@article{11666, abstract = {This article describes the Digital Continuous Profiling Infrastructure, a sampling-based profiling system designed to run continuously on production systems. The system supports multiprocessors, works on unmodified executables, and collects profiles for entire systems, including user programs, shared libraries, and the operating system kernel. Samples are collected at a high rate (over 5200 samples/sec. per 333MHz processor), yet with low overhead (1–3% slowdown for most workloads). Analysis tools supplied with the profiling system use the sample data to produce a precise and accurate accounting, down to the level of pipeline stalls incurred by individual instructions, of where time is bring spent. When instructions incur stalls, the tools identify possible reasons, such as cache misses, branch mispredictions, and functional unit contention. The fine-grained instruction-level analysis guides users and automated optimizers to the causes of performance problems and provides important insights for fixing them.}, author = {Anderson, Jennifer M. and Berc, Lance M. and Dean, Jeffrey and Ghemawat, Sanjay and Henzinger, Monika H and Leung, Shun-Tak A. and Sites, Richard L. and Vandevoorde, Mark T. and Waldspurger, Carl A. and Weihl, William E.}, issn = {1557-7333}, journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer Systems}, number = {4}, pages = {357--390}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, title = {{Continuous profiling: Where have all the cycles gone?}}, doi = {10.1145/265924.265925}, volume = {15}, year = {1997}, } @article{11765, abstract = {This paper presents insertions-only algorithms for maintaining the exact and/or approximate size of the minimum edge cut and the minimum vertex cut of a graph. The algorithms output the approximate or exact sizekin timeO(1) and a cut of sizekin time linear in its size. For the minimum edge cut problem and for any 0 < ε ≤ 1, the amortized time per insertion isO(1/ε2) for a (2 + ε)-approximation,O((log λ)((log n)/ε)2) for a (1 + ε)-approximation, andO(λ log n) for the exact size, wherenis the number of nodes in the graph and λ is the size of the minimum cut. The (2 + ε)-approximation algorithm and the exact algorithm are deterministic; the (1 + ε)-approximation algorithm is randomized. We also present a static 2-approximation algorithm for the size κ of the minimum vertex cut in a graph, which takes time. This is a factor of κ faster than the best algorithm for computing the exact size, which takes time. We give an insertions-only algorithm for maintaining a (2 + ε)-approximation of the minimum vertex cut with amortized insertion timeO(n/ε).}, author = {Henzinger, Monika H}, issn = {0196-6774}, journal = {Journal of Algorithms}, number = {1}, pages = {194--220}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{A static 2-approximation algorithm for vertex connectivity and incremental approximation algorithms for edge and vertex connectivity}}, doi = {10.1006/jagm.1997.0855}, volume = {24}, year = {1997}, } @article{11767, abstract = {We give a linear-time algorithm for single-source shortest paths in planar graphs with nonnegative edge-lengths. Our algorithm also yields a linear-time algorithm for maximum flow in a planar graph with the source and sink on the same face. For the case where negative edge-lengths are allowed, we give an algorithm requiringO(n4/3 log(nL)) time, whereLis the absolute value of the most negative length. This algorithm can be used to obtain similar bounds for computing a feasible flow in a planar network, for finding a perfect matching in a planar bipartite graph, and for finding a maximum flow in a planar graph when the source and sink are not on the same face. We also give parallel and dynamic versions of these algorithms.}, author = {Henzinger, Monika H and Klein, Philip and Rao, Satish and Subramanian, Sairam}, issn = {0022-0000}, journal = {Journal of Computer and System Sciences}, number = {1}, pages = {3--23}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Faster shortest-path algorithms for planar graphs}}, doi = {10.1006/jcss.1997.1493}, volume = {55}, year = {1997}, } @inproceedings{11803, abstract = {We present the first fully dynamic algorithm for maintaining a minimum spanning tree in time o(√n) per operation. To be precise, the algorithm uses O(n 1/3 log n) amortized time per update operation. The algorithm is fairly simple and deterministic. An immediate consequence is the first fully dynamic deterministic algorithm for maintaining connectivity and, bipartiteness in amortized time O(n 1/3 log n) per update, with O(1) worst case time per query.}, author = {Henzinger, Monika H and King, Valerie}, booktitle = {24th International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming}, isbn = {9783540631651}, issn = {1611-3349}, location = {Bologna, Italy}, pages = {594–604}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Maintaining minimum spanning trees in dynamic graphs}}, doi = {10.1007/3-540-63165-8_214}, volume = {1256}, year = {1997}, } @article{11849, abstract = {This paper describes the DIGlTAL Continuous Profiling Infrastmcture, a sampling-based profiling system designed to run continuously on production systems. The system supports multiprocessors, works on unmodified executable& and collects profiles for entire systems, including user programs, shared libraries, and the operating system kernel. Samples are collected at a high rate (over 5200 samples/secper333-MHz processor), yet with low overhead (l-3% slowdown for most workloads). Analysis tools supplied with the profiling system use the sample data to produce an accurate accounting, down to the level of pipeline stalls incurred by individual instructions, of where time is being spent. When instructions incur stalls, the tools identify possible reasons, such as cache misses, branch mispredictions, and functional unit contention. The fine-grained instruction-level analysis guides users and automated optimizers to the causes of performance problems and provides important insights for fixing them. }, author = {Anderson, Jennifer M. and Berc, Lance M. and Dean, Jeffrey and Ghemawat, Sanjay and Henzinger, Monika H and Leung, Shun-Tak A. and Sites, Richard L. and Vandevoorde, Mark T. and Waldspurger, Carl A. and Weihl, William E.}, issn = {0163-5980}, journal = {ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review}, number = {5}, pages = {1--14}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, title = {{Continuous profiling: Where have all the cycles gone?}}, doi = {10.1145/269005.266637}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, } @article{11883, abstract = {In dynamic graph algorithms the following provide-or-bound problem has to be solved quickly: Given a set S containing a subset R and a way of generating random elements from S testing for membership in R, either (i) provide an element of R, or (ii) give a (small) upper bound on the size of R that holds with high probability. We give an optimal algorithm for this problem. This algorithm improves the time per operation for various dynamic graph algorithms by a factor of O(log n). For example, it improves the time per update for fully dynamic connectivity from O(log3n) to O(log2n).}, author = {Henzinger, Monika H and Thorup, Mikkel}, issn = {1098-2418}, journal = {Random Structures and Algorithms}, number = {4}, pages = {369--379}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {{Sampling to provide or to bound: With applications to fully dynamic graph algorithms}}, doi = {10.1002/(sici)1098-2418(199712)11:4<369::aid-rsa5>3.0.co;2-x}, volume = {11}, year = {1997}, } @article{2493, abstract = {A specific antiserum against substance P receptor (SPR) labels nonprincipal neurons in the cerebral cortex of the rat (T. Kaneko et al. [1994], Neuroscience 60:199-211; Y. Nakaya et al. [1994], J. Comp. Neurol. 347:249-274). In the present study, we aimed to identify the types of SPR- immunoreactive neurons in the hippocampus according to their content of neurochemical markers, which label interneuron populations with distinct termination patterns. Markers for perisomatic inhibitory cells, parvalbumin and cholecystokinin (CCK), colocalized with SPR in pyramidallike basket cells in the dentate gyrus and in large multipolar or bitufted cells within all hippocampal subfields respectively. A dense meshwork of SPR-immunoreactive spiny dendrites in the hilus and stratum lucidum of the CA3 region belonged largely to inhibitory cells terminating in the distal dendritic region of granule cells, as indicated by the somatostatin and neuropeptide Y (NPY) content. In addition, SPR and NPY were colocalized in numerous multipolar interneurons with dendrites branching close to the soma. Twenty-five percent of the SPR-immunoreactive cells overlapped with calretinin-positive neurons in all hippocampal subfields, showing that interneurons specialized to contact other gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic cells may also contain SPR. On the basis of the known termination pattern of the colocalized markers, we conclude that SPR-positive interneurons are functionally heterogeneous and participate in different inhibitory processes: (1) perisomatic inhibition of principal cells (CCK-containing cells, and parvalbumin-positive cells in the dentate gyrus), (2) feedback dendritic inhibition in the entorhinal termination zone (somatostatin and NPY-containing cells), and (3) innervation of other interneurons (calretinin-containing cells).}, author = {Acsády, László and Katona, István and Gulyás, Attila and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Freund, Tamás}, issn = {0021-9967}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, number = {3}, pages = {320 -- 336}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Immunostaining for substance P receptor labels GABAergic cells with distinct termination patterns in the hippocampus}}, doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970217)378:3<320::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-5}, volume = {378}, year = {1997}, } @article{2575, abstract = {It was examined electron microscopically in the rat if a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR7, might be localized in axon terminals of nociceptive, primary afferent fibers in laminae I and II of the spinal dorsal horn. Nociceptive nature of axon terminals showing mGluR7-like immunoreactivity (mGluR7-LI) was indicated by binding to the isolectin I-B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia (I-B4), or by substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI). Axon terminals labeled with immunogold particles indicating mGluR7-LI were usually filled with round synaptic vesicles and were in asymmetric synaptic contact with dendritic or somatic profiles; occasionally they contained pleomorphic vesicles and were in symmetric synaptic contact with somatic profiles in lamina II. The double-labeling studies revealed that most of axon terminals with I-B4 labeling as well as a small population of axon terminals with SP-LI, showed mGluR7-LI. About one-third or much smaller population of axon terminals with mGluR7-LI in laminae I and II were labeled, respectively, with I-B4 or SP-LI; these were in asymmetric synaptic contact with dendritic profiles.}, author = {Li, He and Ohishi, Hitoshi and Kinoshita, Ayae and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Nomura, Sakashi and Mizuno, Noboru}, issn = {0304-3940}, journal = {Neuroscience Letters}, number = {3}, pages = {153 -- 156}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR7, in axon terminals of presumed nociceptive, primary afferent fibers in the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn: An electron microscope study in the rat}}, doi = {10.1016/S0304-3940(97)13429-2}, volume = {223}, year = {1997}, } @article{2576, abstract = {Primary afferent neurons containing substance P (SP) are apparently implicated in the transmission of noxious information from the periphery to the central nervous system, and SP released from primary afferent neurons acts on second-order neurons with the SP receptor (SPR). In the rat, nociceptive information reached the hypothalamus not only through indirect pathways but also directly through trigeminohypothalamic and spinohypothalamic pathways. Thus, in the present study, the distribution pattern of trigeminohypothalamic and spinohypothalamic tract neurons showing SPR-like immunoreactivity (SPR-LI) was examined in the rat by a retrograde tract-tracing method combined with immunofluorescence histochemistry for SPR. A substantial number of trigeminal and spinal neurons with SPR-LI were retrogradely labeled with Fluore-Gold (FG) injected into the hypothalamic regions. These neurons were distributed mainly in lamina I of the medullary and spinal dorsal horns, lateral spinal nucleus, regions around the central canal of the spinal cord, and the lateral aspect of the deep part of the spinal dorsal horn. A number of SPR-LI neurons in the spinal parasympathetic nucleus were labeled with FG injected into the area around the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Some SPR-LI neurons in the lateral spinal nucleus and the lateral aspect of the deep part of the spinal dorsal horn were also labeled with FG injected into the septal region. On the basis of the distribution areas of SPR-LI trigeminal and spinal neurons projecting to the hypothalamic and septal regions, it is likely that these neurons are involved in the transmission of somatic and/or visceral noxious information.}, author = {Li, Jin and Kaneko, Takeshi and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru}, issn = {0021-9967}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, number = {4}, pages = {508 -- 521}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Distribution of trigeminohypothalamic and spinohypothalamic tract neurons displaying substance P receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat}}, doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970224)378:4<508::AID-CNE6>3.0.CO;2-6}, volume = {378}, year = {1997}, } @article{2577, abstract = {The cloned cDNA for rat prostacyclin synthase was found to contain a 1503-bp open reading frame which encoded a 501-amino acid protein sharing 84% identity with the human enzyme. RNA blot analysis revealed that the rat prostacyclin synthase mRNA, as a single species of 2.1 kb, is expressed abundantly in the aorta and uterus. High levels of expression were also observed in the stomach, lung, heart, testis, liver, and skeletal muscle. Low but significant expression was also seen in the brain and kidney. Furthermore, the regional distribution and cellular localization of prostacyclin synthase mRNA were examined by in situ hybridization analysis of rat tissue sections. The definitive signals for the mRNA were localized in smooth muscle cells of the arteries, bronchi and uterus, and in the cells of the fibrous tunic surrounding the seminiferous tubules, which are characterized as smooth muscle cells. Besides smooth muscle cells, signal were also detected in the fibroblasts of the heart myocardium, lung parenchyma cells and kidney inner medulla tubules and interstitial cells.}, author = {Tone, Yoshinori and Inoue, Hiroyasu and Hara, Shuntaro and Yokoyama, Chieko and Hatae, Toshihisa and Oida, Hiroji and Narumiya, Shuh and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Yukawa, Susumu and Tanabe, Tadashi}, issn = {0171-9335}, journal = {European Journal of Cell Biology}, number = {3}, pages = {268 -- 277}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{The regional distribution and cellular localization of mRNA encoding rat prostacyclin synthase}}, volume = {72}, year = {1997}, } @article{2578, abstract = {The distribution of immunoreactivity to the neurokinin3 receptor (NK3R) was examined in segments C7, T11-12, L1-2, and L4-6 of the rat spinal cord. NK3R immunoreactivity was visualized by using two antisera generated against sequences of amino acids contained in the C-terminal region of the NK3R. NK3R-immunoreactive cells were numerous in the substantia gelatinosa of all spinal segments examined as well as the dorsal commissural nucleus of spinal segments L1-2. Isolated, immunoreactive cells were scattered throughout other regions of the spinal cord. The relationship of NK3R-immunoreactivity with neurons was demonstrated by colocalization with microtubule associated protein 2-immunoreactivity in individual cells. Within neurons, NK3R- immunoreactivity was associated predominately with the plasma membrane of cell bodies and dendrites. Within the substantia gelatinosa, 86% of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive neurons were also NK3R-immunoreactive. Although NOS-immunoreactive neurons were found throughout all other regions of the spinal cord in the segments examined, these were not NK3R- immunoreactive. When preganglionic sympathetic neurons in spinal segments T11-12 and L1-2 were visualized by intraperitoneal injection of Fluorogold, less than 1% of the Fluorogold-labeled neurons were also immunoreactive for NK3R. The large number of NK3R-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia gelatinosa suggests that some effects of tachykinins an somatosensation may be mediated by NK3R.}, author = {Seybold, Virginia and Grković, Ivica and Portbury, Andrea and Ding, Yu and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru and Furness, John and Southwell, Bridget}, issn = {0021-9967}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, number = {4}, pages = {439 -- 448}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Relationship of NK3 receptor-immunoreactivity to subpopulations of neurons in rat spinal cord}}, doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19970519)381:4<439::AID-CNE4>3.0.CO;2-3}, volume = {381}, year = {1997}, } @article{2579, abstract = {The localisation of the neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3r) in the rat gastrointestinal tract has been studied by using a polyclonal antiserum against the C-terminal portion (amino acids 388-452) of the rat NK3r. In the oesophagus, immunoreactivity for the NK3r was found on smooth muscle cells of the muscularis mucosae. NK3r immunoreactivity was not present on muscle cells of other regions. Nerve cell bodies immunoreactive for NK3r were seen in the myenteric and submucous plexuses of the small and large intestine, but not in the stomach or oesophagus. Immunoreactivity was largely confined to nerve cell surfaces. The reaction product was on the cell soma and initial parts of axons. Reactivity was not seen on nerve terminals. Immunoreactive nerve cells had Dogiel Type II morphology. Patterns of co-localisation of NK3r and immunoreactivity for other markers were examined in the ileum, to provide a basis from which to deduce the functional identity of NK3r-immunoreactive nerve cells. Most of the NK3r-immunoreactive nerve cells were also immunoreactive for the calcium-binding proteins, calretinin and calbindin, and all were immunoreactive for the NK1 receptor (NK1r). Nerve cells that were immunoreactive for nitric oxide synthase were not immunoreactive for either NK3r or NK1r. The projections of the calbindin and calretinin neurons were determined by nerve lesion studies. Their morphology, projections to the mucosa and other ganglia and immunoreactivity for the calcium-binding proteins suggest that the NK3r-immunoreactive neurons are intrinsic sensory neurons.}, author = {Mann, Patricia and Southwell, Bridget and Ding, Yu and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Mizuno, Noboru and Furness, John}, issn = {0044-3794}, journal = {Cell and Tissue Research}, number = {1}, pages = {1 -- 9}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Localisation of neurokinin 3 (NK3) receptor immunoreactivity in the rat gastrointestinal tract}}, doi = {10.1007/s004410050846}, volume = {289}, year = {1997}, } @article{2580, abstract = {Two group I metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes, mGluR1 and mGluR5, have been reported to occur in highest concentration in an annulus surrounding the edge of the postsynaptic membrane specialisation. In order to determine whether such a distribution is uniform amongst postsynaptic mGluRs, their distribution was compared quantitatively by a pre-embedding silver-intensified immunogold technique at electron microscopic level in hippocampal pyramidal cells (mGluR5), cerebellar Purkinje cells (mGluR1α) and Golgi cells (mGluR2). The results show that mGluR1α, mGluR5 and mGluR2 each have a distinct distribution in relation to the glutamatergic synaptic junctions. On dendritic spines, mGluRlα and mGluR5 showed the highest receptor density in a perisynaptic annulus (defined as within 60 nm of the edge of the synapse) followed by a decreasing extrasynaptic (60-900 nm) receptor level, but the gradient of decrease and the proportion of the perisynaptic pool (mGluR1α, ~ 50%; vs mGluR5, ~ 25%) were different for the two receptors. The distributions of mGluRlα and mGluR5 also differed significantly from simulated random distributions. In contrast, mGluR2 was not closely associated with glutamatergic synapses in the dendritic plasma membrane of cerebellar Golgi cells and its distribution relative to synapses is not different from simulated random distribution in the membrane. The somatic membrane, the axon and the synaptic boutons of the GABAergic Golgi cells also contained immunoreactive mGluR2 that is not associated with synaptic specialisations. In the hippocampal CA1 area the distribution of immunoparticles for mGluR5 on individual spines was established using serial sections. The results indicate that dendritic spines of pyramidal cells are heterogeneous with respect to the ratio of perisynaptic to extrasynaptic mGluR5 pools and about half of the immunopositive spines lack the perisynaptic pool. The quantitative comparison of receptor distributions demonstrates that mGluRlα and mGluR5, but not mGluR2, are highly compartmentalised in different plasma membrane domains. The unique distribution of each mGluR subtype may reflect requirements for different transduction and effector mechanisms between cell types and different domains of the same cell, and suggests that the precise placement of receptors is a crucial factor contributing to neuronal communication.}, author = {Luján, Rafael and Roberts, John and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Ohishi, Hitoshi and Somogyi, Péter}, issn = {0891-0618}, journal = {Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy}, number = {4}, pages = {219 -- 241}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Differential plasma membrane distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR1α, mGluR2 and mGluR5, relative to neurotransmitter release sites}}, doi = {10.1016/S0891-0618(97)00051-3}, volume = {13}, year = {1997}, } @article{2581, abstract = {It is well known that striatonigral neurons produce substance P (SP); however, no SP receptor (SPR) has so far been found in the substantia nigra. On the other hand, a previous study in the rat striatum indicated that SPR was expressed only in cholinergic or somatostatinergic intrinsic neurons (Kaneko et al. [1993] Brain Res. 631:297-303). Thus, it was assumed that SP produced by striatenigral neurons might be released through their intrastriatal axon collaterals to act upon intrinsic neurons in the striatum. To confirm this assumption, the distribution of axon collaterals of striatonigral neurons was examined in the striatum of the rat. The experiments were performed on brain slices by combining retrograde labeling with tetramethylrhodamine-dextran amine, electrophysiological recording, intracellular staining with biocytin, and immunocytochemistry for SPR. The distribution of axons of cholinergic striatal neurons (a group of SP-negative intrinsic striatal neurons) was also examined. It was observed that 16% of varicosities of intrastriatal axon collaterals of striatonigral neurons, as well as 6% of axonal varicosities of cholinergic neurons, were in close apposition to dendrites and cell bodies of SPB-immunoreactive striatal neurons. Since SPR-immunoreactive striatal neurons constituted only 2.7% of the total population of striatal neurons (Kaneko et al. [1993] Brain Res. 631:297-303), it appeared that axonal varicosities of striatonigral neurons were preferentially apposed to SPR-immunoreactive striatal neurons and that the varicosities in close apposition to SPR-immunoreactive neurons were derived more frequently from striatonigral neurons than from cholinergic interneurons. Confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that axonal varicosities in close apposition to SPR-immunoreactive cells showed synaptophysin immunoreactivity, a marker of synaptic vesicles. In intrastriatal axons of striatonigral neurons, it was further revealed from electron microscopy that axonal varicosities in close apposition to SPR- immunoreactive dendrites, at least a part of them, made synapses of the symmetric type. Striatonigral neurons might release SP preferentially around cholinergic or somatostatinergic intrinsic neurons to regulate them through SP-SPR interactions.}, author = {Lee, Teffy and Kaneko, Takeshi and Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Nomura, Sakashi and Mizuno, Noboru}, issn = {0021-9967}, journal = {Journal of Comparative Neurology}, number = {2}, pages = {250 -- 264}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Collateral projections from striatonigral neurons to substance P receptor-expressing intrinsic neurons in the striatum of the rat}}, doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19971117)388:2<250::AID-CNE5>3.0.CO;2-0}, volume = {388}, year = {1997}, } @article{2582, abstract = {Neurotransmission in the hippocampus is modulated variously through presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). To establish the precise localization of presynaptic mGluRs in the rat hippocampus, we used subtype-specific antibodies for eight mGluRs (mGluR1-mGluR8) for immunohistochemistry combined with lesioning of the three major hippocampal pathways: the perforant path, mossy fiber, and Schaffer collateral. Immunoreactivity for group II (mGluR2) and group III (mGluR4a, mGluR7a, mGluR7b, and mGluR8) mGluRs was predominantly localized to presynaptic elements, whereas that for group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and mGluR5) was localized to postsynaptic elements. The medial perforant path was strongly immunoreactive for mGluR2 and mGluR7a throughout the hippocampus, and the lateral perforant path was prominently immunoreactive for mGluR8 in the dentate gyrus and CA3 area. The messy fiber was labeled for mGluR2, mGluR7a, and mGluR7b, whereas the Schaffer collateral was labeled only for mGluR7a. Electron microscopy further revealed the spatial segregation of group II and group III mGluRs within presynaptic elements. Immunolabeling for the group III receptors was predominantly observed in presynaptic active zones of asymmetrical and symmetrical synapses, whereas that for the group II receptor (mGluR2) was found in preterminal rather than terminal portions of axons. Target cell-specific segregation of receptors, first reported for mGluR7a (Shigemoto et al., 1996), was also apparent for the other group III mGluRs, suggesting that transmitter release is differentially regulated by 2-amino- 4-phosphonobutyrate-sensitive mGluRs in individual synapses on single axons according to the identity of postsynaptic neurons.}, author = {Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Kinoshita, Ayae and Wada, Eiki and Nomura, Sakashi and Ohishi, Hitoshi and Takada, Masahiko and Flor, Peter and Neki, Akio and Abe, Takaaki and Nakanishi, Shigetada and Mizuno, Noboru}, issn = {0270-6474}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, number = {19}, pages = {7503 -- 7522}, publisher = {Society for Neuroscience}, title = {{Differential presynaptic localization of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the rat hippocampus}}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-19-07503.1997}, volume = {17}, year = {1997}, } @article{2727, abstract = {Diamagnetism of the magnetic Schrödinger operator and paramagnetism of the Pauli operator are rigorously proven for nonhomogeneous magnetic fields in the large field, in the large temperature and in the semiclassical asymptotic regimes. New counterexamples are presented which show that neither dia-nor paramagnetism is true in a robust sense (without asymptotics). In particular, we demonstrate that the recent diamagnetic comparison result by Loss and Thaller [M. Loss and B. Thaller, Commun. Math. Phys. (submitted)] is essentially the best one can hope for.}, author = {Erdös, László}, issn = {0022-2488}, journal = {Journal of Mathematical Physics}, number = {3}, pages = {1289 -- 1317}, publisher = {American Institute of Physics}, title = {{Dia- and paramagnetism for nonhomogeneous magnetic fields}}, doi = {10.1063/1.531909}, volume = {38}, year = {1997}, } @article{2729, abstract = {We give the leading order semiclassical asymptotics for the sum of the negative eigenvalues of the Pauli operator (in dimension two and three) with a strong non-homogeneous magnetic field. As in [LSY-II] for homogeneous field, this result can be used to prove that the magnetic Thomas-Fermi theory gives the leading order ground state energy of large atoms. We develop a new localization scheme well suited to the anisotropic character of the strong magnetic field. We also use the basic Lieb-Thirring estimate obtained in our companion paper [ES-I].}, author = {Erdös, László and Solovej, Jan}, issn = {0010-3616}, journal = {Communications in Mathematical Physics}, number = {3}, pages = {599 -- 656}, publisher = {Springer}, title = {{Semiclassical eigenvalue estimates for the Pauli operator with strong non-homogeneous magnetic fields, II. Leading order asymptotic estimates}}, doi = {10.1007/s002200050181}, volume = {188}, year = {1997}, } @article{3482, abstract = {AMPA- and NMDA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs and NMDARs) mediate excitatory synoptic transmission in the basal ganglia and may contribute to excitotoxic injury. We investigated the functional properties of AMPARs and NMDARs expressed by six main types of basal ganglia neurons in acute rat brain slices (principal neurons and cholinergic interneurons of striatum, GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra, globus pallidus neurons, and subthalamic nucleus neurons) using fast application of glutamate to nucleated and outside-out membrane patches, AMPARs in different types of basal ganglia neurons were functionally distinct. Those expressed in striatal principal neurons exhibited the slowest gating (desensitization time constant τ = 11.5 msec, 1 mM glutamate, 22°C), whereas those in striatal cholinergic interneurons showed the fastest gating (desensitization time constant τ = 3.6 msec). The lowest Ca2+ permeability of AMPARs was observed in nigral dopaminergic neurons (P(CA)/P(NA) = 0.10), whereas the highest Ca2+ permeability was found in subthalamic nucleus neurons (P(Ca)/P(Na) = 1.17). NMDARs of different types of basal ganglia neurons were less variable in their functional properties; those expressed in nigral dopaminergic neurons exhibited the slowest gating (deactivation time constant of predominant fast component τ1 150 msec, 100 μM glutamate), and those of globus pallidus neurons showed the fastest gating (τ1 = 67 msec). The Mg2+ block of NMDARs was similar; the average chord conductance ratio g(+60mv)/g(+40mV) was 0.18-0.22 in 100 μM external Mg2+. Hence, AMPARs expressed in different types of basal ganglia neurons are markedly diverse, whereas NMDARs are less variable in functional properties that are relevant for excitatory synoptic transmission and neuronal vulnerability.}, author = {Götz, Thomas and Kraushaar, Udo and Geiger, Jörg and Lubke, Joachim and Berger, Thomas and Jonas, Peter M}, issn = {0270-6474}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, number = {1}, pages = {204 -- 215}, publisher = {Society for Neuroscience}, title = {{Functional properties of AMPA and NMDA receptors expressed in identified types of basal ganglia neurons}}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00204.1997}, volume = {17}, year = {1997}, } @article{3483, abstract = {The main excitatory pathway of the hippocampal formation is controlled by a network of morphologically distinct populations of GABAergic interneurons. Here we describe a novel type of GABAergic interneuron located in the outer molecular layer (OML) of the rat dentate gyrus with a long- range forward projection from the dentate gyrus to the subiculum across the hippocampal fissure, OML interneurons were recorded in hippocampal slices by using the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration. During recording, cells were filled with biocytin for subsequent light and electron microscopic analysis. Neurons projecting to the subiculum were distributed throughout the entire OML. They had round or ovoid somata and a multipolar dendritic morphology. Two axonal domains could be distinguished: an extensive, tangential distribution within the OML and a long-range vertical and tangential projection to layer 1 and stratum pyramidale of the subiculum. Symmetric synaptic contacts were established by these interneurons on dendritic shafts in the OML and subiculum. OML interneurons were characterized physiologically by short action potential duration and marked afterhyperpolarization that followed the spike. On sustained current injection, they generated high- frequency (up to 130 Hz, 34°C) trains of action potentials with only little adaptation. In situ hybridization and single-call RT-PCR analysis for GAD67 mRNA confirmed the GABAergic nature of OML interneurons. GABAergic interneurons in the OML projecting to the subiculum connect the input and output regions of the hippocampus. Hence, they could mediate long-range feed- forward inhibition and may participate in an oscillating cross-regional interneuron network that may synchronize the activity of spatially distributed principal neurons in the dentate gyrus and the subiculum.}, author = {Ceranik, Katya and Bender, Roland and Geiger, Jörg and Monyer, Hannah and Jonas, Peter M and Frotscher, Michael and Lubke, Joachim}, issn = {0270-6474}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, number = {14}, pages = {5380 -- 5394}, publisher = {Society for Neuroscience}, title = {{A novel type of GABAergic interneuron connecting the input and the output regions of the hippocampus.}}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05380.1997}, volume = {17}, year = {1997}, } @article{3484, abstract = {Glutamatergic transmission at a principal neuroninterneuron synapse was investigated by dual whole-cell patch-clamp recording in rat hippocampal slices combined with morphological analysis. Evoked EPSPs with rapid time course (half duration ≃ 4 ms; 34°C) were generated at multiple synaptic contacts established on the interneuron dendrites close to the soma. The underlying postsynaptic conductance change showed a submillisecond rise and decay, due to the precise timing of glutamate release and the rapid deactivation of the postsynaptic AMPA receptors. Simulations based on a compartmental model of the interneuron indicated that the rapid postsynaptic conductance change determines the shape and the somatodendritic integration of EPSPs, thus enabling interneurons to detect synchronous principal neuron activity.}, author = {Geiger, Jörg and Lubke, Joachim and Roth, Arnd and Frotscher, Michael and Jonas, Peter M}, issn = {0896-6273}, journal = {Neuron}, number = {6}, pages = {1009 -- 1023}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Submillisecond AMPA receptor-mediated signaling at a principal neuron-interneuron synapse}}, doi = {10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80339-6}, volume = {18}, year = {1997}, }