@article{3390, abstract = {What determines the genetic contribution that an individual makes to future generations? With biparental reproduction, each individual leaves a 'pedigree' of descendants, determined by the biparental relationships in the population. The pedigree of an individual constrains the lines of descent of each of its genes. An individual's reproductive value is the expected number of copies of each of its genes that is passed on to distant generations conditional on its pedigree. For the simplest model of biparental reproduction analogous to the Wright-Fisher model, an individual's reproductive value is determined within ~10 generations, independent of population size. Partial selfing and subdivision do not greatly slow this convergence. Our central result is that the probability that a gene will survive is proportional to the reproductive value of the individual that carries it, and that conditional on survival, after a few tens of generations, the distribution of the number of surviving copies is the same for all individuals, whatever their reproductive value. These results can be generalized to the joint distribution of surviving blocks of ancestral genome. Selection on unlinked loci in the genetic background may greatly increase the variance in reproductive value, but the above results nevertheless still hold. The almost linear relationship between survival probability and reproductive value also holds for weakly favored alleles. Thus, the influence of the complex pedigree of descendants on an individual's genetic contribution to the population can be summarized through a single number: its reproductive value.}, author = {Barton, Nicholas H and Etheridge, Alison}, journal = {Genetics}, number = {4}, pages = {953 -- 973}, publisher = {Genetics Society of America}, title = {{The relation between reproductive value and genetic contribution}}, doi = {10.1534/genetics.111.127555}, volume = {188}, year = {2011}, } @article{3391, abstract = {Evolutionary biology shares many concepts with statistical physics: both deal with populations, whether of molecules or organisms, and both seek to simplify evolution in very many dimensions. Often, methodologies have undergone parallel and independent development, as with stochastic methods in population genetics. Here, we discuss aspects of population genetics that have embraced methods from physics: non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, travelling waves and Monte-Carlo methods, among others, have been used to study polygenic evolution, rates of adaptation and range expansions. These applications indicate that evolutionary biology can further benefit from interactions with other areas of statistical physics; for example, by following the distribution of paths taken by a population through time}, author = {de Vladar, Harold and Barton, Nicholas H}, journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution}, number = {8}, pages = {424 -- 432}, publisher = {Cell Press}, title = {{The contribution of statistical physics to evolutionary biology}}, doi = {10.1016/j.tree.2011.04.002}, volume = {26}, year = {2011}, } @article{3392, abstract = {Migrating lymphocytes acquire a polarized phenotype with a leading and a trailing edge, or uropod. Although in vitro experiments in cell lines or activated primary cell cultures have established that Rho-p160 coiled-coil kinase (ROCK)-myosin II-mediated uropod contractility is required for integrin de-adhesion on two-dimensional surfaces and nuclear propulsion through narrow pores in three-dimensional matrices, less is known about the role of these two events during the recirculation of primary, nonactivated lymphocytes. Using pharmacological antagonists of ROCK and myosin II, we report that inhibition of uropod contractility blocked integrin-independent mouse T cell migration through narrow, but not large, pores in vitro. T cell crawling on chemokine-coated endothelial cells under shear was severely impaired by ROCK inhibition, whereas transendothelial migration was only reduced through endothelial cells with high, but not low, barrier properties. Using three-dimensional thick-tissue imaging and dynamic two-photon microscopy of T cell motility in lymphoid tissue, we demonstrated a significant role for uropod contractility in intraluminal crawling and transendothelial migration through lymph node, but not bone marrow, endothelial cells. Finally, we demonstrated that ICAM-1, but not anatomical constraints or integrin-independent interactions, reduced parenchymal motility of inhibitor-treated T cells within the dense lymphoid microenvironment, thus assigning context-dependent roles for uropod contraction during lymphocyte recirculation.}, author = {Soriano, Silvia and Hons, Miroslav and Schumann, Kathrin and Kumar, Varsha and Dennier, Timo and Lyck, Ruth and Sixt, Michael K and Stein, Jens}, issn = {1550-6606}, journal = {Journal of Immunology}, number = {5}, pages = {2356 -- 2364}, publisher = {American Association of Immunologists}, title = {{In vivo analysis of uropod function during physiological T cell trafficking}}, doi = {10.4049/jimmunol.1100935}, volume = {187}, year = {2011}, } @article{3393, abstract = {Unlike unconditionally advantageous “Fisherian” variants that tend to spread throughout a species range once introduced anywhere, “bistable” variants, such as chromosome translocations, have two alternative stable frequencies, absence and (near) fixation. Analogous to populations with Allee effects, bistable variants tend to increase locally only once they become sufficiently common, and their spread depends on their rate of increase averaged over all frequencies. Several proposed manipulations of insect populations, such as using Wolbachia or “engineered underdominance” to suppress vector-borne diseases, produce bistable rather than Fisherian dynamics. We synthesize and extend theoretical analyses concerning three features of their spatial behavior: rate of spread, conditions to initiate spread from a localized introduction, and wave stopping caused by variation in population densities or dispersal rates. Unlike Fisherian variants, bistable variants tend to spread spatially only for particular parameter combinations and initial conditions. Wave initiation requires introduction over an extended region, while subsequent spatial spread is slower than for Fisherian waves and can easily be halted by local spatial inhomogeneities. We present several new results, including robust sufficient conditions to initiate (and stop) spread, using a one-parameter cubic approximation applicable to several models. The results have both basic and applied implications.}, author = {Barton, Nicholas H and Turelli, Michael}, issn = {1537-5323}, journal = {American Naturalist}, number = {3}, pages = {E48 -- E75}, publisher = {The University of Chicago Press}, title = {{Spatial waves of advance with bistable dynamics: Cytoplasmic and genetic analogues of Allee effects}}, doi = {10.1086/661246}, volume = {178}, year = {2011}, } @article{3394, abstract = {Random genetic drift shifts clines in space, alters their width, and distorts their shape. Such random fluctuations complicate inferences from cline width and position. Notably, the effect of genetic drift on the expected shape of the cline is opposite to the naive (but quite common) misinterpretation of classic results on the expected cline. While random drift on average broadens the overall cline in expected allele frequency, it narrows the width of any particular cline. The opposing effects arise because locally, drift drives alleles to fixation—but fluctuations in position widen the expected cline. The effect of genetic drift can be predicted from standardized variance in allele frequencies, averaged across the habitat: 〈F〉. A cline maintained by spatially varying selection (step change) is expected to be narrower by a factor of relative to the cline in the absence of drift. The expected cline is broader by the inverse of this factor. In a tension zone maintained by underdominance, the expected cline width is narrower by about 1 – 〈F〉relative to the width in the absence of drift. Individual clines can differ substantially from the expectation, and we give quantitative predictions for the variance in cline position and width. The predictions apply to clines in almost one-dimensional circumstances such as hybrid zones in rivers, deep valleys, or along a coast line and give a guide to what patterns to expect in two dimensions.}, author = {Polechova, Jitka and Barton, Nicholas H}, journal = {Genetics}, number = {1}, pages = {227 -- 235}, publisher = {Genetics Society of America}, title = {{Genetic drift widens the expected cline but narrows the expected cline width}}, doi = {10.1534/genetics.111.129817}, volume = {189}, year = {2011}, } @article{3395, abstract = {Defining population structure and genetic diversity levels is of the utmost importance for developing efficient conservation strategies. Overfishing has caused mean annual catches of the European spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas) to decrease alarmingly along its distribution area. In this context, there is a need for comprehensive studies aiming to evaluate the genetic health of the exploited populations. The present study is based on a set of ten nuclear markers amplified in 331 individuals from ten different localities covering most of P. elephas distribution area. Samples from Atlantic and Mediterranean basins showed small but significant differences, indicating that P. elephas populations do not behave as a single panmictic unit but form two partially-overlapping groups. Despite intense overfishing, our dataset did not recover a recent bottleneck signal, and instead showed a large and stable historical effective size. This result could be accounted for by specific life-history traits (reproduction and longevity) and the limitations of molecular markers in covering recent timescales for nontemporal samples. The findings of the present study emphasize the need to integrate information on effective population sizes and life-history parameters when evaluating population connectivity levels from genetic data.}, author = {Palero, Ferran and Abello, Pere and Macpherson, Enrique and Beaumont, Mark and Pascual, Marta}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, number = {2}, pages = {407 -- 418}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Effect of oceanographic barriers and overfishing on the population genetic structure of the European spiny lobster Palinurus elephas}}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01728.x}, volume = {104}, year = {2011}, } @article{3396, abstract = {Facial branchiomotor neurons (FBMNs) in zebrafish and mouse embryonic hindbrain undergo a characteristic tangential migration from rhombomere (r) 4, where they are born, to r6/7. Cohesion among neuroepithelial cells (NCs) has been suggested to function in FBMN migration by inhibiting FBMNs positioned in the basal neuroepithelium such that they move apically between NCs towards the midline of the neuroepithelium instead of tangentially along the basal side of the neuroepithelium towards r6/7. However, direct experimental evaluation of this hypothesis is still lacking. Here, we have used a combination of biophysical cell adhesion measurements and high-resolution time-lapse microscopy to determine the role of NC cohesion in FBMN migration. We show that reducing NC cohesion by interfering with Cadherin 2 (Cdh2) activity results in FBMNs positioned at the basal side of the neuroepithelium moving apically towards the neural tube midline instead of tangentially towards r6/7. In embryos with strongly reduced NC cohesion, ectopic apical FBMN movement frequently results in fusion of the bilateral FBMN clusters over the apical midline of the neural tube. By contrast, reducing cohesion among FBMNs by interfering with Contactin 2 (Cntn2) expression in these cells has little effect on apical FBMN movement, but reduces the fusion of the bilateral FBMN clusters in embryos with strongly diminished NC cohesion. These data provide direct experimental evidence that NC cohesion functions in tangential FBMN migration by restricting their apical movement.}, author = {Stockinger, Petra and Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J and Maître, Jean-Léon}, journal = {Development}, number = {21}, pages = {4673 -- 4683}, publisher = {Company of Biologists}, title = {{Defective neuroepithelial cell cohesion affects tangential branchiomotor neuron migration in the zebrafish neural tube}}, doi = {10.1242/dev.071233}, volume = {138}, year = {2011}, } @article{3397, abstract = {Recent advances in microscopy techniques and biophysical measurements have provided novel insight into the molecular, cellular and biophysical basis of cell adhesion. However, comparably little is known about a core element of cell–cell adhesion—the energy of adhesion at the cell–cell contact. In this review, we discuss approaches to understand the nature and regulation of adhesion energy, and propose strategies to determine adhesion energy between cells in vitro and in vivo.}, author = {Maître, Jean-Léon and Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J}, journal = {Current Opinion in Cell Biology}, number = {5}, pages = {508 -- 514}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{The role of adhesion energy in controlling cell-cell contacts}}, doi = {10.1016/j.ceb.2011.07.004}, volume = {23}, year = {2011}, } @article{3399, abstract = {Context-dependent adjustment of mating tactics can drastically increase the mating success of behaviourally flexible animals. We used the ant Cardiocondyla obscurior as a model system to study adaptive adjustment of male mating tactics. This species shows a male diphenism of wingless fighter males and peaceful winged males. Whereas the wingless males stay and exclusively mate in the maternal colony, the mating behaviour of winged males is plastic. They copulate with female sexuals in their natal nests early in life but later disperse in search for sexuals outside. In this study, we observed the nest-leaving behaviour of winged males under different conditions and found that they adaptively adjust the timing of their dispersal to the availability of mating partners, as well as the presence, and even the type of competitors in their natal nests. In colonies with virgin female queens winged males stayed longest when they were the only male in the nest. They left earlier when mating partners were not available or when other males were present. In the presence of wingless, locally mating fighter males, winged males dispersed earlier than in the presence of docile, winged competitors. This suggests that C. obscurior males are capable of estimating their local breeding chances and adaptively adjust their dispersal behaviour in both an opportunistic and a risk-sensitive way, thus showing hitherto unknown behavioural plasticity in social insect males.}, author = {Cremer, Sylvia and Schrempf, Alexandra and Heinze, Jürgen}, journal = {PLoS One}, number = {3}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, title = {{Competition and opportunity shape the reproductive tactics of males in the ant Cardiocondyla obscurior}}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0017323}, volume = {6}, year = {2011}, } @article{3401, abstract = {The Bicoid morphogen gradient directs the patterning of cell fates along the anterior-posterior axis of the syncytial Drosophila embryo and serves as a paradigm of morphogen-mediated patterning. The simplest models of gradient formation rely on constant protein synthesis and diffusion from anteriorly localized source mRNA, coupled with uniform protein degradation. However, currently such models cannot account for all known gradient characteristics. Recent work has proposed that bicoid mRNA spatial distribution is sufficient to produce the observed protein gradient, minimizing the role of protein transport. Here, we adapt a novel method of fluorescent in situ hybridization to quantify the global spatio-temporal dynamics of bicoid mRNA particles. We determine that >90% of all bicoid mRNA is continuously present within the anterior 20% of the embryo. bicoid mRNA distribution along the body axis remains nearly unchanged despite dynamic mRNA translocation from the embryo core to the cortex. To evaluate the impact of mRNA distribution on protein gradient dynamics, we provide detailed quantitative measurements of nuclear Bicoid levels during the formation of the protein gradient. We find that gradient establishment begins 45 minutes after fertilization and that the gradient requires about 50 minutes to reach peak levels. In numerical simulations of gradient formation, we find that incorporating the actual bicoid mRNA distribution yields a closer prediction of the observed protein dynamics compared to modeling protein production from a point source at the anterior pole. We conclude that the spatial distribution of bicoid mRNA contributes to, but cannot account for, protein gradient formation, and therefore that protein movement, either active or passive, is required for gradient formation.}, author = {Little, Shawn and Tkacik, Gasper and Kneeland, Thomas and Wieschaus, Eric and Gregor, Thomas}, journal = {PLoS Biology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, title = {{The formation of the Bicoid morphogen gradient requires protein movement from anteriorly localized source}}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pbio.1000596}, volume = {9}, year = {2011}, } @article{3405, abstract = {Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and gates non-selective cation channels. The origins of glutamate receptors are not well understood as they differ structurally and functionally from simple bacterial ligand-gated ion channels. Here we report the discovery of an ionotropic glutamate receptor that combines the typical eukaryotic domain architecture with the 'TXVGYG' signature sequence of the selectivity filter found in K+ channels. This receptor exhibits functional properties intermediate between bacterial and eukaryotic glutamate-gated ion channels, suggesting a link in the evolution of ionotropic glutamate receptors.}, author = {Janovjak, Harald L and Sandoz, Guillaume and Isacoff, Ehud}, journal = {Nature Communications}, number = {232}, pages = {1 -- 6}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Modern ionotropic glutamate receptor with a K+ selectivity signature sequence}}, doi = {10.1038/ncomms1231}, volume = {2}, year = {2011}, } @article{341, abstract = {An oriented attachment and growth mechanism allows an accurate control of the size and morphology of Cu2-xS nanocrystals, from spheres and disks to tetradecahedrons and dodecahedrons. The synthesis conditions and the growth mechanism are detailed here.}, author = {Li, Wenhua and Shavel, Alexey and Guzman, Roger and Rubio Garcia, Javier and Flox, Cristina and Fan, Jiandong and Cadavid, Doris and Ibáñez, Maria and Arbiol, Jordi and Morante, Joan and Cabot, Andreu}, journal = {Chemical Communications}, number = {37}, pages = {10332 -- 10334}, publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) }, title = {{Morphology evolution of Cu2−xS nanoparticles: from spheres to dodecahedrons}}, doi = {10.1039/c1cc13803k}, volume = {47}, year = {2011}, } @article{3429, abstract = {Transcription factors are central to sustaining pluripotency, yet little is known about transcription factor dynamics in defining pluripotency in the early mammalian embryo. Here, we establish a fluorescence decay after photoactivation (FDAP) assay to quantitatively study the kinetic behaviour of Oct4, a key transcription factor controlling pre-implantation development in the mouse embryo. FDAP measurements reveal that each cell in a developing embryo shows one of two distinct Oct4 kinetics, before there are any morphologically distinguishable differences or outward signs of lineage patterning. The differences revealed by FDAP are due to differences in the accessibility of Oct4 to its DNA binding sites in the nucleus. Lineage tracing of the cells in the two distinct sub-populations demonstrates that the Oct4 kinetics predict lineages of the early embryo. Cells with slower Oct4 kinetics are more likely to give rise to the pluripotent cell lineage that contributes to the inner cell mass. Those with faster Oct4 kinetics contribute mostly to the extra-embryonic lineage. Our findings identify Oct4 kinetics, rather than differences in total transcription factor expression levels, as a predictive measure of developmental cell lineage patterning in the early mouse embryo.}, author = {Plachta, Nicolas and Bollenbach, Mark Tobias and Pease, Shirley and Fraser, Scott and Pantazis, Periklis}, journal = {Nature Cell Biology}, number = {2}, pages = {117 -- 123}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Oct4 kinetics predict cell lineage patterning in the early mammalian embryo}}, doi = {10.1038/ncb2154}, volume = {13}, year = {2011}, } @article{3505, abstract = {Cell migration on two-dimensional (2D) substrates follows entirely different rules than cell migration in three-dimensional (3D) environments. This is especially relevant for leukocytes that are able to migrate in the absence of adhesion receptors within the confined geometry of artificial 3D extracellular matrix scaffolds and within the interstitial space in vivo. Here, we describe in detail a simple and economical protocol to visualize dendritic cell migration in 3D collagen scaffolds along chemotactic gradients. This method can be adapted to other cell types and may serve as a physiologically relevant paradigm for the directed locomotion of most amoeboid cells.}, author = {Sixt, Michael K and Lämmermann, Tim}, journal = {Cell Migration}, pages = {149 -- 165}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{In vitro analysis of chemotactic leukocyte migration in 3D environments}}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-61779-207-6_11}, volume = {769}, year = {2011}, } @inbook{3724, abstract = {Small photochromic molecules are widespread in nature and serve as switches for a plethora of light-controlled processes. In a typical photoreceptor, the different geometries and polarities of the photochrome isomers are tightly coupled to functionally relevant conformational changes in the proteins. The past decade has seen extensive efforts to mimic nature and create proteins controlled by synthetic photochromes in the laboratory. Here, we discuss the role of molecular modeling to gain a structural understanding of photochromes and to design light-controlled peptides and proteins. We address several fundamental questions: What are the molecular structures of photochromes, particularly for metastable isomers that cannot be addressed experimentally? How are the structures of bistable photoisomers coupled to the conformational states of peptides and proteins? Can we design light-controlled proteins rapidly and reliably? After an introduction to the principles of molecular modeling, we answer these questions by examining systems that range from the size of isolated photochromes, to that of peptides and large cell surface receptors, each from its unique computational perspective.}, author = {Harald Janovjak and Isacoff, Ehud Y}, booktitle = {Photosensitive Molecules for the Control of Biological Function}, pages = {233 -- 266}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Structure-based design of light-controlled proteins}}, doi = {10.1007/978-1-61779-031-7_13}, volume = {55}, year = {2011}, } @article{3770, abstract = {The pink dolphin (Inia geoffrensis) is widely distributed along the Amazon and Orinoco basins, covering an area of approximately 7 million km2. Previous morphological and genetic studies have proposed the existence of at least two evolutionary significant units: one distributed across the Orinoco and Amazon basins and another confined to the Bolivian Amazon. The presence of barriers in the riverine environment has been suggested to play a significant role in shaping present-day patterns of ecological and genetic structure for this species. In the present study, we examined the phylogeographic structure, lineage divergence time and historical demography using mitochondrial (mt)DNA sequences in different pink dolphin populations distributed in large and small spatial scales, including two neighbouring Brazilian Amazon populations. mtDNA control region (CR) analysis revealed that the Brazilian haplotypes occupy an intermediate position compared to three previously studied geographic locations: the Colombian Amazon, the Colombian Orinoco, and the Bolivian Amazon. On a local scale, we have identified a pattern of maternal isolation between two neighbouring populations from Brazil. Six mtDNA CR haplotypes were identified in Brazil with no sharing between the two populations, as well as specific cytochrome b (cyt b) haplotypes identified in each locality. In addition, we analyzed autosomal microsatellites to investigate male-mediated gene flow and demographic changes within the study area in Brazil. Data analysis of 14 microsatellite loci failed to detect significant population subdivision, suggesting that male-mediated gene flow may maintain homogeneity between these two locations. Moreover, both mtDNA and microsatellite data indicate a major demographic collapse within Brazil in the late Pleistocene. Bayesian skyline plots (BSP) of mtDNA data revealed a stable population for Colombian and Brazilian Amazon lineages through time, whereas a population decline was demonstrated in the Colombian Orinoco lineage. Moreover, BSP and Tajima's D and Fu's Fs tests revealed a recent population expansion exclusively in the Bolivian sample. Finally, we estimated that the diversification of the Inia sp. lineage began in the Late Pliocene (approximately 3.1 Mya) and continued throughout the Pleistocene.}, author = {Hollatz, Claudia and Vilaça, Sibelle and Fernandes Redondo, Rodrigo A and Marmontel, Míriam and Baker, Cyndi and Santos, Fabrício}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, number = {4}, pages = {812 -- 827}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{The Amazon River system as an ecological barrier driving genetic differentiation of the pink dolphin (Inia geoffrensis)}}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01616.x}, volume = {102}, year = {2011}, } @article{3771, abstract = {The small-sized frugivorous bat Carollia perspicillata is an understory specialist and occurs in a wide range of lowland habitats, tending to be more common in tropical dry or moist forests of South and Central America. Its sister species, Carollia brevicauda, occurs almost exclusively in the Amazon rainforest. A recent phylogeographic study proposed a hypothesis of origin and subsequent diversification for C. perspicillata along the Atlantic coastal forest of Brazil. Additionally, it also found two allopatric clades for C. brevicauda separated by the Amazon Basin. We used cytochrome b gene sequences and a more extensive sampling to test hypotheses related to the origin and diversification of C. perspicillata plus C. brevicauda clade in South America. The results obtained indicate that there are two sympatric evolutionary lineages within each species. In C. perspicillata, one lineage is limited to the Southern Atlantic Forest, whereas the other is widely distributed. Coalescent analysis points to a simultaneous origin for C. perspicillata and C. brevicauda, although no place for the diversification of each species can be firmly suggested. The phylogeographic pattern shown by C. perspicillata is also congruent with the Pleistocene refugia hypothesis as a likely vicariant phenomenon shaping the present distribution of its intraspecific lineages.}, author = {Pavan, Ana and Martins, Felipe and Santos, Fabrício and Ditchfield, Albert and Fernandes Redondo, Rodrigo A}, journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society}, number = {3}, pages = {527 -- 539}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Patterns of diversification in two species of short-tailed bats (Carollia Gray, 1838): the effects of historical fragmentation of Brazilian rainforests.}}, doi = {10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01601.x}, volume = {102}, year = {2011}, } @article{3778, author = {Barton, Nicholas H}, journal = {Heredity}, number = {2}, pages = {205 -- 206}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, title = {{Estimating linkage disequilibria}}, doi = {10.1038/hdy.2010.67}, volume = {106}, year = {2011}, } @article{3781, abstract = {We bound the difference in length of two curves in terms of their total curvatures and the Fréchet distance. The bound is independent of the dimension of the ambient Euclidean space, it improves upon a bound by Cohen-Steiner and Edelsbrunner, and it generalizes a result by Fáry and Chakerian.}, author = {Fasy, Brittany Terese}, journal = {Acta Sci. Math. (Szeged)}, number = {1-2}, pages = {359 -- 367}, publisher = {Szegedi Tudományegyetem}, title = {{The difference in length of curves in R^n}}, volume = {77}, year = {2011}, } @article{3784, abstract = {Advanced stages of Scyllarus phyllosoma larvae were collected by demersal trawling during fishery research surveys in the western Mediterranean Sea in 2003–2005. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA gene allowed the final-stage phyllosoma of Scyllarus arctus to be identified among these larvae. Its morphology is described and illustrated. This constitutes the second complete description of a Scyllaridae phyllosoma with its specific identity being validated by molecular techniques (the first was S. pygmaeus). These results also solved a long lasting taxonomic anomaly of several species assigned to the ancient genus Phyllosoma Leach, 1814. Detailed examination indicated that the final-stage phyllosoma of S. arctus shows closer affinities with the American scyllarid Scyllarus depressus or with the Australian Scyllarus sp. b (sensu Phillips et al., 1981) than to its sympatric species S. pygmaeus.}, author = {Palero, Ferran and Guerao, Guillermo and Clark, Paul and Abello, Pere}, journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom}, number = {2}, pages = {485 -- 492}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {{Scyllarus arctus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Scyllaridae) final stage phyllosoma identified by DNA analysis, with morphological description}}, doi = {10.1017/S0025315410000287}, volume = {91}, year = {2011}, }