. This produced spike sequences in each theta cycle that disambiguate the rat's trajectory through two-dimensional space and can be used to predict movement direction. Furthermore, position and movement direction were maximally predicted from firing in the early and late portions of the theta cycle, respectively. This represents the first direct evidence of a combined representation of position, trajectory and heading in the hippocampus, organized on a fine temporal scale by theta oscillations.}, author = {Huxter,John R and Senior,Timothy J and Allen, Kevin and Jozsef Csicsvari}, journal = {Nature Neuroscience}, number = {5}, pages = {587 -- 594}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Theta phase-specific codes for two-dimensional position, trajectory and heading in the hippocampus}}, doi = {10.1038/nn.2106}, volume = {11}, year = {2008}, } @article{3520, abstract = {The hippocampus is thought to be involved in episodic memory formation by reactivating traces of waking experience during sleep. Indeed, the joint firing of spatially tuned pyramidal cells encoding nearby places recur during sleep. We found that the sleep cofiring of rat CA1 pyramidal cells encoding similar places increased relative to the sleep session before exploration. This cofiring increase depended on the number of times that cells fired together with short latencies ( < 50 ms) during exploration, and was strongest between cells representing the most visited places. This is indicative of a Hebbian learning rule in which changes in firing associations between cells are determined by the number of waking coincident firing events. In contrast, cells encoding different locations reduced their cofiring in proportion to the number of times that they fired independently. Together these data indicate that reactivated patterns are shaped by both positive and negative changes in cofiring, which are determined by recent behavior.}, author = {Joseph O'Neill and Senior,Timothy J and Allen, Kevin and Huxter,John R and Jozsef Csicsvari}, journal = {Nature Neuroscience}, number = {2}, pages = {209 -- 215}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Reactivation of experience-dependent cell assembly patterns in the hippocampus}}, doi = {10.1038/nn2037}, volume = {11}, year = {2008}, } @article{3530, abstract = {In the cerebral cortex, GABAergic interneurons are often regarded as fast-spiking cells. We have identified a type of slow-spiking interneuron that offers distinct contributions to network activity. “Ivy” cells, named after their dense and fine axons innervating mostly basal and oblique pyramidal cell dendrites, are more numerous than the parvalbumin-expressing basket, bistratified, or axo-axonic cells. Ivy cells express nitric oxide synthase, neuropeptide Y, and high levels of GABA(A) receptor alpha 1 subunit; they discharge at a low frequency with wide spikes in vivo, yet are distinctively phase-locked to behaviorally relevant network rhythms including theta, gamma, and ripple oscillations. Paired recordings in vitro showed that Ivy cells receive depressing EPSPs from pyramidal cells, which in turn receive slowly rising and decaying inhibitory input from Ivy cells. In contrast to fast-spiking interneurons operating with millisecond precision, the highly abundant Ivy cells express presynaptically acting neuromodulators and regulate the excitability of pyramidal cell dendrites through slowly rising and decaying GABAergic inputs.}, author = {Fuentealba,Pablo and Begum,Rahima and Capogna,Marco and Jinno,Shozo and Marton,Laszlo F and Jozsef Csicsvari and Thomson,Alex and Somogyi, Péter and Klausberger,Thomas}, journal = {Neuron}, number = {6}, pages = {917 -- 929}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Ivy cells: A population of nitric-oxide-producing, slow-spiking GABAergic neurons and their involvement in hippocampal network activity}}, doi = {10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.034}, volume = {57}, year = {2008}, } @article{3534, author = {Dupret, David and Pleydell-Bouverie, Barty and Jozsef Csicsvari}, journal = {PNAS}, number = {47}, pages = {18079 -- 18080}, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, title = {{Inhibitory interneurons and network oscillations}}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.0810064105}, volume = {105}, year = {2008}, } @article{3537, abstract = {Hippocampal place cells that fire together within the same cycle of theta oscillations represent the sequence of positions (movement trajectory) that a rat traverses on a linear track. Furthermore, it has been suggested that the encoding of these and other types of temporal memory sequences is organized by gamma oscillations nested within theta oscillations. Here, we examined whether gamma-related firing of place cells permits such discrete temporal coding. We found that gamma-modulated CA1 pyramidal cells separated into two classes on the basis of gamma firing phases during waking theta periods. These groups also differed in terms of their spike waveforms, firing rates, and burst firing tendency. During gamma oscillations one group's firing became restricted to theta phases associated with the highest gamma power. Consequently, on the linear track, cells in this group often failed to fire early in theta-phase precession (as the rat entered the place field) if gamma oscillations were present. The second group fired throughout the theta cycle during gamma oscillations, and maintained gamma-modulated firing at different stages of theta-phase precession. Our results suggest that the two different pyramidal cell classes may support different types of population codes within a theta cycle: one in which spike sequences representing movement trajectories occur across subsequent gamma cycles nested within each theta cycle, and another in which firing in synchronized gamma discharges without temporal sequences encode a representation of location. We propose that gamma oscillations during theta-phase precession organize the mnemonic recall of population patterns representing places and movement paths.}, author = {Senior,Timothy J and Huxter,John R and Allen, Kevin and Joseph O'Neill and Jozsef Csicsvari}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, number = {9}, pages = {2274 -- 2286}, publisher = {Society for Neuroscience}, title = {{Gamma oscillatory firing reveals distinct populations of pyramidal cells in the CA1 region of the hippocampus}}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4669-07.2008}, volume = {28}, year = {2008}, } @article{3544, abstract = {In the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, a pronounced synchronization of oscillatory activity at beta frequencies (15-30 Hz) accompanies movement difficulties. Abnormal beta oscillations and motor symptoms are concomitantly and acutely suppressed by dopaminergic therapies, suggesting that these inappropriate rhythms might also emerge acutely from disrupted dopamine transmission. The neural basis of these abnormal beta oscillations is unclear, and how they might compromise information processing, or how they arise, is unknown. Using a 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rodent model of PD, we demonstrate that beta oscillations are inappropriately exaggerated, compared with controls, in a brain-state-dependent manner after chronic dopamine loss. Exaggerated beta oscillations are expressed at the levels of single neurons and small neuronal ensembles, and are focally present and spatially distributed within STN. They are also expressed in synchronous population activities, as evinced by oscillatory local field potentials, in STN and cortex. Excessively synchronized beta oscillations reduce the information coding capacity of STN neuronal ensembles, which may contribute to parkinsonian motor impairment. Acute disruption of dopamine transmission in control animals with antagonists of D-1/D-2 receptors did not exaggerate STN or cortical beta oscillations. Moreover, beta oscillations were not exaggerated until several days after 6-hydroxydopamine injections. Thus, contrary to predictions, abnormally amplified beta oscillations in cortico-STN circuits do not result simply from an acute absence of dopamine receptor stimulation, but are instead delayed sequelae of chronic dopamine depletion. Targeting the plastic processes underlying the delayed emergence of pathological beta oscillations after continuing dopaminergic dysfunction may offer considerable therapeutic promise.}, author = {Mallet,Nicolas and Pogosyan,Alek and Sharott,Andrew and Jozsef Csicsvari and Bolam, John Paul and Brown,Peter and Magill,Peter J}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, number = {18}, pages = {4795 -- 4806}, publisher = {Society for Neuroscience}, title = {{Disrupted dopamine transmission and the emergence of exaggerated beta oscillations in subthalamic nucleus and cerebral cortex}}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0123-08.2008}, volume = {28}, year = {2008}, } @inbook{3577, author = {Biasotti, Silvia and Attali, Dominique and Boissonnat, Jean-Daniel and Herbert Edelsbrunner and Elber, Gershon and Mortara, Michela and Sanniti di Baja, Gabriella and Spagnuolo, Michela and Tanase, Mirela and Veltkam, Remco}, booktitle = {Shape Analysis and Structuring}, pages = {145 -- 183}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Skeletal structures}}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-33265-7_5}, year = {2008}, }