@phdthesis{14711,
  abstract     = {In nature, different species find their niche in a range of environments, each with its unique characteristics. While some thrive in uniform (homogeneous) landscapes where environmental conditions stay relatively consistent across space, others traverse the complexities of spatially heterogeneous terrains. Comprehending how species are distributed and how they interact within these landscapes holds the key to gaining insights into their evolutionary dynamics while also informing conservation and management strategies.

For species inhabiting heterogeneous landscapes, when the rate of dispersal is low compared to spatial fluctuations in selection pressure, localized adaptations may emerge. Such adaptation in response to varying selection strengths plays an important role in the persistence of populations in our rapidly changing world. Hence, species in nature are continuously in a struggle to adapt to local environmental conditions, to ensure their continued survival. Natural populations can often adapt in time scales short enough for evolutionary changes to influence ecological dynamics and vice versa, thereby creating a feedback between evolution and demography. The analysis of this feedback and the relative contributions of gene flow, demography, drift, and natural selection to genetic variation and differentiation has remained a recurring theme in evolutionary biology. Nevertheless, the effective role of these forces in maintaining variation and shaping patterns of diversity is not fully understood. Even in homogeneous environments devoid of local adaptations, such understanding remains elusive. Understanding this feedback is crucial, for example in determining the conditions under which extinction risk can be mitigated in peripheral populations subject to deleterious mutation accumulation at the edges of species’ ranges
as well as in highly fragmented populations.

In this thesis we explore both uniform and spatially heterogeneous metapopulations, investigating and providing theoretical insights into the dynamics of local adaptation in the latter and examining the dynamics of load and extinction as well as the impact of joint ecological and evolutionary (eco-evolutionary) dynamics in the former. The thesis is divided into 5 chapters.

Chapter 1 provides a general introduction into the subject matter, clarifying concepts and ideas used throughout the thesis. In chapter 2, we explore how fast a species distributed across a heterogeneous landscape adapts to changing conditions marked by alterations in carrying capacity, selection pressure, and migration rate.

In chapter 3, we investigate how migration selection and drift influences adaptation and the maintenance of variation in a metapopulation with three habitats, an extension of previous models of adaptation in two habitats. We further develop analytical approximations for the critical threshold required for polymorphism to persist.

The focus of chapter 4 of the thesis is on understanding the interplay between ecology and evolution as coupled processes. We investigate how eco-evolutionary feedback between migration, selection, drift, and demography influences eco-evolutionary outcomes in marginal populations subject to deleterious mutation accumulation. Using simulations as well as theoretical approximations of the coupled dynamics of population size and allele frequency, we analyze how gene flow from a large mainland source influences genetic load and population size on an island (i.e., in a marginal population) under genetically realistic assumptions. Analyses of this sort are important because small isolated populations, are repeatedly affected by complex interactions between ecological and evolutionary processes, which can lead to their death. Understanding these interactions can therefore provide an insight into the conditions under which extinction risk can be mitigated in peripheral populations thus, contributing to conservation and restoration efforts.

Chapter 5 extends the analysis in chapter 4 to consider the dynamics of load (due to deleterious mutation accumulation) and extinction risk in a metapopulation. We explore the role of gene flow, selection, and dominance on load and extinction risk and further pinpoint critical thresholds required for metapopulation persistence.

Overall this research contributes to our understanding of ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that shape species’ persistence in fragmented landscapes, a crucial foundation for successful conservation efforts and biodiversity management.},
  author       = {Olusanya, Oluwafunmilola O},
  issn         = {2663 - 337X},
  pages        = {183},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{Local adaptation, genetic load and extinction in metapopulations}},
  doi          = {10.15479/at:ista:14711},
  year         = {2024},
}

@phdthesis{15020,
  abstract     = {This thesis consists of four distinct pieces of work within theoretical biology, with two themes in common: the concept of optimization in biological systems, and the use of information-theoretic tools to quantify biological stochasticity and statistical uncertainty.
Chapter 2 develops a statistical framework for studying biological systems which we believe to be optimized for a particular utility function, such as retinal neurons conveying information about visual stimuli. We formalize such beliefs as maximum-entropy Bayesian priors, constrained by the expected utility. We explore how such priors aid inference of system parameters with limited data and enable optimality hypothesis testing: is the utility higher than by chance?
Chapter 3 examines the ultimate biological optimization process: evolution by natural selection. As some individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others, populations evolve towards fitter genotypes and phenotypes. We formalize this as accumulation of genetic information, and use population genetics theory to study how much such information can be accumulated per generation and maintained in the face of random mutation and genetic drift. We identify the population size and fitness variance as the key quantities that control information accumulation and maintenance.
Chapter 4 reuses the concept of genetic information from Chapter 3, but from a different perspective: we ask how much genetic information organisms actually need, in particular in the context of gene regulation. For example, how much information is needed to bind transcription factors at correct locations within the genome? Population genetics provides us with a refined answer: with an increasing population size, populations achieve higher fitness by maintaining more genetic information. Moreover, regulatory parameters experience selection pressure to optimize the fitness-information trade-off, i.e. minimize the information needed for a given fitness. This provides an evolutionary derivation of the optimization priors introduced in Chapter 2.
Chapter 5 proves an upper bound on mutual information between a signal and a communication channel output (such as neural activity). Mutual information is an important utility measure for biological systems, but its practical use can be difficult due to the large dimensionality of many biological channels. Sometimes, a lower bound on mutual information is computed by replacing the high-dimensional channel outputs with decodes (signal estimates). Our result provides a corresponding upper bound, provided that the decodes are the maximum posterior estimates of the signal.},
  author       = {Hledik, Michal},
  issn         = {2663 - 337X},
  keywords     = {Theoretical biology, Optimality, Evolution, Information},
  pages        = {158},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{Genetic information and biological optimization}},
  doi          = {10.15479/at:ista:15020},
  year         = {2024},
}

@phdthesis{14651,
  abstract     = {For self-incompatibility (SI) to be stable in a population, theory predicts that sufficient inbreeding depression (ID) is required: the fitness of offspring from self-mated individuals must be low enough to prevent the spread of self-compatibility (SC). Reviews of natural plant populations have supported this theory, with SI species generally showing high levels of ID. However, there is thought to be an under-sampling of self-incompatible taxa in the current literature. In this thesis, I study inbreeding depression in the SI plant species Antirrhinum majus using both greenhouse crosses and a large collected field dataset. Additionally, the gametophytic S-locus of A. majus is highly heterozygous and polymorphic, thus making assembly and discovery of S-alleles very difficult. Here, 206 new alleles of the male component SLFs are presented, along with a phylogeny showing the high conservation with alleles from another Antirrhinum species. Lastly, selected sites within the protein structure of SLFs are investigated, with one site in particular highlighted as potentially being involved in the SI recognition mechanism.},
  author       = {Arathoon, Louise S},
  issn         = {2663 - 337X},
  pages        = {96},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{Investigating inbreeding depression and the self-incompatibility locus of Antirrhinum majus}},
  doi          = {10.15479/at:ista:14651},
  year         = {2023},
}

@phdthesis{14058,
  abstract     = {Females and males across species are subject to divergent selective pressures arising
from di↵erent reproductive interests and ecological niches. This often translates into a
intricate array of sex-specific natural and sexual selection on traits that have a shared
genetic basis between both sexes, causing a genetic sexual conflict. The resolution of
this conflict mostly relies on the evolution of sex-specific expression of the shared genes,
leading to phenotypic sexual dimorphism. Such sex-specific gene expression is thought
to evolve via modifications of the genetic networks ultimately linked to sex-determining
transcription factors. Although much empirical and theoretical evidence supports this
standard picture of the molecular basis of sexual conflict resolution, there still are a
few open questions regarding the complex array of selective forces driving phenotypic
di↵erentiation between the sexes, as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying sexspecific adaptation. I address some of these open questions in my PhD thesis.
First, how do patterns of phenotypic sexual dimorphism vary within populations,
as a response to the temporal and spatial changes in sex-specific selective forces? To
tackle this question, I analyze the patterns of sex-specific phenotypic variation along
three life stages and across populations spanning the whole geographical range of Rumex
hastatulus, a wind-pollinated angiosperm, in the first Chapter of the thesis.
Second, how do gene expression patterns lead to phenotypic dimorphism, and what
are the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed transcriptomic variation? I
address this question by examining the sex- and tissue-specific expression variation in
newly-generated datasets of sex-specific expression in heads and gonads of Drosophila
melanogaster. I additionally used two complementary approaches for the study of the
genetic basis of sex di↵erences in gene expression in the second and third Chapters of
the thesis.
Third, how does intersex correlation, thought to be one of the main aspects constraining the ability for the two sexes to decouple, interact with the evolution of sexual
dimorphism? I develop models of sex-specific stabilizing selection, mutation and drift
to formalize common intuition regarding the patterns of covariation between intersex
correlation and sexual dimorphism in the fourth Chapter of the thesis.
Alltogether, the work described in this PhD thesis provides useful insights into the
links between genetic, transcriptomic and phenotypic layers of sex-specific variation,
and contributes to our general understanding of the dynamics of sexual dimorphism
evolution.},
  author       = {Puixeu Sala, Gemma},
  isbn         = {978-3-99078-035-0},
  issn         = {2663-337X},
  pages        = {230},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{The molecular basis of sexual dimorphism: Experimental and theoretical characterization of phenotypic, transcriptomic and genetic patterns of sex-specific adaptation}},
  doi          = {10.15479/at:ista:14058},
  year         = {2023},
}

@phdthesis{12800,
  abstract     = {The evolutionary processes that brought about today’s plethora of living species and the many billions more ancient ones all underlie biology. Evolutionary pathways are neither directed nor deterministic, but rather an interplay between selection, migration, mutation, genetic drift and other environmental factors. Hybrid zones, as natural crossing experiments, offer a great opportunity to use cline analysis to deduce different evolutionary processes - for example, selection strength. Theoretical cline models, largely assuming uniform distribution of individuals, often lack the capability of incorporating population structure. Since in reality organisms mostly live in patchy distributions and their dispersal is hardly ever Gaussian, it is necessary to unravel the effect of these different elements of population structure on cline parameters and shape. In this thesis, I develop a simulation inspired by the A. majus hybrid zone of a single selected locus under frequency dependent selection. This simulation enables us to untangle the effects of different elements of population structure as for example a low-density center and long-range dispersal. This thesis is therefore a first step towards theoretically untangling the effects of different elements of population structure on cline parameters and shape. },
  author       = {Julseth, Mara},
  issn         = {2791-4585},
  pages        = {21},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{The effect of local population structure on genetic variation at selected loci in the A. majus hybrid zone}},
  doi          = {10.15479/at:ista:12800},
  year         = {2023},
}

@phdthesis{11128,
  abstract     = {Although we often see studies focusing on simple or even discrete traits in studies of colouration,
the variation of “appearance” phenotypes found in nature is often more complex, continuous
and high-dimensional. Therefore, we developed automated methods suitable for large datasets
of genomes and images, striving to account for their complex nature, while minimising human
bias. We used these methods on a dataset of more than 20, 000 plant SNP genomes and
corresponding fower images from a hybrid zone of two subspecies of Antirrhinum majus with
distinctly coloured fowers to improve our understanding of the genetic nature of the fower
colour in our study system.
Firstly, we use the advantage of large numbers of genotyped plants to estimate the haplotypes in
the main fower colour regulating region. We study colour- and geography-related characteristics
of the estimated haplotypes and how they connect to their relatedness. We show discrepancies
from the expected fower colour distributions given the genotype and identify particular
haplotypes leading to unexpected phenotypes. We also confrm a signifcant defcit of the
double recessive recombinant and quite surprisingly, we show that haplotypes of the most
frequent parental type are much less variable than others.
Secondly, we introduce our pipeline capable of processing tens of thousands of full fower
images without human interaction and summarising each image into a set of informative scores.
We show the compatibility of these machine-measured fower colour scores with the previously
used manual scores and study impact of external efect on the resulting scores. Finally, we use
the machine-measured fower colour scores to ft and examine a phenotype cline across the
hybrid zone in Planoles using full fower images as opposed to discrete, manual scores and
compare it with the genotypic cline.},
  author       = {Matejovicova, Lenka},
  isbn         = {978-3-99078-016-9},
  issn         = {2663-337X},
  pages        = {112},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{Genetic basis of flower colour as a model for adaptive evolution}},
  doi          = {10.15479/at:ista:11128},
  year         = {2022},
}

@phdthesis{11388,
  abstract     = {In evolve and resequence experiments, a population is sequenced, subjected to selection and
then sequenced again, so that genetic changes before and after selection can be observed at
the genetic level. Here, I use these studies to better understand the genetic basis of complex
traits - traits which depend on more than a few genes.
In the first chapter, I discuss the first evolve and resequence experiment, in which a population
of mice, the so-called "Longshanks" mice, were selected for tibia length while their body mass
was kept constant. The full pedigree is known. We observed a selection response on all
chromosomes and used the infinitesimal model with linkage, a model which assumes an infinite
number of genes with infinitesimally small effect sizes, as a null model. Results implied a very
polygenic basis with a few loci of major effect standing out and changing in parallel. There
was large variability between the different chromosomes in this study, probably due to LD.
In chapter two, I go on to discuss the impact of LD, on the variability in an allele-frequency
based summary statistic, giving an equation based on the initial allele frequencies, average
pairwise LD, and the first four moments of the haplotype block copy number distribution. I
describe this distribution by referring back to the founder generation. I then demonstrate
how to infer selection via a maximum likelihood scheme on the example of a single locus and
discuss how to extend this to more realistic scenarios.
In chapter three, I discuss the second evolve and resequence experiment, in which a small
population of Drosophila melanogaster was selected for increased pupal case size over 6
generations. The experiment was highly replicated with 27 lines selected within family and a
known pedigree. We observed a phenotypic selection response of over one standard deviation.
I describe the patterns in allele frequency data, including allele frequency changes and patterns
of heterozygosity, and give ideas for future work.},
  author       = {Belohlavy, Stefanie},
  isbn         = {978-3-99078-018-3},
  pages        = {98},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{The genetic basis of complex traits studied via analysis of evolve and resequence experiments}},
  doi          = {10.15479/at:ista:11388},
  year         = {2022},
}

@phdthesis{8574,
  abstract     = {This thesis concerns itself with the interactions of evolutionary and ecological forces and the consequences on genetic diversity and the ultimate survival of populations. It is important to understand what signals processes 
leave on the genome and what we can infer from such data, which is usually abundant but noisy. Furthermore, understanding how and when populations adapt or go extinct is important for practical purposes,  such as the genetic management of populations, as well as for theoretical questions, since local adaptation can be the first step toward speciation. 
In Chapter 2, we introduce the method of maximum entropy to approximate the demographic changes of a population in a simple setting, namely the logistic growth model with immigration. We show that this method is not only a powerful 
tool in physics but can be gainfully applied in an ecological framework. We investigate how well it approximates the real 
behavior of the system, and find that is does so, even in unexpected situations. Finally, we illustrate how it can model changing environments.
In Chapter 3, we analyze the co-evolution of allele frequencies and population sizes in an infinite island model.
We give conditions under which polygenic adaptation to a rare habitat is possible. The model we use is based on the diffusion approximation, considers eco-evolutionary feedback mechanisms (hard selection), and treats both 
drift and environmental fluctuations explicitly. We also look at limiting scenarios, for which we derive analytical expressions. 
In Chapter 4, we present a coalescent based simulation tool to obtain patterns of diversity in a spatially explicit subdivided population, in which the demographic history of each subpopulation can be specified. We compare 
the results to existing predictions, and explore the relative importance of time and space under a variety of spatial arrangements and demographic histories, such as expansion and extinction. 
In the last chapter, we give a brief outlook to further research. },
  author       = {Szep, Eniko},
  issn         = {2663-337X},
  pages        = {158},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{Local adaptation in metapopulations}},
  doi          = {10.15479/AT:ISTA:8574},
  year         = {2020},
}

@phdthesis{200,
  abstract     = {This thesis is concerned with the inference of current population structure based on geo-referenced genetic data. The underlying idea is that population structure affects its spatial genetic structure. Therefore, genotype information can be utilized to estimate important demographic parameters such as migration rates. These indirect estimates of population structure have become very attractive, as genotype data is now widely available. However, there also has been much concern about these approaches. Importantly, genetic structure can be influenced by many complex patterns, which often cannot be disentangled. Moreover, many methods merely fit heuristic patterns of genetic structure, and do not build upon population genetics theory. Here, I describe two novel inference methods that address these shortcomings. In Chapter 2, I introduce an inference scheme based on a new type of signal, identity by descent (IBD) blocks. Recently, it has become feasible to detect such long blocks of genome shared between pairs of samples. These blocks are direct traces of recent coalescence events. As such, they contain ample signal for inferring recent demography. I examine sharing of IBD blocks in two-dimensional populations with local migration. Using a diffusion approximation, I derive formulas for an isolation by distance pattern of long IBD blocks and show that sharing of long IBD blocks approaches rapid exponential decay for growing sample distance. I describe an inference scheme based on these results. It can robustly estimate the dispersal rate and population density, which is demonstrated on simulated data. I also show an application to estimate mean migration and the rate of recent population growth within Eastern Europe. Chapter 3 is about a novel method to estimate barriers to gene flow in a two dimensional population. This inference scheme utilizes geographically localized allele frequency fluctuations - a classical isolation by distance signal. The strength of these local fluctuations increases on average next to a barrier, and there is less correlation across it. I again use a framework of diffusion of ancestral lineages to model this effect, and provide an efficient numerical implementation to fit the results to geo-referenced biallelic SNP data. This inference scheme is able to robustly estimate strong barriers to gene flow, as tests on simulated data confirm.},
  author       = {Ringbauer, Harald},
  issn         = {2663-337X},
  pages        = {146},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{Inferring recent demography from spatial genetic structure}},
  doi          = {10.15479/AT:ISTA:th_963},
  year         = {2018},
}

@phdthesis{6291,
  abstract     = {Bacteria and their pathogens – phages – are the most abundant living entities on Earth. Throughout their coevolution, bacteria have evolved multiple immune systems to overcome the ubiquitous threat from the phages. Although the molecu- lar details of these immune systems’ functions are relatively well understood, their epidemiological consequences for the phage-bacterial communities have been largely neglected. In this thesis we employed both experimental and theoretical methods to explore whether herd and social immunity may arise in bacterial popu- lations. Using our experimental system consisting of Escherichia coli strains with a CRISPR based immunity to the T7 phage we show that herd immunity arises in phage-bacterial communities and that it is accentuated when the populations are spatially structured. By fitting a mathematical model, we inferred expressions for the herd immunity threshold and the velocity of spread of a phage epidemic in partially resistant bacterial populations, which both depend on the bacterial growth rate, phage burst size and phage latent period. We also investigated the poten- tial for social immunity in Streptococcus thermophilus and its phage 2972 using a bioinformatic analysis of potentially coding short open reading frames with a signalling signature, encoded within the CRISPR associated genes. Subsequently, we tested one identified potentially signalling peptide and found that its addition to a phage-challenged culture increases probability of survival of bacteria two fold, although the results were only marginally significant. Together, these results demonstrate that the ubiquitous arms races between bacteria and phages have further consequences at the level of the population.},
  author       = {Payne, Pavel},
  issn         = {2663-337X},
  pages        = {83},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{Bacterial herd and social immunity to phages}},
  year         = {2017},
}

@phdthesis{1125,
  abstract     = {Natural environments are never constant but subject to spatial and temporal change on
all scales, increasingly so due to human activity. Hence, it is crucial to understand the
impact of environmental variation on evolutionary processes. In this thesis, I present
three topics that share the common theme of environmental variation, yet illustrate its
effect from different perspectives.
First, I show how a temporally fluctuating environment gives rise to second-order
selection on a modifier for stress-induced mutagenesis. Without fluctuations, when
populations are adapted to their environment, mutation rates are minimized. I argue
that a stress-induced mutator mechanism may only be maintained if the population is
repeatedly subjected to diverse environmental challenges, and I outline implications of
the presented results to antibiotic treatment strategies.
Second, I discuss my work on the evolution of dispersal. Besides reproducing
known results about the effect of heterogeneous habitats on dispersal, it identifies
spatial changes in dispersal type frequencies as a source for selection for increased
propensities to disperse. This concept contains effects of relatedness that are known
to promote dispersal, and I explain how it identifies other forces selecting for dispersal
and puts them on a common scale.
Third, I analyse genetic variances of phenotypic traits under multivariate stabilizing
selection. For the case of constant environments, I generalize known formulae of
equilibrium variances to multiple traits and discuss how the genetic variance of a focal
trait is influenced by selection on background traits. I conclude by presenting ideas and
preliminary work aiming at including environmental fluctuations in the form of moving
trait optima into the model.},
  author       = {Novak, Sebastian},
  issn         = {2663-337X},
  pages        = {124},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{Evolutionary proccesses in variable emvironments}},
  year         = {2016},
}

@phdthesis{1131,
  abstract     = {Evolution of gene regulation is important for phenotypic evolution and diversity. Sequence-specific binding of regulatory proteins is one of the key regulatory mechanisms determining gene expression. Although there has been intense interest in evolution of regulatory binding sites in the last decades, a theoretical understanding is far from being complete. In this thesis, I aim at a better understanding of the evolution of transcriptional regulatory binding sequences by using biophysical and population genetic models.
In the first part of the thesis, I discuss how to formulate the evolutionary dynamics of binding se- quences in a single isolated binding site and in promoter/enhancer regions. I develop a theoretical framework bridging between a thermodynamical model for transcription and a mutation-selection-drift model for monomorphic populations. I mainly address the typical evolutionary rates, and how they de- pend on biophysical parameters (e.g. binding length and specificity) and population genetic parameters (e.g. population size and selection strength).
In the second part of the thesis, I analyse empirical data for a better evolutionary and biophysical understanding of sequence-specific binding of bacterial RNA polymerase. First, I infer selection on regulatory and non-regulatory binding sites of RNA polymerase in the E. coli K12 genome. Second, I infer the chemical potential of RNA polymerase, an important but unknown physical parameter defining the threshold energy for strong binding. Furthermore, I try to understand the relation between the lac promoter sequence diversity and the LacZ activity variation among 20 bacterial isolates by constructing a simple but biophysically motivated gene expression model. Lastly, I lay out a statistical framework to predict adaptive point mutations in de novo promoter evolution in a selection experiment.},
  author       = {Tugrul, Murat},
  issn         = {2663-337X},
  pages        = {89},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{Evolution of transcriptional regulatory sequences}},
  year         = {2016},
}

@phdthesis{1398,
  abstract     = {Hybrid zones represent evolutionary laboratories, where recombination brings together alleles in combinations which have not previously been tested by selection. This provides an excellent opportunity to test the effect of molecular variation on fitness, and how this variation is able to spread through populations in a natural context. The snapdragon Antirrhinum majus is polymorphic in the wild for two loci controlling the distribution of yellow and magenta floral pigments. Where the yellow A. m. striatum and the magenta A. m. pseudomajus meet along a valley in the Spanish Pyrenees they form a stable hybrid zone Alleles at these loci recombine to give striking transgressive variation for flower colour. The sharp transition in phenotype over ~1km implies strong selection maintaining the hybrid zone. An indirect assay of pollinator visitation in the field found that pollinators forage in a positive-frequency dependent manner on Antirrhinum, matching previous data on fruit set. Experimental arrays and paternity analysis of wild-pollinated seeds demonstrated assortative mating for pigmentation alleles, and that pollinator behaviour alone is sufficient to explain this pattern. Selection by pollinators should be sufficiently strong to maintain the hybrid zone, although other mechanisms may be at work. At a broader scale I examined evolutionary transitions between yellow and anthocyanin pigmentation in the tribe Antirrhinae, and found that selection has acted strate that pollinators are a major determinant of reproductive success and mating patterns in wild Antirrhinum.},
  author       = {Ellis, Thomas},
  issn         = {2663-337X},
  pages        = {130},
  publisher    = {Institute of Science and Technology Austria},
  title        = {{The role of pollinator-mediated selection in the maintenance of a flower color polymorphism in an Antirrhinum majus hybrid zone}},
  doi          = {10.15479/AT:ISTA:TH_526 },
  year         = {2016},
}