@article{12654,
  abstract     = {We investigate the transferability of an enhanced temperature-index melt model that was developed and tested on Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland, in the 2001 season. The model’s empirical parameters (temperature factor, TF, and shortwave radiation factor, SRF) are recalibrated for: (1) other locations on Haut Glacier d’Arolla; (2) subperiods of distinct meteorological conditions; (3) different years on Haut Glacier d’Arolla; and (4) other glaciers in different years. The model parameters are optimized against simulations of an energy-balance model validated against ablation observations. Results are compared with those obtained with the original parameters. The model works very well when applied to other sites, seasons and glaciers, with the exception of overcast conditions. Differences are due to underestimation of high melt rates. The parameter values are associated with the prevailing energy-balance conditions, showing that high SRF are obtained on clear-sky days, whereas higher TF are typical of locations where glacier winds prevail and turbulent fluxes are high. We also provide a range of parameters clearly associated with the site’s location and its meteorological characteristics that could help to assign parameter values to sites where few data are available.},
  author       = {Carenzo, Marco and Pellicciotti, Francesca and Rimkus, Stefan and Burlando, Paolo},
  issn         = {1727-5652},
  journal      = {Journal of Glaciology},
  number       = {190},
  pages        = {258--274},
  publisher    = {Cambridge University Press},
  title        = {{Assessing the transferability and robustness of an enhanced temperature-index glacier-melt model}},
  doi          = {10.3189/002214309788608804},
  volume       = {55},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{12655,
  abstract     = {We discuss the inclusion of the subsurface heat-conduction flux into the calculation of the energy balance and ablation at the glacier–atmosphere interface. Data from automatic weather stations are used to force an energy-balance model at several locations on alpine glaciers and at one site in the dry Andes of central Chile. The heat-conduction flux is computed using a two-layer scheme, assuming that 36% of the net shortwave radiation is absorbed by the surface layer and that the rest penetrates into the snowpack. We compare simulations conducted with and without subsurface heat flux. Results show that assuming a surface temperature of zero degrees leads to a larger overestimation of melt at the sites in the accumulation area (10.4–13.3%) than in the ablation area (0.5–2.8%), due to lower air temperatures and the presence of snow. The difference between simulations with and without heat conduction is also high at the beginning and end of the ablation season (up to 29% for the first 15 days of the season), when air temperatures are lower and snow covers the glacier surface, while they are of little importance during periods of sustained melt at all the locations investigated.},
  author       = {Pellicciotti, Francesca and Carenzo, Marco and Helbing, Jakob and Rimkus, Stefan and Burlando, Paolo},
  issn         = {1727-5644},
  journal      = {Annals of Glaciology},
  number       = {50},
  pages        = {16--24},
  publisher    = {International Glaciological Society},
  title        = {{On the role of subsurface heat conduction in glacier energy-balance modelling}},
  doi          = {10.3189/172756409787769555},
  volume       = {50},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{1302,
  abstract     = {The nervous system of seeing animals derives information about optic flow in two subsequent steps. First, local motion vectors are calculated from moving retinal images, and second, the spatial distribution of these vectors is analyzed on the dendrites of large downstream neurons. In dipteran flies, this second step relies on a set of motion-sensitive lobula plate tangential cells (LPTCs), which have been studied in great detail in large fly species. Yet, studies on neurons that convey information to LPTCs and neuroanatomical investigations that enable a mechanistic understanding of the underlying dendritic computations in LPTCs are rare. We investigated the subcellular distribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on two sets of LPTCs: vertical system (VS) and horizontal system (HS) cells in Drosophila melanogaster. In this paper, we describe that both cell types express Dα7-type nAChR subunits specifically on higher order dendritic branches, similar to the expression of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors. These findings support a model in which directional selectivity of LPTCs is achieved by the dendritic integration of excitatory, cholinergic, and inhibitory GABA-ergic input from local motion detectors with opposite preferred direction. Nonetheless, whole-cell recordings in mutant flies without Dα7 nAChRs revealed that direction selectivity of VS and HS cells is largely retained. In addition, mutant LPTCs were responsive to acetylcholine and remaining nAChR receptors were labeled by α-bungarotoxin. These results in LPTCs with genetically manipulated excitatory input synapses suggest a robust cellular implementation of dendritic processing that warrants direction selectivity. The underlying mechanism that ensures appropriate nAChR-mediated synaptic currents and the functional implications of separate sets or heteromultimeric nAChRs can now be addressed in this system.},
  author       = {Raghu, Shamprasad V and Maximilian Jösch and Sigrist, Stephan J and Borst, Alexander and Reiff, Dierk F},
  journal      = {Journal of Neurogenetics},
  number       = {1-2},
  pages        = {200 -- 209},
  publisher    = {Informa Healthcare},
  title        = {{Synaptic organization of lobula plate tangential cells in Drosophila: Dα7 cholinergic receptors}},
  doi          = {10.1080/01677060802471684},
  volume       = {23},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{8474,
  abstract     = {Hydrogen bonds are ubiquitous interactions in proteins, and are important for their folding and functionality. Scalar coupling constants across hydrogen bonds in the protein backbone, some as small as 0.5 Hz, can be directly measured in the solid state by NMR spectroscopy (see figure). The nuclei on both sides of the hydrogen bond can be identified and the size of the coupling constant can be measured accurately.},
  author       = {Schanda, Paul and Huber, Matthias and Verel, René and Ernst, Matthias and Meier, Beat H.},
  issn         = {1433-7851},
  journal      = {Angewandte Chemie International Edition},
  keywords     = {General Chemistry, Catalysis},
  number       = {49},
  pages        = {9322--9325},
  publisher    = {Wiley},
  title        = {{Direct detection of 3hJN' hydrogen-bond scalar couplings in proteins by solid-state NMR spectroscopy}},
  doi          = {10.1002/anie.200904411},
  volume       = {48},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{8475,
  author       = {Schanda, Paul},
  issn         = {0079-6565},
  journal      = {Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {238--265},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Fast-pulsing longitudinal relaxation optimized techniques: Enriching the toolbox of fast biomolecular NMR spectroscopy}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.pnmrs.2009.05.002},
  volume       = {55},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{8476,
  abstract     = {Atomic-resolution information on the structure and dynamics of nucleic acids is essential for a better understanding of the mechanistic basis of many cellular processes. NMR spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying the structure and dynamics of nucleic acids; however, solution NMR studies are currently limited to relatively small nucleic acids at high concentrations. Thus, technological and methodological improvements that increase the experimental sensitivity and spectral resolution of NMR spectroscopy are required for studies of larger nucleic acids or protein−nucleic acid complexes. Here we introduce a series of imino-proton-detected NMR experiments that yield an over 2-fold increase in sensitivity compared to conventional pulse schemes. These methods can be applied to the detection of base pair interactions, RNA−ligand titration experiments, measurement of residual dipolar 15N−1H couplings, and direct measurements of conformational transitions. These NMR experiments employ longitudinal spin relaxation enhancement techniques that have proven useful in protein NMR spectroscopy. The performance of these new experiments is demonstrated for a 10 kDa TAR-TAR*GA RNA kissing complex and a 26 kDa tRNA.},
  author       = {Farjon, Jonathan and Boisbouvier, Jérôme and Schanda, Paul and Pardi, Arthur and Simorre, Jean-Pierre and Brutscher, Bernhard},
  issn         = {0002-7863},
  journal      = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
  number       = {24},
  pages        = {8571--8577},
  publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
  title        = {{Longitudinal-relaxation-enhanced NMR experiments for the study of nucleic acids in solution}},
  doi          = {10.1021/ja901633y},
  volume       = {131},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{8477,
  abstract     = {An optimized NMR experiment that combines the advantages of methyl-TROSY and SOFAST-HMQC has been developed. It allows the recording of high quality methyl 1H−13C correlation spectra of protein assemblies of several hundreds of kDa in a few seconds. The SOFAST-methyl-TROSY-based experiment offers completely new opportunities for the study of structural and dynamic changes occurring in molecular nanomachines while they perform their biological function in vitro.},
  author       = {Amero, Carlos and Schanda, Paul and Durá, M. Asunción and Ayala, Isabel and Marion, Dominique and Franzetti, Bruno and Brutscher, Bernhard and Boisbouvier, Jérôme},
  issn         = {0002-7863},
  journal      = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
  number       = {10},
  pages        = {3448--3449},
  publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
  title        = {{Fast two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy of high molecular weight protein assemblies}},
  doi          = {10.1021/ja809880p},
  volume       = {131},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{8478,
  abstract     = {Allosteric regulation is an effective mechanism of control in biological processes. In allosteric proteins a signal originating at one site in the molecule is communicated through the protein structure to trigger a specific response at a remote site. Using NMR relaxation dispersion techniques we directly observe the dynamic process through which the KIX domain of CREB binding protein communicates allosteric information between binding sites. KIX mediates cooperativity between pairs of transcription factors through binding to two distinct interaction surfaces in an allosteric manner. We show that binding the activation domain of the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) transcription factor to KIX induces a redistribution of the relative populations of KIX conformations toward a high-energy state in which the allosterically activated second binding site is already preformed, consistent with the Monod−Wyman−Changeux (WMC) model of allostery. The structural rearrangement process that links the two conformers and by which allosteric information is communicated occurs with a time constant of 3 ms at 27 °C. Our dynamic NMR data reveal that an evolutionarily conserved network of hydrophobic amino acids constitutes the pathway through which information is transmitted.},
  author       = {Brüschweiler, Sven and Schanda, Paul and Kloiber, Karin and Brutscher, Bernhard and Kontaxis, Georg and Konrat, Robert and Tollinger, Martin},
  issn         = {0002-7863},
  journal      = {Journal of the American Chemical Society},
  number       = {8},
  pages        = {3063--3068},
  publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
  title        = {{Direct observation of the dynamic process underlying allosteric signal transmission}},
  doi          = {10.1021/ja809947w},
  volume       = {131},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{8479,
  abstract     = {Multidimensional NMR spectroscopy is a well-established technique for the characterization of structure and fast-time-scale dynamics of highly populated ground states of biological macromolecules. The investigation of short-lived excited states that are important for molecular folding, misfolding and function, however, remains a challenge for modern biomolecular NMR techniques. Off-equilibrium real-time kinetic NMR methods allow direct observation of conformational or chemical changes by following peak positions and intensities in a series of spectra recorded during a kinetic event. Because standard multidimensional NMR methods required to yield sufficient atom-resolution are intrinsically time-consuming, many interesting phenomena are excluded from real-time NMR analysis. Recently, spatially encoded ultrafast 2D NMR techniques have been proposed that allow one to acquire a 2D NMR experiment within a single transient. In addition, when combined with the SOFAST technique, such ultrafast experiments can be repeated at high rates. One of the problems detected for such ultrafast protein NMR experiments is related to the heteronuclear decoupling during detection with interferences between the pulses and the oscillatory magnetic field gradients arising in this scheme. Here we present a method for improved ultrafast data acquisition yielding higher signal to noise and sharper lines in single-scan 2D NMR spectra. In combination with a fast-mixing device, the recording of 1H–15N correlation spectra with repetition rates of up to a few Hertz becomes feasible, enabling real-time studies of protein kinetics occurring on time scales down to a few seconds.},
  author       = {Gal, Maayan and Kern, Thomas and Schanda, Paul and Frydman, Lucio and Brutscher, Bernhard},
  issn         = {0925-2738},
  journal      = {Journal of Biomolecular NMR},
  keywords     = {Spectroscopy, Biochemistry},
  pages        = {1--10},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{An improved ultrafast 2D NMR experiment: Towards atom-resolved real-time studies of protein kinetics at multi-Hz rates}},
  doi          = {10.1007/s10858-008-9284-9},
  volume       = {43},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{8508,
  abstract     = {We study generic unfoldings of homoclinic tangencies of two-dimensional area-preserving diffeomorphisms (conservative New house phenomena) and show that they give rise to invariant hyperbolic sets of arbitrarily large Hausdorff dimension. As applications, we discuss the size of the stochastic layer of a standard map and the Hausdorff dimension of invariant hyperbolic sets for certain restricted three-body problems. We avoid involved technical details and only concentrate on the ideas of the proof of the presented results.},
  author       = {Gorodetski, Anton and Kaloshin, Vadim},
  issn         = {0081-5438},
  journal      = {Proceedings of the Steklov Institute of Mathematics},
  keywords     = {Mathematics (miscellaneous)},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {76--90},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Conservative homoclinic bifurcations and some applications}},
  doi          = {10.1134/s0081543809040063},
  volume       = {267},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{88,
  abstract     = {We have developed a tunable source of Mie scale microdroplet aerosols that can be used for the generation of energetic ions. To demonstrate this potential, a terawatt Ti: Al2 O3 laser focused to 2×10 19 W/cm2 was used to irradiate heavy water (D2 O) aerosols composed of micron-scale droplets. Energetic deuterium ions, which were generated in the laser-droplet interaction, produced deuterium-deuterium fusion with approximately 2×10^3 fusion neutrons measured per joule of incident laser energy. },
  author       = {Higginbotham, Andrew P and Semonin, Octavi and Bruce, S and Chan, C and Maindi, M and Donnelly, Tom and Maurer, M and Bang, Woosuk and Churina, I.V and Osterholz, Jens and Kim, I and Bernstein, Aaron and Ditmire, Todd},
  journal      = {Review of Scientific Instruments},
  number       = {6},
  publisher    = {American Institute of Physics},
  title        = {{Generation of Mie size microdroplet aerosols with applications in laser-driven fusion experiments}},
  doi          = {10.1063/1.3155302},
  volume       = {80},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{908,
  abstract     = {Although some data link archaeal and eukaryotic translation, the overall mechanism of protein synthesis in archaea remains largely obscure. Both archaeal (aRF1) and eukaryotic (eRF1) single release factors recognize all three stop codons. The archaeal genus Methanosarcinaceae contains two aRF1 homologs, and also uses the UAG stop to encode the 22nd amino acid, pyrrolysine. Here we provide an analysis of the last stage of archaeal translation in pyrrolysine-utilizing species. We demonstrated that only one of two Methanosarcina barkeri aRF1 homologs possesses activity and recognizes all three stop codons. The second aRF1 homolog may have another unknown function. The mechanism of pyrrolysine incorporation in the Methanosarcinaceae is discussed.},
  author       = {Alkalaeva, Elena Z and Eliseev, Boris D and Ambrogelly, Alexandre and Vlasov, Peter K and Fyodor Kondrashov and Gundllapalli, Sarath B and Frolova, Ludmila Y and Söll, Dieter G and Kisselev, Lev L},
  journal      = {FEBS Letters},
  number       = {21},
  pages        = {3455 -- 3460},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  title        = {{Translation termination in pyrrolysine-utilizing archaea}},
  doi          = {10.1016/j.febslet.2009.09.044},
  volume       = {583},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{9147,
  abstract     = {As part of an ongoing effort to develop a parameterization of wave-induced abyssal mixing, the authors derive an heuristic model for nonlinear wave breaking and energy dissipation associated with internal tides. Then the saturation and dissipation of internal tides for idealized and observed topography samples are investigated. One of the main results is that the wave-induced mixing could be more intense and more confined to the bottom than previously assumed in numerical models. Furthermore, in this model wave breaking and mixing clearly depend on the small scales of the topography below 10 km or so, which is below the current resolution of global bathymetry. This motivates the use of a statistical approach to represent the unresolved topography when addressing the role of internal tides in mixing the deep ocean.},
  author       = {Muller, Caroline J and Bühler, Oliver},
  issn         = {1520-0485},
  journal      = {Journal of Physical Oceanography},
  keywords     = {Oceanography},
  number       = {9},
  pages        = {2077--2096},
  publisher    = {American Meteorological Society},
  title        = {{Saturation of the internal tides and induced mixing in the abyssal ocean}},
  doi          = {10.1175/2009jpo4141.1},
  volume       = {39},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{9148,
  abstract     = {Several observational studies have shown a tight relationship between tropical precipitation and column‐integrated water vapor. We show that the observed relationship in the tropics between column‐integrated water vapor, precipitation, and its variance can be qualitatively reproduced by a simple and physically motivated two‐layer model. It has previously been argued that features of this relationship could be explained by analogy with the theory of continuous phase transitions. Instead, our model explicitly assumes that the onset of precipitation is governed by a stability threshold involving boundary‐layer water vapor. This allows us to explain the precipitation‐humidity relationship over a broader range of water vapor values, and may explain the observed temperature dependence of the relationship.},
  author       = {Muller, Caroline J and Back, Larissa E. and O'Gorman, Paul A. and Emanuel, Kerry A.},
  issn         = {0094-8276},
  journal      = {Geophysical Research Letters},
  keywords     = {General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Geophysics},
  number       = {16},
  publisher    = {American Geophysical Union},
  title        = {{A model for the relationship between tropical precipitation and column water vapor}},
  doi          = {10.1029/2009gl039667},
  volume       = {36},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{7080,
  abstract     = {We show evidence that a structural martensitic transition is related to significant changes in the electronic structure, as revealed in thermodynamic measurements made in high magnetic fields. The effect of the magnetic field is considered unusual as many influential investigations of martensitic transitions have emphasized that the structural transitions are primarily lattice dynamical and are driven by the entropy due to the phonons. We provide a theoretical framework, which can be used to describe the effect of the magnetic field on the lattice dynamics in which the field dependence originates from the dielectric constant.},
  author       = {Yang, X.-D. and Riseborough, P.S. and Modic, Kimberly A and Fisher, R.A. and Opeil, C.P. and Finlayson, T.R. and Cooley, J.C. and Smith, J.L. and Goddard, P.A. and Silhanek, A.V. and Lashley, J.C.},
  issn         = {1478-6443},
  journal      = {Philosophical Magazine},
  number       = {22-24},
  pages        = {2083--2091},
  publisher    = {Taylor & Francis},
  title        = {{Influence of magnetic fields on structural martensitic transitions}},
  doi          = {10.1080/14786430902865518},
  volume       = {89},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{7319,
  abstract     = {In the first paper of this series, an experimental technique for measuring the current-density distribution with a resolution better than the sub-millimeter scale of the channel and rib structures in the flow-field plates of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) was introduced. This method is extended to the determination of local membrane resistance with the same spatial resolution in the present paper. The combined measurement of current and resistance allows for investigating the interaction of mass- and charge-transport processes, which determine the local rate distribution across the domain of channels and ribs. Therewith, the influence of relevant operating parameters such as reactant composition, dew points, and cell compression on local current generation is investigated. The results show that the distribution of water and oxidant across the channel and rib are the main reasons for significant current gradients on a scale smaller than a millimeter. Humidity variation mainly affects the membrane resistance under the channel, while reactant concentration predominantly influences current generation under the rib-covered cell area.},
  author       = {Reum, Mathias and Freunberger, Stefan Alexander and Wokaun, Alexander and Büchi, Felix N.},
  issn         = {0013-4651},
  journal      = {Journal of The Electrochemical Society},
  number       = {3},
  publisher    = {The Electrochemical Society},
  title        = {{Measuring the current distribution with sub-millimeter resolution in PEFCs: II. Impact of operating parameters}},
  doi          = {10.1149/1.3043422},
  volume       = {156},
  year         = {2009},
}

@inproceedings{752,
  abstract     = {Set agreement is a fundamental problem in distributed computing in which processes collectively choose a small subset of values from a larger set of proposals. The impossibility of fault-tolerant set agreement in asynchronous networks is one of the seminal results in distributed computing. The complexity of set agreement in synchronous networks has also been a significant research challenge. Real systems, however, are neither purely synchronous nor purely asynchronous. Rather, they tend to alternate between periods of synchrony and periods of asynchrony. In this paper, we analyze the complexity of set agreement in a "partially synchronous" setting, presenting the first (asymptotically) tight bound on the complexity of set agreement in such systems. We introduce a novel technique for simulating, in fault-prone asynchronous shared memory, executions of an asynchronous and failure-prone messagepassing system in which some fragments appear synchronous to some processes. We use this technique to derive a lower bound on the round complexity of set agreement in a partially synchronous system by a reduction from asynchronous wait-free set agreement. We also present an asymptotically matching algorithm that relies on a distributed asynchrony detection mechanism to decide as soon as possible during periods of synchrony. By relating environments with differing degrees of synchrony, our simulation technique is of independent interest. In particular, it allows us to obtain a new lower bound on the complexity of early deciding k-set agreement complementary to that of [12], and to re-derive the combinatorial topology lower bound of [13] in an algorithmic way.},
  author       = {Alistarh, Dan-Adrian and Gilbert, Seth and Guerraoui, Rachid and Travers, Corentin},
  pages        = {943 -- 953},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  title        = {{Of choices, failures and asynchrony: the many faces of set agreement}},
  doi          = {10.1007/978-3-642-10631-6_95},
  volume       = {5878 LNCS},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{7751,
  abstract     = {This work demonstrates that environmental conditions experienced by individuals can shape their development and affect the stability of genetic associations. The implication of this observation is that the environmental response may influence the evolution of traits in the wild. Here, we examined how the genetic architecture of a suite of sexually dimorphic traits changed as a function of environmental conditions in an unmanaged population of Soay sheep (Ovis aries) on the island of Hirta, St. Kilda, northwest Scotland. We examined the stability of phenotypic, genetic, and environmental (residual) covariance in males during the first year of life between horn length, body weight, and parasite load in environments of different quality. We then examined the same covariance structures across environments within and between the adult sexes. We found significant genotype-by-environment interactions for lamb male body weight and parasite load, leading to a change in the genetic correlation among environments. Horn length was genetically correlated with body weight in males but not females and the genetic correlation among traits within and between the sexes was dependent upon the environmental conditions experienced during adulthood. Genetic correlations were smaller in more favorable environmental conditions, suggesting that in good environments, loci are expressed that have sex-specific effects. The reduction in genetic correlation between the sexes may allow independent evolutionary trajectories for each sex. This study demonstrates that the genetic architecture of traits is not stable under temporally varying environments and highlights the fact that evolutionary processes may depend largely upon ecological conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL heterogeneity has long been recognized as an important factor influencing the evolution of fitness-related traits in the wild (Roff 2002). The evolution of a trait depends upon the selection upon it, underlying genetic variation, and to a large degree the genetic relationships with other traits (Lynch and Walsh 1998). There is evidence that selection can vary considerably from year to year (Price et al. 1984; Robinson et al. 2008) and genetic variability in quantitative traits can change in response to environmental conditions (Hoffmann and Merilä 1999; Charmantier and Garant 2005). However, we know surprisingly little about the influence of environmental conditions on genetic correlations between traits in wild populations. Laboratory evidence suggests that the environment may influence genetic relationships between traits (Sgrò and Hoffmann 2004), but estimates obtained in a controlled or in an arbitrary range of conditions show a lack of concordance with those obtained in wild habitats (Conner et al. 2003). As a result, laboratory and environment-specific estimates of genetic correlations can make predictions for a trait's evolution, but these are valid only for the environment in which they were measured. Therefore, at present, it is difficult to generalize about the evolution of a trait that is expressed in populations that experience variable environmental conditions (Steppan et al. 2002).
The influence of changing environmental conditions on the G matrix (the matrix of additive genetic variance and covariances corresponding to a set of traits) has been the focus of theoretical quantitative genetic studies (e.g., Jones et al. 2003). There is evidence of genotype-by-environment interaction for many traits expressed in wild populations (Charmantier and Garant 2005) and thus we may also expect that associations between traits may depend upon the environmental conditions encountered by an individual. Genetic correlations among traits may arise from pleiotropy, where a given locus affects more than one trait (Cheverud 1988; Lynch and Walsh 1998), which may limit the potential for those traits to evolve independently. There has recently been much interest in assessing genetic correlations between the sexes (Rice and Chippindale 2001; Foerster et al. 2007; Poissant et al. 2008), but all of these predictions have also been made in average environmental conditions. For sexually dimorphic traits, expectations of between-sex genetic correlations are unclear (Lande 1980; Badyaev 2002). We might expect that the genetic determination of a trait and the patterns of genetic covariance between traits may differ both within and between the sexes, producing the differences in trait growth that are commonly observed (Lande 1980; Badyaev 2002; Roff 2002), but so far evidence suggests that genetic expression in both sexes is influenced by the same developmental pathway (Roff 2002; Jensen et al. 2003; Parker and Garant 2005). However, to our knowledge, no study has yet determined whether genetic correlations, both within and between the sexes, vary across gradients of the environmental conditions encountered by individuals in the wild (Garant et al. 2008).
This study aims to assess the stability of phenotypic, genetic, and environmental (residual) associations between traits, within and between the sexes, across a range of environmental conditions experienced by a wild population. We focus on the traits of horn length, body weight, and parasite load in a feral population of Soay sheep (Ovis aries) from the island of Hirta, St. Kilda, United Kingdom. Weather conditions, population density, and consequently resource availability fluctuate from year to year, providing substantial differences between individuals in the environments they experience and thus their survival rates (Clutton-Brock and Pemberton 2004). These varying conditions, combined with a large pedigree and extensive repeated morphological measures, provide an excellent opportunity to assess the potential effects of environmental heterogeneity on genetic architecture of traits. Previous studies on this population have shown additive genetic variance for many morphological traits (Milner et al. 2000; Coltman et al. 2001; Wilson et al. 2005), genetic correlations between traits (Coltman et al. 2001), and genotype-by-environment interactions for birth weight (Wilson et al. 2006). Here we apply a random regression animal model approach to assess the extent to which quantitative genetic parameters of a range of morphological traits measured during life vary as a function of environmental conditions. We then extend this methodology to the multivariate case, testing whether the phenotypic covariance structure, and the underlying G matrix, depends on the environmental conditions experienced. Since the traits considered here are known to be sexually dimorphic and there are differences in trait growth and survival across ages, we look at sex-specific traits in lambs and then across all ages.},
  author       = {Robinson, Matthew Richard and Wilson, Alastair J. and Pilkington, Jill G. and Clutton-Brock, Tim H. and Pemberton, Josephine M. and Kruuk, Loeske E. B.},
  issn         = {0016-6731},
  journal      = {Genetics},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {1639--1648},
  publisher    = {Genetics Society of America},
  title        = {{The impact of environmental heterogeneity on genetic architecture in a wild population of soay sheep}},
  doi          = {10.1534/genetics.108.086801},
  volume       = {181},
  year         = {2009},
}

@article{8026,
  abstract     = {Recent theoretical work has provided a basic understanding of signal propagation in networks of spiking neurons, but mechanisms for gating and controlling these signals have not been investigated previously. Here we introduce an idea for the gating of multiple signals in cortical networks that combines principles of signal propagation with aspects of balanced networks. Specifically, we studied networks in which incoming excitatory signals are normally cancelled by locally evoked inhibition, leaving the targeted layer unresponsive. Transmission can be gated 'on' by modulating excitatory and inhibitory gains to upset this detailed balance. We illustrate gating through detailed balance in large networks of integrate-and-fire neurons. We show successful gating of multiple signals and study failure modes that produce effects reminiscent of clinically observed pathologies. Provided that the individual signals are detectable, detailed balance has a large capacity for gating multiple signals.},
  author       = {Vogels, Tim P and Abbott, L F},
  issn         = {1097-6256},
  journal      = {Nature Neuroscience},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {483--491},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Gating multiple signals through detailed balance of excitation and inhibition in spiking networks}},
  doi          = {10.1038/nn.2276},
  volume       = {12},
  year         = {2009},
}

@inbook{164,
  abstract     = {Let g be a cubic polynomial with integer coefficients and n>9 variables, and assume that the congruence g=0 modulo p^k is soluble for all prime powers p^k. We show that the equation g=0 has infinitely many integer solutions when the cubic part of g defines a projective hypersurface with singular locus of dimension <n-10. The proof is based on the Hardy-Littlewood circle method.},
  author       = {Browning, Timothy D and Heath Brown, Roger},
  booktitle    = {Analytic Number Theory: Essays in honour of Klaus Roth},
  pages        = {75 -- 90},
  publisher    = {Cambridge University Press},
  title        = {{Integral points on cubic hypersurfaces}},
  year         = {2009},
}