@inproceedings{12135, abstract = {A good match of material appearance between real-world objects and their digital on-screen representations is critical for many applications such as fabrication, design, and e-commerce. However, faithful appearance reproduction is challenging, especially for complex phenomena, such as gloss. In most cases, the view-dependent nature of gloss and the range of luminance values required for reproducing glossy materials exceeds the current capabilities of display devices. As a result, appearance reproduction poses significant problems even with accurately rendered images. This paper studies the gap between the gloss perceived from real-world objects and their digital counterparts. Based on our psychophysical experiments on a wide range of 3D printed samples and their corresponding photographs, we derive insights on the influence of geometry, illumination, and the display’s brightness and measure the change in gloss appearance due to the display limitations. Our evaluation experiments demonstrate that using the prediction to correct material parameters in a rendering system improves the match of gloss appearance between real objects and their visualization on a display device.}, author = {Chen, Bin and Piovarci, Michael and Wang, Chao and Seidel, Hans-Peter and Didyk, Piotr and Myszkowski, Karol and Serrano, Ana}, booktitle = {SIGGRAPH Asia 2022 Conference Papers}, isbn = {9781450394703}, location = {Daegu, South Korea}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, title = {{Gloss management for consistent reproduction of real and virtual objects}}, doi = {10.1145/3550469.3555406}, volume = {2022}, year = {2022}, } @article{12137, abstract = {We investigate the local self-sustained process underlying spiral turbulence in counter-rotating Taylor–Couette flow using a periodic annular domain, shaped as a parallelogram, two of whose sides are aligned with the cylindrical helix described by the spiral pattern. The primary focus of the study is placed on the emergence of drifting–rotating waves (DRW) that capture, in a relatively small domain, the main features of coherent structures typically observed in developed turbulence. The transitional dynamics of the subcritical region, far below the first instability of the laminar circular Couette flow, is determined by the upper and lower branches of DRW solutions originated at saddle-node bifurcations. The mechanism whereby these solutions self-sustain, and the chaotic dynamics they induce, are conspicuously reminiscent of other subcritical shear flows. Remarkably, the flow properties of DRW persist even as the Reynolds number is increased beyond the linear stability threshold of the base flow. Simulations in a narrow parallelogram domain stretched in the azimuthal direction to revolve around the apparatus a full turn confirm that self-sustained vortices eventually concentrate into a localised pattern. The resulting statistical steady state satisfactorily reproduces qualitatively, and to a certain degree also quantitatively, the topology and properties of spiral turbulence as calculated in a large periodic domain of sufficient aspect ratio that is representative of the real system.}, author = {Wang, B. and Ayats López, Roger and Deguchi, K. and Mellibovsky, F. and Meseguer, A.}, issn = {1469-7645}, journal = {Journal of Fluid Mechanics}, keywords = {Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics of Materials, Condensed Matter Physics, Applied Mathematics}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {{Self-sustainment of coherent structures in counter-rotating Taylor–Couette flow}}, doi = {10.1017/jfm.2022.828}, volume = {951}, year = {2022}, } @article{12138, abstract = {Complex I is the first enzyme in the respiratory chain, which is responsible for energy production in mitochondria and bacteria1. Complex I couples the transfer of two electrons from NADH to quinone and the translocation of four protons across the membrane2, but the coupling mechanism remains contentious. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of Escherichia coli complex I (EcCI) in different redox states, including catalytic turnover. EcCI exists mostly in the open state, in which the quinone cavity is exposed to the cytosol, allowing access for water molecules, which enable quinone movements. Unlike the mammalian paralogues3, EcCI can convert to the closed state only during turnover, showing that closed and open states are genuine turnover intermediates. The open-to-closed transition results in the tightly engulfed quinone cavity being connected to the central axis of the membrane arm, a source of substrate protons. Consistently, the proportion of the closed state increases with increasing pH. We propose a detailed but straightforward and robust mechanism comprising a ‘domino effect’ series of proton transfers and electrostatic interactions: the forward wave (‘dominoes stacking’) primes the pump, and the reverse wave (‘dominoes falling’) results in the ejection of all pumped protons from the distal subunit NuoL. This mechanism explains why protons exit exclusively from the NuoL subunit and is supported by our mutagenesis data. We contend that this is a universal coupling mechanism of complex I and related enzymes.}, author = {Kravchuk, Vladyslav and Petrova, Olga and Kampjut, Domen and Wojciechowska-Bason, Anna and Breese, Zara and Sazanov, Leonid A}, issn = {1476-4687}, journal = {Nature}, keywords = {Multidisciplinary}, number = {7928}, pages = {808--814}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{A universal coupling mechanism of respiratory complex I}}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-022-05199-7}, volume = {609}, year = {2022}, } @article{12139, abstract = {We demonstrate the formation of robust zero-energy modes close to magnetic impurities in the iron-based superconductor FeSe1-z Tez. We find that the Zeeman field generated by the impurity favors a spin-triplet interorbital pairing as opposed to the spin-singlet intraorbital pairing prevalent in the bulk. The preferred spin-triplet pairing preserves time-reversal symmetry and is topological, as robust, topologically protected zero modes emerge at the boundary between regions with different pairing states. Moreover, the zero modes form Kramers doublets that are insensitive to the direction of the spin polarization or to the separation between impurities. We argue that our theoretical results are consistent with recent experimental measurements on FeSe1-z Tez.}, author = {Ghazaryan, Areg and Kirmani, Ammar and Fernandes, Rafael M. and Ghaemi, Pouyan}, issn = {2469-9969}, journal = {Physical Review B}, number = {20}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Anomalous Shiba states in topological iron-based superconductors}}, doi = {10.1103/physrevb.106.l201107}, volume = {106}, year = {2022}, } @article{12140, abstract = {Microglia are dynamic cells, constantly surveying their surroundings and interacting with neurons and synapses. Indeed, a wealth of knowledge has revealed a critical role of microglia in modulating synaptic transmission and plasticity in the developing brain. In the past decade, novel pharmacological and genetic strategies have allowed the acute removal of microglia, opening the possibility to explore and understand the role of microglia also in the adult brain. In this review, we summarized and discussed the contribution of microglia depletion strategies to the current understanding of the role of microglia on synaptic function, learning and memory, and behavior both in physiological and pathological conditions. We first described the available microglia depletion methods highlighting their main strengths and weaknesses. We then reviewed the impact of microglia depletion on structural and functional synaptic plasticity. Next, we focused our analysis on the effects of microglia depletion on behavior, including general locomotor activity, sensory perception, motor function, sociability, learning and memory both in healthy animals and animal models of disease. Finally, we integrated the findings from the reviewed studies and discussed the emerging roles of microglia on the maintenance of synaptic function, learning, memory strength and forgetfulness, and the implications of microglia depletion in models of brain disease.}, author = {Basilico, Bernadette and Ferrucci, Laura and Khan, Azka and Di Angelantonio, Silvia and Ragozzino, Davide and Reverte, Ingrid}, issn = {1662-5102}, journal = {Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience}, keywords = {Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, title = {{What microglia depletion approaches tell us about the role of microglia on synaptic function and behavior}}, doi = {10.3389/fncel.2022.1022431}, volume = {16}, year = {2022}, } @article{12142, abstract = {Theory for liability-scale models of the underlying genetic basis of complex disease provides an important way to interpret, compare, and understand results generated from biological studies. In particular, through estimation of the liability-scale heritability (LSH), liability models facilitate an understanding and comparison of the relative importance of genetic and environmental risk factors that shape different clinically important disease outcomes. Increasingly, large-scale biobank studies that link genetic information to electronic health records, containing hundreds of disease diagnosis indicators that mostly occur infrequently within the sample, are becoming available. Here, we propose an extension of the existing liability-scale model theory suitable for estimating LSH in biobank studies of low-prevalence disease. In a simulation study, we find that our derived expression yields lower mean square error (MSE) and is less sensitive to prevalence misspecification as compared to previous transformations for diseases with =< 2% population prevalence and LSH of =< 0.45, especially if the biobank sample prevalence is less than that of the wider population. Applying our expression to 13 diagnostic outcomes of =< 3% prevalence in the UK Biobank study revealed important differences in LSH obtained from the different theoretical expressions that impact the conclusions made when comparing LSH across disease outcomes. This demonstrates the importance of careful consideration for estimation and prediction of low-prevalence disease outcomes and facilitates improved inference of the underlying genetic basis of =< 2% population prevalence diseases, especially where biobank sample ascertainment results in a healthier sample population.}, author = {Ojavee, Sven E. and Kutalik, Zoltan and Robinson, Matthew Richard}, issn = {0002-9297}, journal = {The American Journal of Human Genetics}, keywords = {Genetics (clinical), Genetics}, number = {11}, pages = {2009--2017}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Liability-scale heritability estimation for biobank studies of low-prevalence disease}}, doi = {10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.09.011}, volume = {109}, year = {2022}, } @article{12143, abstract = {MicroRNA (miRNA) and RNA interference (RNAi) pathways rely on small RNAs produced by Dicer endonucleases. Mammalian Dicer primarily supports the essential gene-regulating miRNA pathway, but how it is specifically adapted to miRNA biogenesis is unknown. We show that the adaptation entails a unique structural role of Dicer’s DExD/H helicase domain. Although mice tolerate loss of its putative ATPase function, the complete absence of the domain is lethal because it assures high-fidelity miRNA biogenesis. Structures of murine Dicer⋅miRNA precursor complexes revealed that the DExD/H domain has a helicase-unrelated structural function. It locks Dicer in a closed state, which facilitates miRNA precursor selection. Transition to a cleavage-competent open state is stimulated by Dicer-binding protein TARBP2. Absence of the DExD/H domain or its mutations unlocks the closed state, reduces substrate selectivity, and activates RNAi. Thus, the DExD/H domain structurally contributes to mammalian miRNA biogenesis and underlies mechanistical partitioning of miRNA and RNAi pathways.}, author = {Zapletal, David and Taborska, Eliska and Pasulka, Josef and Malik, Radek and Kubicek, Karel and Zanova, Martina and Much, Christian and Sebesta, Marek and Buccheri, Valeria and Horvat, Filip and Jenickova, Irena and Prochazkova, Michaela and Prochazka, Jan and Pinkas, Matyas and Novacek, Jiri and Joseph, Diego F. and Sedlacek, Radislav and Bernecky, Carrie A and O’Carroll, Dónal and Stefl, Richard and Svoboda, Petr}, issn = {1097-2765}, journal = {Molecular Cell}, keywords = {Cell Biology, Molecular Biology}, number = {21}, pages = {4064--4079.e13}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Structural and functional basis of mammalian microRNA biogenesis by Dicer}}, doi = {10.1016/j.molcel.2022.10.010}, volume = {82}, year = {2022}, } @article{12144, abstract = {The phytohormone auxin is the major coordinative signal in plant development1, mediating transcriptional reprogramming by a well-established canonical signalling pathway. TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1 (TIR1)/AUXIN-SIGNALING F-BOX (AFB) auxin receptors are F-box subunits of ubiquitin ligase complexes. In response to auxin, they associate with Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors and target them for degradation via ubiquitination2,3. Here we identify adenylate cyclase (AC) activity as an additional function of TIR1/AFB receptors across land plants. Auxin, together with Aux/IAAs, stimulates cAMP production. Three separate mutations in the AC motif of the TIR1 C-terminal region, all of which abolish the AC activity, each render TIR1 ineffective in mediating gravitropism and sustained auxin-induced root growth inhibition, and also affect auxin-induced transcriptional regulation. These results highlight the importance of TIR1/AFB AC activity in canonical auxin signalling. They also identify a unique phytohormone receptor cassette combining F-box and AC motifs, and the role of cAMP as a second messenger in plants.}, author = {Qi, Linlin and Kwiatkowski, Mateusz and Chen, Huihuang and Hörmayer, Lukas and Sinclair, Scott A and Zou, Minxia and del Genio, Charo I. and Kubeš, Martin F. and Napier, Richard and Jaworski, Krzysztof and Friml, Jiří}, issn = {1476-4687}, journal = {Nature}, number = {7934}, pages = {133--138}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Adenylate cyclase activity of TIR1/AFB auxin receptors in plants}}, doi = {10.1038/s41586-022-05369-7}, volume = {611}, year = {2022}, } @article{12145, abstract = {In the class of strictly convex smooth boundaries each of which has no strip around its boundary foliated by invariant curves, we prove that the Taylor coefficients of the “normalized” Mather’s β-function are invariant under C∞-conjugacies. In contrast, we prove that any two elliptic billiard maps are C0-conjugate near their respective boundaries, and C∞-conjugate, near the boundary and away from a line passing through the center of the underlying ellipse. We also prove that, if the billiard maps corresponding to two ellipses are topologically conjugate, then the two ellipses are similar.}, author = {Koudjinan, Edmond and Kaloshin, Vadim}, issn = {1468-4845}, journal = {Regular and Chaotic Dynamics}, keywords = {Mechanical Engineering, Applied Mathematics, Mathematical Physics, Modeling and Simulation, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Mathematics (miscellaneous)}, number = {6}, pages = {525--537}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{On some invariants of Birkhoff billiards under conjugacy}}, doi = {10.1134/S1560354722050021}, volume = {27}, year = {2022}, } @article{12146, abstract = {In this paper, we explore the stability and dynamical relevance of a wide variety of steady, time-periodic, quasiperiodic, and chaotic flows arising between orthogonally stretching parallel plates. We first explore the stability of all the steady flow solution families formerly identified by Ayats et al. [“Flows between orthogonally stretching parallel plates,” Phys. Fluids 33, 024103 (2021)], concluding that only the one that originates from the Stokesian approximation is actually stable. When both plates are shrinking at identical or nearly the same deceleration rates, this Stokesian flow exhibits a Hopf bifurcation that leads to stable time-periodic regimes. The resulting time-periodic orbits or flows are tracked for different Reynolds numbers and stretching rates while monitoring their Floquet exponents to identify secondary instabilities. It is found that these time-periodic flows also exhibit Neimark–Sacker bifurcations, generating stable quasiperiodic flows (tori) that may sometimes give rise to chaotic dynamics through a Ruelle–Takens–Newhouse scenario. However, chaotic dynamics is unusually observed, as the quasiperiodic flows generally become phase-locked through a resonance mechanism before a strange attractor may arise, thus restoring the time-periodicity of the flow. In this work, we have identified and tracked four different resonance regions, also known as Arnold tongues or horns. In particular, the 1 : 4 strong resonance region is explored in great detail, where the identified scenarios are in very good agreement with normal form theory. }, author = {Wang, B. and Ayats López, Roger and Meseguer, A. and Marques, F.}, issn = {1089-7666}, journal = {Physics of Fluids}, keywords = {Condensed Matter Physics, Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Mechanics of Materials, Computational Mechanics, Mechanical Engineering}, number = {11}, publisher = {AIP Publishing}, title = {{Phase-locking flows between orthogonally stretching parallel plates}}, doi = {10.1063/5.0124152}, volume = {34}, year = {2022}, } @article{12147, abstract = {Continuous-time neural networks are a class of machine learning systems that can tackle representation learning on spatiotemporal decision-making tasks. These models are typically represented by continuous differential equations. However, their expressive power when they are deployed on computers is bottlenecked by numerical differential equation solvers. This limitation has notably slowed down the scaling and understanding of numerous natural physical phenomena such as the dynamics of nervous systems. Ideally, we would circumvent this bottleneck by solving the given dynamical system in closed form. This is known to be intractable in general. Here, we show that it is possible to closely approximate the interaction between neurons and synapses—the building blocks of natural and artificial neural networks—constructed by liquid time-constant networks efficiently in closed form. To this end, we compute a tightly bounded approximation of the solution of an integral appearing in liquid time-constant dynamics that has had no known closed-form solution so far. This closed-form solution impacts the design of continuous-time and continuous-depth neural models. For instance, since time appears explicitly in closed form, the formulation relaxes the need for complex numerical solvers. Consequently, we obtain models that are between one and five orders of magnitude faster in training and inference compared with differential equation-based counterparts. More importantly, in contrast to ordinary differential equation-based continuous networks, closed-form networks can scale remarkably well compared with other deep learning instances. Lastly, as these models are derived from liquid networks, they show good performance in time-series modelling compared with advanced recurrent neural network models.}, author = {Hasani, Ramin and Lechner, Mathias and Amini, Alexander and Liebenwein, Lucas and Ray, Aaron and Tschaikowski, Max and Teschl, Gerald and Rus, Daniela}, issn = {2522-5839}, journal = {Nature Machine Intelligence}, keywords = {Artificial Intelligence, Computer Networks and Communications, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Human-Computer Interaction, Software}, number = {11}, pages = {992--1003}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Closed-form continuous-time neural networks}}, doi = {10.1038/s42256-022-00556-7}, volume = {4}, year = {2022}, } @article{12148, abstract = {We prove a general local law for Wigner matrices that optimally handles observables of arbitrary rank and thus unifies the well-known averaged and isotropic local laws. As an application, we prove a central limit theorem in quantum unique ergodicity (QUE): that is, we show that the quadratic forms of a general deterministic matrix A on the bulk eigenvectors of a Wigner matrix have approximately Gaussian fluctuation. For the bulk spectrum, we thus generalise our previous result [17] as valid for test matrices A of large rank as well as the result of Benigni and Lopatto [7] as valid for specific small-rank observables.}, author = {Cipolloni, Giorgio and Erdös, László and Schröder, Dominik J}, issn = {2050-5094}, journal = {Forum of Mathematics, Sigma}, keywords = {Computational Mathematics, Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics, Geometry and Topology, Mathematical Physics, Statistics and Probability, Algebra and Number Theory, Theoretical Computer Science, Analysis}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {{Rank-uniform local law for Wigner matrices}}, doi = {10.1017/fms.2022.86}, volume = {10}, year = {2022}, } @article{12149, abstract = {Editorial on the Research Topic}, author = {Gambino, Giuditta and Bhik-Ghanie, Rebecca and Giglia, Giuseppe and Puig, M. Victoria and Ramirez Villegas, Juan F and Zaldivar, Daniel}, issn = {1662-5110}, journal = {Frontiers in Neural Circuits}, keywords = {Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Cognitive Neuroscience, Sensory Systems, Neuroscience (miscellaneous)}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, title = {{Editorial: Neuromodulatory ascending systems: Their influence at the microscopic and macroscopic levels}}, doi = {10.3389/fncir.2022.1028154}, volume = {16}, year = {2022}, } @article{12150, abstract = {Methods inspired from machine learning have recently attracted great interest in the computational study of quantum many-particle systems. So far, however, it has proven challenging to deal with microscopic models in which the total number of particles is not conserved. To address this issue, we propose a variant of neural network states, which we term neural coherent states. Taking the Fröhlich impurity model as a case study, we show that neural coherent states can learn the ground state of nonadditive systems very well. In particular, we recover exact diagonalization in all regimes tested and observe substantial improvement over the standard coherent state estimates in the most challenging intermediate-coupling regime. Our approach is generic and does not assume specific details of the system, suggesting wide applications.}, author = {Rzadkowski, Wojciech and Lemeshko, Mikhail and Mentink, Johan H.}, issn = {2469-9969}, journal = {Physical Review B}, number = {15}, publisher = {American Physical Society}, title = {{Artificial neural network states for nonadditive systems}}, doi = {10.1103/physrevb.106.155127}, volume = {106}, year = {2022}, } @article{12151, abstract = {The k-sample G(k,W) from a graphon W:[0,1]2→[0,1] is the random graph on {1,…,k}, where we sample x1,…,xk∈[0,1] uniformly at random and make each pair {i,j}⊆{1,…,k} an edge with probability W(xi,xj), with all these choices being mutually independent. Let the random variable Xk(W) be the number of edges in G(k,W). Vera T. Sós asked in 2012 whether two graphons U, W are necessarily weakly isomorphic if the random variables Xk(U) and Xk(W) have the same distribution for every integer k≥2. This question when one of the graphons W is a constant function was answered positively by Endre Csóka and independently by Jacob Fox, Tomasz Łuczak and Vera T. Sós. Here we investigate the question when W is a 2-step graphon and prove that the answer is positive for a 3-dimensional family of such graphons. We also present some related results.}, author = {Cooley, Oliver and Kang, M. and Pikhurko, O.}, issn = {1588-2632}, journal = {Acta Mathematica Hungarica}, keywords = {graphon, k-sample, graphon forcing, graph container}, pages = {1--26}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{On a question of Vera T. Sós about size forcing of graphons}}, doi = {10.1007/s10474-022-01265-8}, volume = {168}, year = {2022}, } @article{12152, abstract = {ESCRT-III filaments are composite cytoskeletal polymers that can constrict and cut cell membranes from the inside of the membrane neck. Membrane-bound ESCRT-III filaments undergo a series of dramatic composition and geometry changes in the presence of an ATP-consuming Vps4 enzyme, which causes stepwise changes in the membrane morphology. We set out to understand the physical mechanisms involved in translating the changes in ESCRT-III polymer composition into membrane deformation. We have built a coarse-grained model in which ESCRT-III polymers of different geometries and mechanical properties are allowed to copolymerise and bind to a deformable membrane. By modelling ATP-driven stepwise depolymerisation of specific polymers, we identify mechanical regimes in which changes in filament composition trigger the associated membrane transition from a flat to a buckled state, and then to a tubule state that eventually undergoes scission to release a small cargo-loaded vesicle. We then characterise how the location and kinetics of polymer loss affects the extent of membrane deformation and the efficiency of membrane neck scission. Our results identify the near-minimal mechanical conditions for the operation of shape-shifting composite polymers that sever membrane necks.}, author = {Jiang, Xiuyun and Harker-Kirschneck, Lena and Vanhille-Campos, Christian Eduardo and Pfitzner, Anna-Katharina and Lominadze, Elene and Roux, Aurélien and Baum, Buzz and Šarić, Anđela}, issn = {1553-7358}, journal = {PLOS Computational Biology}, keywords = {Computational Theory and Mathematics, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Ecology, Modeling and Simulation, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics}, number = {10}, publisher = {Public Library of Science}, title = {{Modelling membrane reshaping by staged polymerization of ESCRT-III filaments}}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010586}, volume = {18}, year = {2022}, } @article{12154, abstract = {We review our theoretical results of the sound propagation in two-dimensional (2D) systems of ultracold fermionic and bosonic atoms. In the superfluid phase, characterized by the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the U(1) symmetry, there is the coexistence of first and second sound. In the case of weakly-interacting repulsive bosons, we model the recent measurements of the sound velocities of 39K atoms in 2D obtained in the weakly-interacting regime and around the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless (BKT) superfluid-to-normal transition temperature. In particular, we perform a quite accurate computation of the superfluid density and show that it is reasonably consistent with the experimental results. For superfluid attractive fermions, we calculate the first and second sound velocities across the whole BCS-BEC crossover. In the low-temperature regime, we reproduce the recent measurements of first-sound speed with 6Li atoms. We also predict that there is mixing between sound modes only in the finite-temperature BEC regime.}, author = {Salasnich, Luca and Cappellaro, Alberto and Furutani, Koichiro and Tononi, Andrea and Bighin, Giacomo}, issn = {2073-8994}, journal = {Symmetry}, keywords = {Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), General Mathematics, Chemistry (miscellaneous), Computer Science (miscellaneous)}, number = {10}, publisher = {MDPI}, title = {{First and second sound in two-dimensional bosonic and fermionic superfluids}}, doi = {10.3390/sym14102182}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, } @article{12155, abstract = {The growing demand of thermal management in various fields such as miniaturized 5G chips has motivated researchers to develop new and high-performance solid-state refrigeration technologies, typically including multicaloric and thermoelectric (TE) cooling. Among them, TE cooling has attracted huge attention owing to its advantages of rapid response, large cooling temperature difference, high stability, and tunable device size. Bi2Te3-based alloys have long been the only commercialized TE cooling materials, while novel systems SnSe and Mg3(Bi,Sb)2 have recently been discovered as potential candidates. However, challenges and problems still require to be summarized and further resolved for realizing better cooling performance. In this review, we systematically investigate TE cooling from its internal mechanism, crucial parameters, to device design and applications. Furthermore, we summarize the current optimization strategies for existing TE cooling materials, and finally provide some personal prospects especially the material-planification concept on future research on establishing better TE cooling.}, author = {Qin, Yongxin and Qin, Bingchao and Wang, Dongyang and Chang, Cheng and Zhao, Li-Dong}, issn = {1754-5706}, journal = {Energy & Environmental Science}, keywords = {Pollution, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Environmental Chemistry}, number = {11}, pages = {4527--4541}, publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, title = {{Solid-state cooling: Thermoelectrics}}, doi = {10.1039/d2ee02408j}, volume = {15}, year = {2022}, } @article{12156, abstract = {Models of transcriptional regulation that assume equilibrium binding of transcription factors have been less successful at predicting gene expression from sequence in eukaryotes than in bacteria. This could be due to the non-equilibrium nature of eukaryotic regulation. Unfortunately, the space of possible non-equilibrium mechanisms is vast and predominantly uninteresting. The key question is therefore how this space can be navigated efficiently, to focus on mechanisms and models that are biologically relevant. In this review, we advocate for the normative role of theory—theory that prescribes rather than just describes—in providing such a focus. Theory should expand its remit beyond inferring mechanistic models from data, towards identifying non-equilibrium gene regulatory schemes that may have been evolutionarily selected, despite their energy consumption, because they are precise, reliable, fast, or otherwise outperform regulation at equilibrium. We illustrate our reasoning by toy examples for which we provide simulation code.}, author = {Zoller, Benjamin and Gregor, Thomas and Tkačik, Gašper}, issn = {2452-3100}, journal = {Current Opinion in Systems Biology}, keywords = {Applied Mathematics, Computer Science Applications, Drug Discovery, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Modeling and Simulation}, number = {9}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Eukaryotic gene regulation at equilibrium, or non?}}, doi = {10.1016/j.coisb.2022.100435}, volume = {31}, year = {2022}, } @article{12157, abstract = {Polygenic adaptation is thought to be ubiquitous, yet remains poorly understood. Here, we model this process analytically, in the plausible setting of a highly polygenic, quantitative trait that experiences a sudden shift in the fitness optimum. We show how the mean phenotype changes over time, depending on the effect sizes of loci that contribute to variance in the trait, and characterize the allele dynamics at these loci. Notably, we describe the two phases of the allele dynamics: The first is a rapid phase, in which directional selection introduces small frequency differences between alleles whose effects are aligned with or opposed to the shift, ultimately leading to small differences in their probability of fixation during a second, longer phase, governed by stabilizing selection. As we discuss, key results should hold in more general settings and have important implications for efforts to identify the genetic basis of adaptation in humans and other species.}, author = {Hayward, Laura and Sella, Guy}, issn = {2050-084X}, journal = {eLife}, keywords = {General Immunology and Microbiology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, General Medicine, General Neuroscience}, publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications}, title = {{Polygenic adaptation after a sudden change in environment}}, doi = {10.7554/elife.66697}, volume = {11}, year = {2022}, }