[{"oa_version":"Published Version","project":[{"grant_number":"758053","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"H2020"},{"_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"899354"},{"name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"}],"user_id":"8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9","publication_identifier":{"isbn":["978-3-99078-030-5"],"issn":["2663 - 337X"]},"_id":"13175","article_processing_charge":"No","date_updated":"2024-10-29T09:11:06Z","oa":1,"keyword":["quantum optics","electrooptics","quantum networks","quantum communication","transduction"],"author":[{"id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Rishabh","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162"}],"abstract":[{"text":"About a 100 years ago, we discovered that our universe is inherently noisy, that is, measuring any physical quantity with a precision beyond a certain point is not possible because of an omnipresent inherent noise. We call this - the quantum noise. Certain physical processes allow this quantum noise to get correlated in conjugate physical variables. These quantum correlations can be used to go beyond the potential of our inherently noisy universe and obtain a quantum advantage over the classical applications. \r\n\r\nQuantum noise being inherent also means that, at the fundamental level, the physical quantities are not well defined and therefore, objects can stay in multiple states at the same time. For example, the position of a particle not being well defined means that the particle is in multiple positions at the same time. About 4 decades ago, we started exploring the possibility of using objects which can be in multiple states at the same time to increase the dimensionality in computation. Thus, the field of quantum computing was born. We discovered that using quantum entanglement, a property closely related to quantum correlations, can be used to speed up computation of certain problems, such as factorisation of large numbers, faster than any known classical algorithm. Thus began the pursuit to make quantum computers a reality. \r\n\r\nTill date, we have explored quantum control over many physical systems including photons, spins, atoms, ions and even simple circuits made up of superconducting material. However, there persists one ubiquitous theme. The more readily a system interacts with an external field or matter, the more easily we can control it. But this also means that such a system can easily interact with a noisy environment and quickly lose its coherence. Consequently, such systems like electron spins need to be protected from the environment to ensure the longevity of their coherence. Other systems like nuclear spins are naturally protected as they do not interact easily with the environment. But, due to the same reason, it is harder to interact with such systems. \r\n\r\nAfter decades of experimentation with various systems, we are convinced that no one type of quantum system would be the best for all the quantum applications. We would need hybrid systems which are all interconnected - much like the current internet where all sorts of devices can all talk to each other - but now for quantum devices. A quantum internet. \r\n\r\nOptical photons are the best contenders to carry information for the quantum internet. They can carry quantum information cheaply and without much loss - the same reasons which has made them the backbone of our current internet. Following this direction, many systems, like trapped ions, have already demonstrated successful quantum links over a large distances using optical photons. However, some of the most promising contenders for quantum computing which are based on microwave frequencies have been left behind. This is because high energy optical photons can adversely affect fragile low-energy microwave systems. \r\n\r\nIn this thesis, we present substantial progress on this missing quantum link between microwave and optics using electrooptical nonlinearities in lithium niobate. The nonlinearities are enhanced by using resonant cavities for all the involved modes leading to observation of strong direct coupling between optical and microwave frequencies. With this strong coupling we are not only able to achieve almost 100\\% internal conversion efficiency with low added noise, thus presenting a quantum-enabled transducer, but also we are able to observe novel effects such as cooling of a microwave mode using optics. The strong coupling regime also leads to direct observation of dynamical backaction effect between microwave and optical frequencies which are studied in detail here. Finally, we also report first observation of microwave-optics entanglement in form of two-mode squeezed vacuum squeezed 0.7dB below vacuum level. \r\nWith this new bridge between microwave and optics, the microwave-based quantum technologies can finally be a part of a quantum network which is based on optical photons - putting us one step closer to a future with quantum internet. ","lang":"eng"}],"citation":{"short":"R. Sahu, Cavity Quantum Electrooptics, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023.","ista":"Sahu R. 2023. Cavity quantum electrooptics. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","ama":"Sahu R. Cavity quantum electrooptics. 2023. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175\">10.15479/at:ista:13175</a>","mla":"Sahu, Rishabh. <i>Cavity Quantum Electrooptics</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175\">10.15479/at:ista:13175</a>.","chicago":"Sahu, Rishabh. “Cavity Quantum Electrooptics.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175</a>.","apa":"Sahu, R. (2023). <i>Cavity quantum electrooptics</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:13175</a>","ieee":"R. Sahu, “Cavity quantum electrooptics,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023."},"publication_status":"published","ddc":["537","535","539"],"related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","relation":"old_edition","id":"12900"},{"status":"public","id":"9114","relation":"part_of_dissertation"},{"status":"public","relation":"part_of_dissertation","id":"10924"}]},"tmp":{"short":"CC BY-NC-SA (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_sa.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode"},"alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"title":"Cavity quantum electrooptics","ec_funded":1,"doi":"10.15479/at:ista:13175","year":"2023","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"SSU"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"page":"202","file_date_updated":"2023-07-06T11:35:15Z","status":"public","supervisor":[{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","last_name":"Fink","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","first_name":"Johannes M"}],"type":"dissertation","day":"05","date_created":"2023-06-30T08:07:43Z","file":[{"creator":"cchlebak","file_id":"13176","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","success":1,"date_updated":"2023-06-30T08:17:25Z","access_level":"open_access","date_created":"2023-06-30T08:17:25Z","checksum":"7d03f1a5a5258ee43dfc3323dea4e08f","file_name":"thesis_pdfa.pdf","file_size":18688376},{"relation":"source_file","content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed","file_id":"13196","creator":"cchlebak","file_size":37847025,"file_name":"thesis.zip","checksum":"c3b45317ae58e0527533f98c202d81b7","date_created":"2023-07-06T11:35:15Z","access_level":"closed","date_updated":"2023-07-06T11:35:15Z"}],"department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"JoFi"}],"degree_awarded":"PhD","has_accepted_license":"1","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","date_published":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","month":"05"},{"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Recent quantum technologies have established precise quantum control of various microscopic systems using electromagnetic waves. Interfaces based on cryogenic cavity electro-optic systems are particularly promising, due to the direct interaction between microwave and optical fields in the quantum regime. Quantum optical control of superconducting microwave circuits has been precluded so far due to the weak electro-optical coupling as well as quasi-particles induced by the pump laser. Here we report the coherent control of a superconducting microwave cavity using laser pulses in a multimode electro-optical device at millikelvin temperature with near-unity cooperativity. Both the stationary and instantaneous responses of the microwave and optical modes comply with the coherent electro-optical interaction, and reveal only minuscule amount of excess back-action with an unanticipated time delay. Our demonstration enables wide ranges of applications beyond quantum transductions, from squeezing and quantum non-demolition measurements of microwave fields, to entanglement generation and hybrid quantum networks."}],"author":[{"first_name":"Liu","orcid":"0000-0003-4345-4267","full_name":"Qiu, Liu","last_name":"Qiu","id":"45e99c0d-1eb1-11eb-9b96-ed8ab2983cac"},{"id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","first_name":"Rishabh"},{"id":"29705398-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0001-9868-2166","full_name":"Hease, William J","last_name":"Hease","first_name":"William J"},{"id":"3770C838-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Arnold","full_name":"Arnold, Georg M","orcid":"0000-0003-1397-7876","first_name":"Georg M"},{"id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","last_name":"Fink","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","first_name":"Johannes M"}],"citation":{"ama":"Qiu L, Sahu R, Hease WJ, Arnold GM, Fink JM. Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2023;14. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>","mla":"Qiu, Liu, et al. “Coherent Optical Control of a Superconducting Microwave Cavity via Electro-Optical Dynamical Back-Action.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 14, 3784, Nature Research, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>.","short":"L. Qiu, R. Sahu, W.J. Hease, G.M. Arnold, J.M. Fink, Nature Communications 14 (2023).","ista":"Qiu L, Sahu R, Hease WJ, Arnold GM, Fink JM. 2023. Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action. Nature Communications. 14, 3784.","apa":"Qiu, L., Sahu, R., Hease, W. J., Arnold, G. M., &#38; Fink, J. M. (2023). Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Nature Research. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>","ieee":"L. Qiu, R. Sahu, W. J. Hease, G. M. Arnold, and J. M. Fink, “Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 14. Nature Research, 2023.","chicago":"Qiu, Liu, Rishabh Sahu, William J Hease, Georg M Arnold, and Johannes M Fink. “Coherent Optical Control of a Superconducting Microwave Cavity via Electro-Optical Dynamical Back-Action.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Nature Research, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3</a>."},"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-1723"]},"pmid":1,"_id":"13200","quality_controlled":"1","project":[{"_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"758053"},{"call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","grant_number":"899354"},{"name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"},{"grant_number":"754411","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships","_id":"260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"grant_number":"291734","name":"International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme","_id":"25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"FP7"},{"_id":"2671EB66-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Coherent on-chip conversion of superconducting qubit signals from microwaves to optical frequencies"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the European Research Council under grant agreement no. 758053 (ERC StG QUNNECT), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 899354 (FETopen SuperQuLAN), and the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) through BeyondC (F7105). L.Q. acknowledges generous support from the ISTFELLOW programme. W.H. is the recipient of an ISTplus postdoctoral fellowship with funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 754411. G.A. is the recipient of a DOC fellowship of the Austrian Academy of Sciences at IST Austria.","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","arxiv":1,"article_processing_charge":"No","volume":14,"oa":1,"date_updated":"2024-08-07T07:11:55Z","external_id":{"pmid":["37355691"],"arxiv":["2210.12443"],"isi":["001018100800002"]},"title":"Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-39493-3","year":"2023","ec_funded":1,"ddc":["000"],"tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"article_number":"3784","isi":1,"intvolume":"        14","status":"public","day":"24","type":"journal_article","publication":"Nature Communications","file_date_updated":"2023-07-10T10:10:54Z","scopus_import":"1","publisher":"Nature Research","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"06","article_type":"original","date_published":"2023-06-24T00:00:00Z","file":[{"success":1,"content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","creator":"alisjak","file_id":"13206","file_name":"2023_NatureComms_Qiu.pdf","file_size":1349134,"date_created":"2023-07-10T10:10:54Z","checksum":"ec7ccd2c08f90d59cab302fd0d7776a4","date_updated":"2023-07-10T10:10:54Z","access_level":"open_access"}],"date_created":"2023-07-09T22:01:11Z","has_accepted_license":"1","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","department":[{"_id":"JoFi"}]},{"degree_awarded":"PhD","has_accepted_license":"1","department":[{"_id":"GradSch"},{"_id":"JoFi"}],"file":[{"relation":"source_file","content_type":"application/x-zip-compressed","file_id":"12928","creator":"rsahu","embargo_to":"open_access","access_level":"closed","date_updated":"2023-06-06T22:30:03Z","file_size":36767177,"file_name":"thesis.zip","checksum":"8cbdab9c37ee55e591092a6f66b272c4","date_created":"2023-05-09T08:45:14Z"},{"relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","creator":"rsahu","file_id":"12929","access_level":"closed","date_updated":"2023-07-06T11:37:40Z","file_size":17501990,"file_name":"thesis_pdfa_final.pdf","checksum":"439659ead46618147309be39d9dd5a8c","date_created":"2023-05-09T08:51:17Z"}],"date_created":"2023-05-05T11:08:50Z","month":"05","date_published":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","publisher":"Institute of Science and Technology Austria","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"page":"190","file_date_updated":"2023-07-06T11:37:40Z","day":"05","type":"dissertation","supervisor":[{"first_name":"Johannes M","full_name":"Fink, Johannes M","last_name":"Fink","orcid":"0000-0001-8112-028X","id":"4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"status":"public","alternative_title":["ISTA Thesis"],"tmp":{"short":"CC BY-NC-SA (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by_nc_sa.png","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/legalcode"},"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"9114","relation":"part_of_dissertation","status":"public"},{"id":"10924","relation":"part_of_dissertation","status":"public"},{"relation":"new_edition","id":"13175","status":"public"}]},"ddc":["537","535","539"],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"SSU"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"doi":"10.15479/at:ista:12900","year":"2023","ec_funded":1,"title":"Cavity quantum electrooptics","date_updated":"2024-10-29T09:11:05Z","article_processing_charge":"No","_id":"12900","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2663 - 337X"],"isbn":["978-3-99078-030-5"]},"user_id":"8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9","project":[{"_id":"26336814-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"A Fiber Optic Transceiver for Superconducting Qubits","call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"758053"},{"grant_number":"899354","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"Quantum Local Area Networks with Superconducting Qubits","_id":"9B868D20-BA93-11EA-9121-9846C619BF3A"},{"name":"QUANTUM INFORMATION SYSTEMS BEYOND CLASSICAL CAPABILITIES / P5- Integration of Superconducting Quantum Circuits","_id":"bdb108fd-d553-11ed-ba76-83dc74a9864f"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","publication_status":"published","citation":{"mla":"Sahu, Rishabh. <i>Cavity Quantum Electrooptics</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900\">10.15479/at:ista:12900</a>.","ama":"Sahu R. Cavity quantum electrooptics. 2023. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900\">10.15479/at:ista:12900</a>","ista":"Sahu R. 2023. Cavity quantum electrooptics. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.","short":"R. Sahu, Cavity Quantum Electrooptics, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023.","ieee":"R. Sahu, “Cavity quantum electrooptics,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023.","apa":"Sahu, R. (2023). <i>Cavity quantum electrooptics</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900</a>","chicago":"Sahu, Rishabh. “Cavity Quantum Electrooptics.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900\">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:12900</a>."},"abstract":[{"text":"About a 100 years ago, we discovered that our universe is inherently noisy, that is, measuring any physical quantity with a precision beyond a certain point is not possible because of an omnipresent inherent noise. We call this - the quantum noise. Certain physical processes allow this quantum noise to get correlated in conjugate physical variables. These quantum correlations can be used to go beyond the potential of our inherently noisy universe and obtain a quantum advantage over the classical applications. \r\n\r\nQuantum noise being inherent also means that, at the fundamental level, the physical quantities are not well defined and therefore, objects can stay in multiple states at the same time. For example, the position of a particle not being well defined means that the particle is in multiple positions at the same time. About 4 decades ago, we started exploring the possibility of using objects which can be in multiple states at the same time to increase the dimensionality in computation. Thus, the field of quantum computing was born. We discovered that using quantum entanglement, a property closely related to quantum correlations, can be used to speed up computation of certain problems, such as factorisation of large numbers, faster than any known classical algorithm. Thus began the pursuit to make quantum computers a reality. \r\n\r\nTill date, we have explored quantum control over many physical systems including photons, spins, atoms, ions and even simple circuits made up of superconducting material. However, there persists one ubiquitous theme. The more readily a system interacts with an external field or matter, the more easily we can control it. But this also means that such a system can easily interact with a noisy environment and quickly lose its coherence. Consequently, such systems like electron spins need to be protected from the environment to ensure the longevity of their coherence. Other systems like nuclear spins are naturally protected as they do not interact easily with the environment. But, due to the same reason, it is harder to interact with such systems. \r\n\r\nAfter decades of experimentation with various systems, we are convinced that no one type of quantum system would be the best for all the quantum applications. We would need hybrid systems which are all interconnected - much like the current internet where all sorts of devices can all talk to each other - but now for quantum devices. A quantum internet. \r\n\r\nOptical photons are the best contenders to carry information for the quantum internet. They can carry quantum information cheaply and without much loss - the same reasons which has made them the backbone of our current internet. Following this direction, many systems, like trapped ions, have already demonstrated successful quantum links over a large distances using optical photons. However, some of the most promising contenders for quantum computing which are based on microwave frequencies have been left behind. This is because high energy optical photons can adversely affect fragile low-energy microwave systems. \r\n\r\nIn this thesis, we present substantial progress on this missing quantum link between microwave and optics using electrooptical nonlinearities in lithium niobate. The nonlinearities are enhanced by using resonant cavities for all the involved modes leading to observation of strong direct coupling between optical and microwave frequencies. With this strong coupling we are not only able to achieve almost 100\\% internal conversion efficiency with low added noise, thus presenting a quantum-enabled transducer, but also we are able to observe novel effects such as cooling of a microwave mode using optics. The strong coupling regime also leads to direct observation of dynamical backaction effect between microwave and optical frequencies which are studied in detail here. Finally, we also report first observation of microwave-optics entanglement in form of two-mode squeezed vacuum squeezed 0.7dB below vacuum level. \r\nWith this new bridge between microwave and optics, the microwave-based quantum technologies can finally be a part of a quantum network which is based on optical photons - putting us one step closer to a future with quantum internet. ","lang":"eng"}],"keyword":["quantum optics","electrooptics","quantum networks","quantum communication","transduction"],"author":[{"full_name":"Sahu, Rishabh","last_name":"Sahu","orcid":"0000-0001-6264-2162","first_name":"Rishabh","id":"47D26E34-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}]}]