@article{120,
  abstract     = {Clustering of fine particles is of crucial importance in settings ranging from the early stages of planet formation to the coagulation of industrial powders and airborne pollutants. Models of such clustering typically focus on inelastic deformation and cohesion. However, even in charge-neutral particle systems comprising grains of the same dielectric material, tribocharging can generate large amounts of net positive or negative charge on individual particles, resulting in long-range electrostatic forces. The effects of such forces on cluster formation are not well understood and have so far not been studied in situ. Here we report the first observations of individual collide-and-capture events between charged submillimetre particles, including Kepler-like orbits. Charged particles can become trapped in their mutual electrostatic energy well and aggregate via multiple bounces. This enables the initiation of clustering at relative velocities much larger than the upper limit for sticking after a head-on collision, a long-standing issue known from pre-planetary dust aggregation. Moreover, Coulomb interactions together with dielectric polarization are found to stabilize characteristic molecule-like configurations, providing new insights for the modelling of clustering dynamics in a wide range of microscopic dielectric systems, such as charged polarizable ions, biomolecules and colloids.},
  author       = {Lee, Victor and Waitukaitis, Scott R and Miskin, Marc and Jaeger, Heinrich},
  journal      = {Nature Physics},
  number       = {9},
  pages        = {733 -- 737},
  publisher    = {Nature Publishing Group},
  title        = {{Direct observation of particle interactions and clustering in charged granular streams}},
  doi          = {10.1038/nphys3396},
  volume       = {11},
  year         = {2015},
}

@article{121,
  abstract     = {We show that the simplest building blocks of origami-based materials - rigid, degree-four vertices - are generically multistable. The existence of two distinct branches of folding motion emerging from the flat state suggests at least bistability, but we show how nonlinearities in the folding motions allow generic vertex geometries to have as many as five stable states. In special geometries with collinear folds and symmetry, more branches emerge leading to as many as six stable states. Tuning the fold energy parameters, we show how monostability is also possible. Finally, we show how to program the stability features of a single vertex into a periodic fold tessellation. The resulting metasheets provide a previously unanticipated functionality - tunable and switchable shape and size via multistability.},
  author       = {Waitukaitis, Scott R and Menaut, Rémi and Chen, Bryan and Van Hecke, Martin},
  journal      = {APS Physics, Physical Review Letters},
  number       = {5},
  publisher    = {American Physical Society},
  title        = {{Origami multistability: From single vertices to metasheets}},
  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.055503},
  volume       = {114},
  year         = {2015},
}

@article{12196,
  abstract     = {SNC1 (SUPPRESSOR OF NPR1, CONSTITUTIVE 1) is one of a suite of intracellular Arabidopsis NOD-like receptor (NLR) proteins which, upon activation, result in the induction of defense responses. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying NLR activation and the subsequent provocation of immune responses are only partially characterized. To identify negative regulators of NLR-mediated immunity, a forward genetic screen was undertaken to search for enhancers of the dwarf, autoimmune gain-of-function snc1 mutant. To avoid lethality resulting from severe dwarfism, the screen was conducted using mos4 (modifier of snc1, 4) snc1 plants, which display wild-type-like morphology and resistance. M2 progeny were screened for mutant, snc1-enhancing (muse) mutants displaying a reversion to snc1-like phenotypes. The muse9 mos4 snc1 triple mutant was found to exhibit dwarf morphology, elevated expression of the pPR2-GUS defense marker reporter gene and enhanced resistance to the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2. Via map-based cloning and Illumina sequencing, it was determined that the muse9 mutation is in the gene encoding the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler SYD (SPLAYED), and was thus renamed syd-10. The syd-10 single mutant has no observable alteration from wild-type-like resistance, although the syd-4 T-DNA insertion allele displays enhanced resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326. Transcription of SNC1 is increased in both syd-4 and syd-10. These data suggest that SYD plays a subtle, specific role in the regulation of SNC1 expression and SNC1-mediated immunity. SYD may work with other proteins at the chromatin level to repress SNC1 transcription; such regulation is important for fine-tuning the expression of NLR-encoding genes to prevent unpropitious autoimmunity.},
  author       = {Johnson, Kaeli C.M. and Xia, Shitou and Feng, Xiaoqi and Li, Xin},
  issn         = {0032-0781},
  journal      = {Plant and Cell Physiology},
  keywords     = {Cell Biology, Plant Science, Physiology, General Medicine},
  number       = {8},
  pages        = {1616--1623},
  publisher    = {Oxford University Press},
  title        = {{The chromatin remodeler SPLAYED negatively regulates SNC1-mediated immunity}},
  doi          = {10.1093/pcp/pcv087},
  volume       = {56},
  year         = {2015},
}

@article{12626,
  abstract     = {Ice cliffs have been identified as a reason for higher ablation rates on debris-covered glaciers than are implied by the insulation effects of the debris. This study aims to improve our understanding of cliff backwasting, and the role of radiative fluxes in particular. An energy-balance model is forced with new data gathered in May and October 2013 on Lirung Glacier, Nepalese Himalaya. Observations show substantial variability in melt between cliffs, between locations on any cliff and between seasons. Using a high-resolution digital elevation model we calculate longwave fluxes incident to the cliff from surrounding terrain and include the effect of local shading on shortwave radiation. This is an advance over previous studies, that made simplified assumptions on cliff geometry and radiative fluxes. Measured melt rates varied between 3.25 and 8.6 cm d−1 in May and 0.18 and 1.34 cm d−1 in October. Model results reproduce the strong variability in space and time, suggesting considerable differences in radiative fluxes over one cliff. In October the model fails to reproduce stake readings, probably due to the lack of a refreezing component. Disregarding local topography can lead to overestimation of melt at the point scale by up to ∼9%.},
  author       = {Steiner, Jakob F. and Pellicciotti, Francesca and Buri, Pascal and Miles, Evan S. and Immerzeel, Walter W. and Reid, Tim D.},
  issn         = {1727-5652},
  journal      = {Journal of Glaciology},
  number       = {229},
  pages        = {889--907},
  publisher    = {International Glaciological Society},
  title        = {{Modelling ice-cliff backwasting on a debris-covered glacier in the Nepalese Himalaya}},
  doi          = {10.3189/2015jog14j194},
  volume       = {61},
  year         = {2015},
}

@article{12627,
  abstract     = {Spatial evolution of supraglacial debris cover on mountain glaciers is a largely unmonitored and poorly understood phenomenon that directly affects glacier melt. Supraglacial debris cover for 93 glaciers in the Karakoram, northern Pakistan, was mapped from Landsat imagery acquired in 1977, 1998, 2009 and 2014. Surge-type glaciers occupy 41% of the study area and were considered separately. The time series of debris-covered surface area change shows a mean value of zero or near-zero change for both surging and non-surging glaciers. An increase in debris-covered area is often associated with negative regional mass balances. We extend this logic to suggest that the stable regional mass balances in the Karakoram explain the zero or near-zero change in debris-covered area. This coupling of trends combined with our 37 year time series of data suggests the Karakoram anomaly extends further back in time than previously known.},
  author       = {Herreid, Sam and Pellicciotti, Francesca and Ayala, Alvaro and Chesnokova, Anna and Kienholz, Christian and Shea, Joseph and Shrestha, Arun},
  issn         = {1727-5652},
  journal      = {Journal of Glaciology},
  number       = {227},
  pages        = {524--536},
  publisher    = {International Glaciological Society},
  title        = {{Satellite observations show no net change in the percentage of supraglacial debris-covered area in northern Pakistan from 1977 to 2014}},
  doi          = {10.3189/2015jog14j227},
  volume       = {61},
  year         = {2015},
}

@article{12628,
  abstract     = {Thick debris cover on glaciers can significantly reduce ice melt. However, several studies have suggested that debris-covered glaciers in the Himalaya might have lost mass at a rate similar to debris-free glaciers. We reconstruct elevation and mass changes for the debris-covered glaciers of the upper Langtang valley, Nepalese Himalaya, using a digital elevation model (DEM) from 1974 stereo Hexagon satellite data and the 2000 SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) DEM. Uncertainties are high in the accumulation areas, due to data gaps in the SRTM and difficulties with delineation of the glacier borders. Even with these uncertainties, we obtain thinning rates comparable to those of several other studies in the Himalaya. In particular, we obtain a total mass balance for the investigated debris-covered glaciers of the basin of –0.32 ± 0.18 m w.e. a<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>. However, there are major spatial differences both between glaciers and within any single glacier, exhibiting a very distinct nonlinear mass-balance profile with elevation. Through analysis of surface velocities derived from Landsat ETM+ imagery, we show that thinning occurs in areas of low velocity and low slope. These areas are prone to a general, dynamic decay of surface features and to the development of supraglacial lakes and ice cliffs, which may be responsible for a considerable increase in overall glacier ablation.},
  author       = {Pellicciotti, Francesca and Stephan, Christa and Miles, Evan and Herreid, Sam and Immerzeel, Walter W. and Bolch, Tobias},
  issn         = {1727-5652},
  journal      = {Journal of Glaciology},
  keywords     = {Earth-Surface Processes},
  number       = {226},
  pages        = {373--386},
  publisher    = {International Glaciological Society},
  title        = {{Mass-balance changes of the debris-covered glaciers in the Langtang Himal, Nepal, from 1974 to 1999}},
  doi          = {10.3189/2015jog13j237},
  volume       = {61},
  year         = {2015},
}

@article{12629,
  abstract     = {Meteorological studies in high-mountain environments form the basis of our understanding of catchment hydrology and glacier accumulation and melt processes, yet high-altitude (>4000 m above sea level, asl) observatories are rare. This research presents meteorological data recorded between December 2012 and November 2013 at seven stations in Nepal, ranging in elevation from 3860 to 5360 m asl. Seasonal and diurnal cycles in air temperature, vapour pressure, incoming short-wave and long-wave radiation, atmospheric transmissivity, wind speed, and precipitation are compared between sites. Solar radiation strongly affects diurnal temperature and vapour pressure cycles, but local topography and valley-scale circulations alter wind speed and precipitation cycles. The observed diurnal variability in vertical temperature gradients in all seasons highlights the importance of in situ measurements for melt modelling. The monsoon signal (progressive onset and sharp end) is visible in all data-sets, and the passage of the remnants of Typhoon Phailin in mid-October 2013 provides an interesting case study on the possible effects of such storms on glaciers in the region.},
  author       = {Shea, J.M. and Wagnon, P. and Immerzeel, W.W. and Biron, R. and Brun, F. and Pellicciotti, Francesca},
  issn         = {1360-0648},
  journal      = {International Journal of Water Resources Development},
  keywords     = {Water Science and Technology, Development},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {174--200},
  publisher    = {Taylor & Francis},
  title        = {{A comparative high-altitude meteorological analysis from three catchments in the Nepalese Himalaya}},
  doi          = {10.1080/07900627.2015.1020417},
  volume       = {31},
  year         = {2015},
}

@article{12630,
  abstract     = {The hydrology of high-elevation watersheds of the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region (HKH) is poorly known. The correct representation of internal states and process dynamics in glacio-hydrological models can often not be verified due to missing in situ measurements. We use a new set of detailed ground data from the upper Langtang valley in Nepal to systematically guide a state-of-the art glacio-hydrological model through a parameter assigning process with the aim to understand the hydrology of the catchment and contribution of snow and ice processes to runoff. 14 parameters are directly calculated on the basis of local data, and 13 parameters are calibrated against 5 different datasets of in situ or remote sensing data. Spatial fields of debris thickness are reconstructed through a novel approach that employs data from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), energy balance modeling and statistical techniques. The model is validated against measured catchment runoff (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency 0.87) and modeled snow cover is compared to Landsat snow cover. The advanced representation of processes allowed assessing the role played by avalanching for runoff for the first time for a Himalayan catchment (5% of annual water inputs to the hydrological system are due to snow redistribution) and to quantify the hydrological significance of sub-debris ice melt (9% of annual water inputs). Snowmelt is the most important contributor to total runoff during the hydrological year 2012/2013 (representing 40% of all sources), followed by rainfall (34%) and ice melt (26%). A sensitivity analysis is used to assess the efficiency of the monitoring network and identify the timing and location of field measurements that constrain model uncertainty. The methodology to set up a glacio-hydrological model in high-elevation regions presented in this study can be regarded as a benchmark for modelers in the HKH seeking to evaluate their calibration approach, their experimental setup and thus to reduce the predictive model uncertainty.

},
  author       = {Ragettli, S. and Pellicciotti, Francesca and Immerzeel, W.W. and Miles, E.S. and Petersen, L. and Heynen, M. and Shea, J.M. and Stumm, D. and Joshi, S. and Shrestha, A.},
  issn         = {0309-1708},
  journal      = {Advances in Water Resources},
  keywords     = {Water Science and Technology},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {94--111},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Unraveling the hydrology of a Himalayan catchment through integration of high resolution in situ data and remote sensing with an advanced simulation model}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.01.013},
  volume       = {78},
  year         = {2015},
}

@article{12631,
  abstract     = {Air temperature is one of the most relevant input variables for snow and ice melt calculations. However, local meteorological conditions, complex topography, and logistical concerns in glacierized regions make the measuring and modeling of air temperature a difficult task. In this study, we investigate the spatial distribution of 2 m air temperature over mountain glaciers and propose a modification to an existing model to improve its representation. Spatially distributed meteorological data from Haut Glacier d'Arolla (Switzerland), Place (Canada), and Juncal Norte (Chile) Glaciers are used to examine approximate flow line temperatures during their respective ablation seasons. During warm conditions (off-glacier temperatures well above 0°C), observed air temperatures in the upper reaches of Place Glacier and Haut Glacier d'Arolla decrease down glacier along the approximate flow line. At Juncal Norte and Haut Glacier d'Arolla, an increase in air temperature is observed over the glacier tongue. While the temperature behavior over the upper part can be explained by the cooling effect of the glacier surface, the temperature increase over the glacier tongue may be caused by several processes induced by the surrounding warm atmosphere. In order to capture the latter effect, we add an additional term to the Greuell and Böhm (GB) thermodynamic glacier wind model. For high off-glacier temperatures, the modified GB model reduces root-mean-square error up to 32% and provides a new approach for distributing air temperature over mountain glaciers as a function of off-glacier temperatures and approximate glacier flow lines.},
  author       = {Ayala, A. and Pellicciotti, Francesca and Shea, J. M.},
  issn         = {2169-8996},
  journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},
  keywords     = {Space and Planetary Science, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Atmospheric Science, Geophysics},
  number       = {8},
  pages        = {3139--3157},
  publisher    = {American Geophysical Union},
  title        = {{Modeling 2 m air temperatures over mountain glaciers: Exploring the influence of katabatic cooling and external warming}},
  doi          = {10.1002/2015jd023137},
  volume       = {120},
  year         = {2015},
}

@inproceedings{12881,
  author       = {Martius, Georg S and Olbrich, Eckehard},
  booktitle    = {Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Artificial Life},
  isbn         = {9780262330275},
  location     = {York, United Kingdom},
  pages        = {78},
  publisher    = {MIT Press},
  title        = {{Quantifying self-organizing behavior of autonomous robots}},
  doi          = {10.7551/978-0-262-33027-5-ch018},
  year         = {2015},
}

@misc{9711,
  author       = {Chevereau, Guillaume and Lukacisinova, Marta and Batur, Tugce and Guvenek, Aysegul and Ayhan, Dilay Hazal and Toprak, Erdal and Bollenbach, Mark Tobias},
  publisher    = {Public Library of Science},
  title        = {{Excel file containing the raw data for all figures}},
  doi          = {10.1371/journal.pbio.1002299.s001},
  year         = {2015},
}

@misc{9712,
  author       = {Tugrul, Murat and Paixao, Tiago and Barton, Nicholas H and Tkačik, Gašper},
  publisher    = {Public Library of Science},
  title        = {{Other fitness models for comparison & for interacting TFBSs}},
  doi          = {10.1371/journal.pgen.1005639.s001},
  year         = {2015},
}

@misc{9714,
  author       = {Gómez Sicilia, Àngel and Sikora, Mateusz K and Cieplak, Marek and Carrión Vázquez, Mariano},
  publisher    = {Public Library of Science },
  title        = {{An exploration of the universe of polyglutamine structures - submission to PLOS journals}},
  doi          = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004541.s001},
  year         = {2015},
}

@misc{9715,
  author       = {Trubenova, Barbora and Novak, Sebastian and Hager, Reinmar},
  publisher    = {Public Library of Science},
  title        = {{Mathematical inference of the results}},
  doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0126907.s001},
  year         = {2015},
}

@misc{9718,
  author       = {Friedlander, Tamar and Mayo, Avraham E. and Tlusty, Tsvi and Alon, Uri},
  publisher    = {Public Library of Science},
  title        = {{Supporting information text}},
  doi          = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004055.s001},
  year         = {2015},
}

@misc{9719,
  abstract     = {Parasitism creates selection for resistance mechanisms in host populations and is hypothesized to promote increased host evolvability. However, the influence of these traits on host evolution when parasites are no longer present is unclear. We used experimental evolution and whole-genome sequencing of Escherichia coli to determine the effects of past and present exposure to parasitic viruses (phages) on the spread of mutator alleles, resistance, and bacterial competitive fitness. We found that mutator alleles spread rapidly during adaptation to any of four different phage species, and this pattern was even more pronounced with multiple phages present simultaneously. However, hypermutability did not detectably accelerate adaptation in the absence of phages and recovery of fitness costs associated with resistance. Several lineages evolved phage resistance through elevated mucoidy, and during subsequent evolution in phage-free conditions they rapidly reverted to nonmucoid, phage-susceptible phenotypes. Genome sequencing revealed that this phenotypic reversion was achieved by additional genetic changes rather than by genotypic reversion of the initial resistance mutations. Insertion sequence (IS) elements played a key role in both the acquisition of resistance and adaptation in the absence of parasites; unlike single nucleotide polymorphisms, IS insertions were not more frequent in mutator lineages. Our results provide a genetic explanation for rapid reversion of mucoidy, a phenotype observed in other bacterial species including human pathogens. Moreover, this demonstrates that the types of genetic change underlying adaptation to fitness costs, and consequently the impact of evolvability mechanisms such as increased point-mutation rates, depend critically on the mechanism of resistance.},
  author       = {Wielgoss, Sébastien and Bergmiller, Tobias and Bischofberger, Anna M. and Hall, Alex R.},
  publisher    = {Dryad},
  title        = {{Data from: Adaptation to parasites and costs of parasite resistance in mutator and non-mutator bacteria}},
  doi          = {10.5061/dryad.cj910},
  year         = {2015},
}

@misc{9721,
  abstract     = {To prevent epidemics, insect societies have evolved collective disease defences that are highly effective at curing exposed individuals and limiting disease transmission to healthy group members. Grooming is an important sanitary behaviour—either performed towards oneself (self-grooming) or towards others (allogrooming)—to remove infectious agents from the body surface of exposed individuals, but at the risk of disease contraction by the groomer. We use garden ants (Lasius neglectus) and the fungal pathogen Metarhizium as a model system to study how pathogen presence affects self-grooming and allogrooming between exposed and healthy individuals. We develop an epidemiological SIS model to explore how experimentally observed grooming patterns affect disease spread within the colony, thereby providing a direct link between the expression and direction of sanitary behaviours, and their effects on colony-level epidemiology. We find that fungus-exposed ants increase self-grooming, while simultaneously decreasing allogrooming. This behavioural modulation seems universally adaptive and is predicted to contain disease spread in a great variety of host–pathogen systems. In contrast, allogrooming directed towards pathogen-exposed individuals might both increase and decrease disease risk. Our model reveals that the effect of allogrooming depends on the balance between pathogen infectiousness and efficiency of social host defences, which are likely to vary across host–pathogen systems.},
  author       = {Theis, Fabian and Ugelvig, Line V and Marr, Carsten and Cremer, Sylvia},
  publisher    = {Dryad},
  title        = {{Data from: Opposing effects of allogrooming on disease transmission in ant societies}},
  doi          = {10.5061/dryad.dj2bf},
  year         = {2015},
}

@misc{9737,
  author       = {Symonova, Olga and Topp, Christopher and Edelsbrunner, Herbert},
  publisher    = {Public Library of Science},
  title        = {{Root traits computed by DynamicRoots for the maize root shown in fig 2}},
  doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0127657.s001},
  year         = {2015},
}

@misc{9742,
  abstract     = {Repeated pathogen exposure is a common threat in colonies of social insects, posing selection pressures on colony members to respond with improved disease-defense performance. We here tested whether experience gained by repeated tending of low-level fungus-exposed (Metarhizium robertsii) larvae may alter the performance of sanitary brood care in the clonal ant, Platythyrea punctata. We trained ants individually over nine consecutive trials to either sham-treated or fungus-exposed larvae. We then compared the larval grooming behavior of naive and trained ants and measured how effectively they removed infectious fungal conidiospores from the fungus-exposed larvae. We found that the ants changed the duration of larval grooming in response to both, larval treatment and their level of experience: (1) sham-treated larvae received longer grooming than the fungus-exposed larvae and (2) trained ants performed less self-grooming but longer larval grooming than naive ants, which was true for both, ants trained to fungus-exposed and also to sham-treated larvae. Ants that groomed the fungus-exposed larvae for longer periods removed a higher number of fungal conidiospores from the surface of the fungus-exposed larvae. As experienced ants performed longer larval grooming, they were more effective in fungal removal, thus making them better caretakers under pathogen attack of the colony. By studying this clonal ant, we can thus conclude that even in the absence of genetic variation between colony members, differences in experience levels of brood care may affect performance of sanitary brood care in social insects.},
  author       = {Westhus, Claudia and Ugelvig, Line V and Tourdot, Edouard and Heinze, Jürgen and Doums, Claudie and Cremer, Sylvia},
  publisher    = {Dryad},
  title        = {{Data from: Increased grooming after repeated brood care provides sanitary benefits in a clonal ant}},
  doi          = {10.5061/dryad.7kc79},
  year         = {2015},
}

@misc{9765,
  author       = {Chevereau, Guillaume and Lukacisinova, Marta and Batur, Tugce and Guvenek, Aysegul and Ayhan, Dilay Hazal and Toprak, Erdal and Bollenbach, Mark Tobias},
  publisher    = {Public Library of Science},
  title        = {{Gene ontology enrichment analysis for the most sensitive gene deletion strains for all drugs}},
  doi          = {10.1371/journal.pbio.1002299.s008},
  year         = {2015},
}