@article{1721, author = {Anna Kicheva and Briscoe, James}, journal = {PLoS Biology}, number = {7}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, title = {{Limbs made to measure}}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.1000421}, volume = {8}, year = {2010}, } @article{1722, abstract = {Morphogens are secreted signalling molecules that act in a graded manner to control the pattern of cellular differentiation in developing tissues. An example is Sonic hedgehog (Shh), which acts in several developing vertebrate tissues, including the central nervous system, to provide positional information during embryonic patterning. Here we address how Shh signalling assigns the positional identities of distinct neuronal subtype progenitors throughout the ventral neural tube. Assays of intracellular signal transduction and gene expression indicate that the duration as well as level of signalling is critical for morphogen interpretation. Progenitors of the ventral neuronal subtypes are established sequentially, with progressively more ventral identities requiring correspondingly higher levels and longer periods of Shh signalling. Moreover, cells remain sensitive to changes in Shh signalling for an extended time, reverting to antecedent identities if signalling levels fall below a threshold. Thus, the duration of signalling is important not only for the assignment but also for the refinement and maintenance of positional identity. Together the data suggest a dynamic model for ventral neural tube patterning in which positional information corresponds to the time integral of Shh signalling. This suggests an alternative to conventional models of morphogen action that rely solely on the level of signalling.}, author = {Dessaud, Éric and Ribes, Vanessa and Balaskas, Nikolaos and Yang, Linlin and Pierani, Alessandra and Anna Kicheva and Novitch, Bennett and Briscoe, James and Sasai, Noriaki}, journal = {PLoS Biology}, number = {6}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, title = {{Dynamic assignment and maintenance of positional identity in the ventral neural tube by the morphogen sonic hedgehog}}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.1000382}, volume = {8}, year = {2010}, } @article{1752, abstract = {The epitaxial growth of germanium on silicon leads to the self-assembly of SiGe nanocrystals by a process that allows the size, composition and position of the nanocrystals to be controlled. This level of control, combined with an inherent compatibility with silicon technology, could prove useful in nanoelectronic applications. Here, we report the confinement of holes in quantum-dot devices made by directly contacting individual SiGe nanocrystals with aluminium electrodes, and the production of hybrid superconductor- semiconductor devices, such as resonant supercurrent transistors, when the quantum dot is strongly coupled to the electrodes. Charge transport measurements on weakly coupled quantum dots reveal discrete energy spectra, with the confined hole states displaying anisotropic gyromagnetic factors and strong spin-orbit coupling with pronounced dependences on gate voltage and magnetic field.}, author = {Georgios Katsaros and Spathis, Panayotis N and Stoffel, Mathieu and Fournel, Frank and Mongillo, Massimo and Bouchiat, Vincent and Lefloch, François and Rastelli, Armando and Schmidt, Oliver G and De Franceschi, Silvano}, journal = {Nature Nanotechnology}, number = {6}, pages = {458 -- 464}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Hybrid superconductor-semiconductor devices made from self-assembled SiGe nanocrystals on silicon}}, doi = {10.1038/nnano.2010.84}, volume = {5}, year = {2010}, } @article{1753, abstract = {We investigate electronic transport in n-i-n GaN nanowires with and without AlN double barriers. The nanowires are grown by catalyst-free, plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy enabling abrupt GaN/AlN interfaces as well as longitudinal n-type doping modulation. At low temperature, transport in n-i-n GaN nanowires is dominated by the Coulomb blockade effect. Carriers are confined in the undoped middle region, forming single or multiple islands with a characteristic length of ∼100 nm. The incorporation of two AlN tunnel barriers causes confinement to occur within the GaN dot in between. In the case of a 6 nm thick dot and 2 nm thick barriers, we observe characteristic signatures of Coulomb-blockaded transport in single quantum dots with discrete energy states. For thinner dots and barriers, Coulomb-blockade effects do not play a significant role while the onset of resonant tunneling via the confined quantum levels is accompanied by a negative differential resistance surviving up to ∼150 K.}, author = {Songmuang, Rudeeson and Georgios Katsaros and Monroy, Eva and Spathis, Panayotis N and Bougerol, Catherine and Mongillo, Massimo and De Franceschi, Silvano}, journal = {Nano Letters}, number = {9}, pages = {3545 -- 3550}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, title = {{Quantum transport in GaN/AlN double-barrier heterostructure nanowires}}, doi = {10.1021/nl1017578}, volume = {10}, year = {2010}, } @article{1772, abstract = {We present the realization of a cavity quantum electrodynamics setup in which photons of strongly different lifetimes are engineered in different harmonic modes of the same cavity. We achieve this in a superconducting transmission line resonator with superconducting qubits coupled to the different modes. One cavity mode is strongly coupled to a detection line for qubit state readout, while a second long lifetime mode is used for photon storage and coherent quantum operations. We demonstrate sideband-based measurement of photon coherence, generation of n photon Fock states and the scaling of the sideband Rabi frequency with √n using a scheme that may be extended to realize sideband-based two-qubit logic gates.}, author = {Leek, Peter J and Baur, Matthias P and Johannes Fink and Bianchetti, R and Steffen, L. Kraig and Filipp, Stefan and Wallraff, Andreas}, journal = {Physical Review Letters}, number = {10}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Cavity quantum electrodynamics with separate photon storage and qubit readout modes}}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.100504}, volume = {104}, year = {2010}, } @article{1773, abstract = {The quantum properties of electromagnetic, mechanical or other harmonic oscillators can be revealed by investigating their strong coherent coupling to a single quantum two level system in an approach known as cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED). At temperatures much lower than the characteristic energy level spacing the observation of vacuum Rabi oscillations or mode splittings with one or a few quanta asserts the quantum nature of the oscillator. Here, we study how the classical response of a cavity QED system emerges from the quantum one when its thermal occupation-or effective temperature-is raised gradually over 5 orders of magnitude. In this way we explore in detail the continuous quantum-to-classical crossover and demonstrate how to extract effective cavity field temperatures from both spectroscopic and time-resolved vacuum Rabi measurements.}, author = {Johannes Fink and Steffen, L. Kraig and Studer, Peter and Bishop, Lev S and Baur, Matthias P and Bianchetti, R and Bozyigit, Deniz and Lang, C and Filipp, Stefan and Leek, Peter J and Wallraff, Andreas}, journal = {Physical Review Letters}, number = {16}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Quantum-to-classical transition in cavity quantum electrodynamics}}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.163601}, volume = {105}, year = {2010}, } @article{1774, abstract = {A number of superconducting qubits, such as the transmon or the phase qubit, have an energy level structure with small anharmonicity. This allows for convenient access of higher excited states with similar frequencies. However, special care has to be taken to avoid unwanted higher-level populations when using short control pulses. Here we demonstrate the preparation of arbitrary three level superposition states using optimal control techniques in a transmon. Performing dispersive readout, we extract the populations of all three levels of the qutrit and study the coherence of its excited states. Finally we demonstrate full quantum state tomography of the prepared qutrit states and evaluate the fidelities of a set of states, finding on average 95%.}, author = {Bianchetti, R and Filipp, Stefan and Baur, Matthias P and Johannes Fink and Lang, C and Steffen, L. Kraig and Boissonneault, Maxime and Blais, Alexandre and Wallraff, Andreas}, journal = {Physical Review Letters}, number = {22}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Control and tomography of a three level superconducting artificial atom}}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.223601}, volume = {105}, year = {2010}, } @article{1800, abstract = {Retinitis pigmentosa refers to a diverse group of hereditary diseases that lead to incurable blindness, affecting two million people worldwide. As a common pathology, rod photoreceptors die early, whereas light-insensitive, morphologically altered cone photoreceptors persist longer. It is unknown if these cones are accessible for therapeutic intervention. Here, we show that expression of archaebacterial halorhodopsin in light-insensitive cones can substitute for the native phototransduction cascade and restore light sensitivity in mouse models of retinitis pigmentosa. Resensitized photoreceptors activate all retinal cone pathways, drive sophisticated retinal circuit functions (including directional selectivity), activate cortical circuits, and mediate visually guided behaviors. Using human ex vivo retinas, we show that halorhodopsin can reactivate light-insensitive human photoreceptors. Finally, we identified blind patients with persisting, light-insensitive cones for potential halorhodopsin-based therapy.}, author = {Busskamp, Volker and Duebel, Jens and Bálya, Dávid and Fradot, Mathias and Viney, Tim J and Sandra Siegert and Groner, Anna C and Cabuy, Erik and Forster, Valérie and Seeliger, Mathias W and Biel, Martin and Humphries, Peter and Pâques, Michel and Mohand-Saïd, Saddek and Trono, Didier and Deisseroth, Karl A and Sähel, José A and Picaud, Serge A and Roska, Botond M}, journal = {Science}, number = {5990}, pages = {413 -- 417}, publisher = {American Association for the Advancement of Science}, title = {{Genetic reactivation of cone photoreceptors restores visual responses in retinitis pigmentosa}}, doi = {10.1126/science.1190897}, volume = {329}, year = {2010}, } @article{1970, abstract = {Complex I is the first enzyme of the respiratory chain and has a central role in cellular energy production, coupling electron transfer between NADH and quinone to proton translocation by an unknown mechanism. Dysfunction of complex I has been implicated in many human neurodegenerative diseases. We have determined the structure of its hydrophilic domain previously. Here, we report the α-helical structure of the membrane domain of complex I from Escherichia coli at 3.9 Å resolution. The antiporter-like subunits NuoL/M/N each contain 14 conserved transmembrane (TM) helices. Two of them are discontinuous, as in some transporters. Unexpectedly, subunit NuoL also contains a 110-Å long amphipathic α-helix, spanning almost the entire length of the domain. Furthermore, we have determined the structure of the entire complex I from Thermus thermophilus at 4.5 Å resolution. The L-shaped assembly consists of the α-helical model for the membrane domain, with 63 TM helices, and the known structure of the hydrophilic domain. The architecture of the complex provides strong clues about the coupling mechanism: the conformational changes at the interface of the two main domains may drive the long amphipathic α-helix of NuoL in a piston-like motion, tilting nearby discontinuous TM helices, resulting in proton translocation.}, author = {Efremov, Rouslan G and Baradaran, Rozbeh and Leonid Sazanov}, journal = {Nature}, number = {7297}, pages = {441 -- 445}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{The architecture of respiratory complex I}}, doi = {10.1038/nature09066}, volume = {465}, year = {2010}, } @article{2071, abstract = {The X or Z chromosome has several characteristics that distinguish it from the autosomes, namely hemizygosity in the heterogametic sex, and a potentially different effective population size, both of which may influence the rate and nature of evolution. In particular, there may be an accelerated rate of adaptive change for X-linked compared to autosomal coding sequences, often referred to as the Faster-X effect. Empirical studies have indicated that the strength of Faster-X evolution varies among different species, and theoretical treatments have shown that demography and mating system can substantially affect the degree of Faster-X evolution. Here we integrate genomic data on Faster-X evolution from a variety of animals with the demographic factors, mating system, and sex chromosome regulatory characteristics that may influence it. Our results suggest that differences in effective population size and mechanisms of dosage compensation may influence the perceived extent of Faster-X evolution, and help to explain several clade-specific patterns that we observe.}, author = {Mank, Judith E and Beatriz Vicoso and Berlin, Sofia and Charlesworth, Brian}, journal = {Evolution}, number = {3}, pages = {663 -- 674}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Effective population size and the Faster-X effect: Empirical results and their interpretation}}, doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00853.x}, volume = {64}, year = {2010}, } @phdthesis{2075, abstract = {This thesis investigates the combination of data-driven and physically based techniques for acquiring, modeling, and animating deformable materials, with a special focus on human faces. Furthermore, based on these techniques, we introduce a data-driven process for designing and fabricating materials with desired deformation behavior. Realistic simulation behavior, surface details, and appearance are still demanding tasks. Neither pure data-driven, pure procedural, nor pure physical methods are best suited for accurate synthesis of facial motion and details (both for appearance and geometry), due to the difficulties in model design, parameter estimation, and desired controllability for animators. Capturing of a small but representative amount of real data, and then synthesizing diverse on-demand examples with physically-based models and real data as input benefits from both sides: Highly realistic model behavior due to real-world data and controllability due to physically-based models. To model the face and its behavior, hybrid physically-based and data-driven approaches are elaborated. We investigate surface-based representations as well as a solid representation based on FEM. To achieve realistic behavior, we propose to build light-weighted data capture devices to acquire real-world data to estimate model parameters and to employ concepts from data-driven modeling techniques and machine learning. The resulting models support simple acquisition systems, offer techniques to process and extract model parameters from real-world data, provide a compact representation of the facial geometry and its motion, and allow intuitive editing. We demonstrate applications such as capture of facial geometry and motion and real-time animation and transfer of facial details, and show that our soft tissue model can react to external forces and produce realistic deformations beyond facial expressions. Based on this model, we furthermore introduce a data-driven process for designing and fabricating materials with desired deformation behavior. The process starts with measuring deformation properties of base materials. Each material is represented as a non-linear stress-strain relationship in a finite-element model. For material design and fabrication, we introduce an optimization process that finds the best combination of base materials that meets a user’s criteria specified by example deformations. Our algorithm employs a number of strategies to prune poor solutions from the combinatorial search space. We finally demonstrate the complete process by designing and fabricating objects with complex heterogeneous materials using modern multi-material 3D printers. }, author = {Bernd Bickel}, booktitle = {Unknown}, number = {7458}, publisher = {Unknown}, title = {{Measurement-based modeling and fabrication of deformable materials for human faces}}, doi = {dx.doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-006354908}, volume = {499}, year = {2010}, } @article{2095, abstract = {This paper describes a passive stereo system for capturing the 3D geometry of a face in a single-shot under standard light sources. The system is low-cost and easy to deploy. Results are submillimeter accurate and commensurate with those from state-ofthe-art systems based on active lighting, and the models meet the quality requirements of a demanding domain like the movie industry. Recovered models are shown for captures from both high-end cameras in a studio setting and from a consumer binocular-stereo camera, demonstrating scalability across a spectrum of camera deployments, and showing the potential for 3D face modeling to move beyond the professional arena and into the emerging consumer market in stereoscopic photography. Our primary technical contribution is a modification of standard stereo refinement methods to capture pore-scale geometry, using a qualitative approach that produces visually realistic results. The second technical contribution is a calibration method suited to face capture systems. The systemic contribution includes multiple demonstrations of system robustness and quality. These include capture in a studio setup, capture off a consumer binocular-stereo camera, scanning of faces of varying gender and ethnicity and age, capture of highly-transient facial expression, and scanning a physical mask to provide ground-truth validation.}, author = {Beeler, Thabo and Bernd Bickel and Beardsley, Paul A and Sumner, Bob and Groß, Markus S}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Graphics}, number = {4}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{High-quality single-shot capture of facial geometry}}, doi = {10.1145/1778765.1778777}, volume = {29}, year = {2010}, } @article{2096, abstract = {Point-based graphics has gained much attention as an alternative to polygon-based approaches because of its simplicity and flexibility. However, current point-based techniques do not provide a sufficient rendering quality for translucent materials such as human skin. In this paper, we propose a point-based framework with subsurface scattering of light, which is important to create the soft and semi-translucent appearance of human skin. To accurately simulate subsurface scattering in multilayered materials, we present splat-based diffusion to apply a linear combination of several Gaussian basis functions to each splat in object space. Compared to existing point-based approaches, our method offers a significantly improved visual quality in rendering human faces and provides a similar visual quality to polygon-based rendering using the texture space diffusion technique. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in rendering scanned faces realistically.}, author = {Kim, Hyeonjoong and Bernd Bickel and Groß, Markus S and Choi, Soomi}, journal = {Science in China, Series F: Information Sciences}, number = {5}, pages = {911 -- 919}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Subsurface scattering using splat-based diffusion in point-based rendering}}, doi = {10.1007/s11432-010-0068-y}, volume = {53}, year = {2010}, } @article{2097, abstract = {This paper introduces a data-driven process for designing and fabricating materials with desired deformation behavior. Our process starts with measuring deformation properties of base materials. For each base material we acquire a set of example deformations, and we represent the material as a non-linear stress-strain relationship in a finite-element model. We have validated our material measurement process by comparing simulations of arbitrary stacks of base materials with measured deformations of fabricated material stacks. After material measurement, our process continues with designing stacked layers of base materials. We introduce an optimization process that finds the best combination of stacked layers that meets a user's criteria specified by example deformations. Our algorithm employs a number of strategies to prune poor solutions from the combinatorial search space. We demonstrate the complete process by designing and fabricating objects with complex heterogeneous materials using modern multi-material 3D printers.}, author = {Bernd Bickel and Bac̈her, Moritz and Otaduy, Miguel A and Lee, Hyunho R and Pfister, Hanspeter and Groß, Markus S and Matusik, Wojciech}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Graphics}, number = {4}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {{Design and fabrication of materials with desired deformation behavior}}, doi = {10.1145/1778765.1778800}, volume = {29}, year = {2010}, } @article{2124, abstract = {We develop a theory of Malliavin calculus for Banach space-valued random variables. Using radonifying operators instead of symmetric tensor products we extend the Wiener-Itô isometry to Banach spaces. In the white noise case we obtain two sided Lp-estimates for multiple stochastic integrals in arbitrary Banach spaces. It is shown that the Malliavin derivative is bounded on vector-valued Wiener-Itô chaoses. Our main tools are decoupling inequalities for vector-valued random variables. In the opposite direction we use Meyer's inequalities to give a new proof of a decoupling result for Gaussian chaoses in UMD Banach spaces.}, author = {Jan Maas}, journal = {Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications}, number = {2}, pages = {383 -- 398}, publisher = {Academic Press}, title = {{Malliavin calculus and decoupling inequalities in Banach spaces}}, doi = {10.1016/j.jmaa.2009.08.041}, volume = {363}, year = {2010}, } @article{2194, abstract = {We develop an analytic model of vector correlations in rotationally inelastic atom-diatom collisions and test it against the much examined Ar-NO (X2Π) system. Based on the Fraunhofer scattering of matter waves, the model furnishes complex scattering amplitudes needed to evaluate the polarization moments characterizing the quantum stereodynamics. The analytic polarization moments are found to be in an excellent agreement with experimental results and with close-coupling calculations available at thermal energies. The model reveals that the stereodynamics is governed by diffraction from the repulsive core of the Ar-NO potential, which can be characterized by a single Legendre moment.}, author = {Mikhail Lemeshko and Friedrich, Břetislav}, journal = {Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics}, number = {5}, pages = {1038 -- 1041}, publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, title = {{An analytic model of the stereodynamics of rotationally inelastic molecular collisions}}, doi = {10.1039/B920899B }, volume = {12}, year = {2010}, } @article{2195, abstract = {Following upon our recent work on vector correlations in the Ar-NO collisions [Lemeshko and Friedrich, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 1038 (2010)], we compare model results with close-coupling calculations for a range of channels and collision energies for the He-NO system. The striking agreement between the model and exact polarization moments indicates that the stereodynamics of rotationally inelastic atom-molecule collisions at thermal energies is governed by diffraction of matter waves from a two-dimensional repulsive core of the atom-molecule potential. Furthermore, the model polarization moments characterizing the He-NO, He- O2, He-OH, and He-CaH stereodynamics are found to coalesce into a single, distinctive pattern, which can serve as a "fingerprint" to identify diffraction-driven stereodynamics in future work. }, author = {Mikhail Lemeshko and Jambrina, Pablo G and De Miranda, Marcelo P and Friedrich, Břetislav}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Physics}, number = {16}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, title = {{Communications: When diffraction rules the stereodynamics of rotationally inelastic collisions}}, doi = {10.1063/1.3386530}, volume = {132}, year = {2010}, } @article{2196, abstract = {We evaluate the shifts imparted to vibrational and rotational levels of a linear molecule by a nonresonant laser field at intensities of up to 10 12 W/cm2. Both types of shift are found to be either positive or negative, depending on the initial rotational state acted upon by the field. An adiabatic field-molecule interaction imparts a rotational energy shift which is negative and exceeds the concomitant positive vibrational shift by a few orders of magnitude. The rovibrational states are thus pushed downward in such a field. A nonresonant pulsed laser field that interacts nonadiabatically with the molecule is found to impart rotational and vibrational shifts of the same order of magnitude. The nonadiabatic energy transfer occurs most readily at a pulse duration which amounts to about a tenth of the molecule's rotational period and vanishes when the sudden regime is attained for shorter pulses. We applied our treatment to the much-studied 87Rb2 molecule in the last bound vibrational levels of its lowest singlet and triplet electronic states. Our calculations indicate that 15 and 1.5 ns laser pulses of an intensity in excess of 5 × 109 W/cm2 are capable of dissociating the molecule due to the vibrational shift. Lesser shifts can be used to fine-tune the rovibrational levels and thereby affect collisional resonances by the nonresonant light. The energy shifts due to laser intensities of 109 W/cm2 may be discernible spectroscopically, with a 10 MHz resolution.}, author = {Mikhail Lemeshko and Friedrich, Břetislav}, journal = {Journal of Physical Chemistry A}, number = {36}, pages = {9848 -- 9854}, publisher = {American Chemical Society}, title = {{Fine-tuning molecular energy levels by nonresonant laser pulses}}, doi = {10.1021/jp1032299}, volume = {114}, year = {2010}, } @article{2197, abstract = {We present an analytic model of the refractive index for matter waves propagating through atomic or molecular gases. The model, which combines the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (WKB) treatment of the long-range attraction with the Fraunhofer model treatment of the short-range repulsion, furnishes a refractive index in compelling agreement with recent experiments of Jacquey [Phys. Rev. Lett.PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.98.240405 98, 240405 (2007)] on Li atom matter waves passing through dilute noble gases. We show that the diffractive contribution, which arises from scattering by a two-dimensional "hard core" of the potential, is essential for obtaining a correct imaginary part of the refractive index.}, author = {Mikhail Lemeshko and Friedrich, Břetislav}, journal = {Physical Review A - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics}, number = {2}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Multiple scattering of matter waves: An analytic model of the refractive index for atomic and molecular gases}}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevA.82.022711}, volume = {82}, year = {2010}, } @inbook{2309, abstract = {The importance of chloride ions in cell physiology has not been fully recognized until recently, in spite of the fact that chloride (Cl-), together with bicarbonate, is the most abundant free anion in animal cells, and performs or determines fundamental biological functions in all tissues. For many years it was thought that Cl- was distributed in thermodynamic equilibrium across the plasma membrane of most cells. Research carried out during the last couple of decades has led to a dramatic change in this simplistic view. We now know that most animal cells, neurons included, exhibit a non-equilibrium distribution of Cl- across their plasma membranes. Over the last 10 to 15 years, with the growth of molecular biology and the advent of new optical methods, an enormous amount of exciting new information has become available on the molecular structure and function of Cl- channels and carriers. In nerve cells, Cl- channels and carriers play key functional roles in GABA- and glycine-mediated synaptic inhibition, neuronal growth and development, extracellular potassium scavenging, sensory-transduction, neurotransmitter uptake and cell volume control. Disruption of Cl- homeostasis in neurons underlies pathological conditions such as epilepsy, deafness, imbalance, brain edema and ischemia, pain and neurogenic inflammation. This book is about how chloride ions are regulated and how they cross the plasma membrane of neurons. It spans from molecular structure and function of carriers and channels involved in Cl- transport to their role in various diseases. * The first comprehensive book on the structure, molecular biology, cell physiology, and role in diseases of chloride transporters / channels in the nervous system in almost 20 years * Chloride is the most abundant free anion in animal cells. THis book summarizes and integrates for the first time the important research of the past two decades that has shown that Cl- channels and carriers play key functional roles in GABA- and glycine-mediated synaptic inhibition, neuronal growth and development, extracellular potassium scavenging, sensory-transduction, neurotransmitter uptake and cell volume control. * The first book that systematically discusses the result of disruption of Cl- homeostasis in neurons which underlies pathological conditions such as epilepsy, deafness, imbalance, brain edema and ischemia, pain and neurogenic inflammation. * Spanning topics from molecular structure and function of carriers and channels involved in Cl- transport to their role in various diseases. * Involves all of the leading researchers in the field. * INcludes an extensive introductory section that covers basic thermodynamic and kinetics aspects of Cl- transport, as well as current methods for studying Cl- regulation, spanning from fluorescent dyes in single cells to knock-out models to make the book available for a growing population of graduate students and postdocs entering the field.}, author = {Stauber, Tobias and Gaia Novarino and Jentsch, Thomas J}, booktitle = {Physiology and Pathology of chloride transporters and channels in the nervous system}, pages = {209 -- 231}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{The CLC family of chloride channels and transporters}}, doi = {10.1016/B978-0-12-374373-2.00012-1}, year = {2010}, }