---
_id: '14478'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Entire chromosomes are typically only transmitted vertically from one generation
    to the next. The horizontal transfer of such chromosomes has long been considered
    improbable, yet gained recent support in several pathogenic fungi where it may
    affect the fitness or host specificity. To date, it is unknown how these transfers
    occur, how common they are and whether they can occur between different species.
    In this study, we show multiple independent instances of horizontal transfers
    of the same accessory chromosome between two distinct strains of the asexual entomopathogenic
    fungus<jats:italic>Metarhizium robertsii</jats:italic>during experimental co-infection
    of its insect host, the Argentine ant. Notably, only the one chromosome – but
    no other – was transferred from the donor to the recipient strain. The recipient
    strain, now harboring the accessory chromosome, exhibited a competitive advantage
    under certain host conditions. By phylogenetic analysis we further demonstrate
    that the same accessory chromosome was horizontally transferred in a natural environment
    between<jats:italic>M. robertsii</jats:italic>and another congeneric insect pathogen,<jats:italic>M.
    guizhouense</jats:italic>. Hence horizontal chromosome transfer is not limited
    to the observed frequent events within species during experimental infections
    but also occurs naturally across species. The transferred accessory chromosome
    contains genes that might be involved in its preferential horizontal transfer,
    encoding putative histones and histone-modifying enzymes, but also putative virulence
    factors that may support its establishment. Our study reveals that both intra-
    and interspecies horizontal transfer of entire chromosomes is more frequent than
    previously assumed, likely representing a not uncommon mechanism for gene exchange.</jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance
    Statement</jats:title><jats:p>The enormous success of bacterial pathogens has
    been attributed to their ability to exchange genetic material between one another.
    Similarly, in eukaryotes, horizontal transfer of genetic material allowed the
    spread of virulence factors across species. The horizontal transfer of whole chromosomes
    could be an important pathway for such exchange of genetic material, but little
    is known about the origin of transferable chromosomes and how frequently they
    are exchanged. Here, we show that the transfer of accessory chromosomes - chromosomes
    that are non-essential but may provide fitness benefits - is common during fungal
    co-infections and is even possible between distant pathogenic species, highlighting
    the importance of horizontal gene transfer via chromosome transfer also for the
    evolution and function of eukaryotic pathogens.
acknowledgement: We thank Bernhardt Steinwender, Jorgen Eilenberg and Nicolai V. Meyling
  for the fungal strains. We further thank Chengshu Wang for providing the short sequencing
  reads for M. guizhouense ARESF977 he used for his published genome assembly, and
  Kristian Ullrich for help in the bioinformatics analysis for methylation pattern
  in Nanopore reads, and the Vienna BioCenter and the Max Planck Society for the use
  of their sequencing centers. We thank Barbara Milutinović and Hinrich Schulenburg
  for discussion, and Tal Dagan and Jens Rolff for comments on a previous version
  of the manuscript. Fig1 A was created with BioRender.com. This study received funding
  by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research
  and Innovation Programme (No. 771402; EPIDEMICSonCHIP) to S.C. and by the German
  Research Foundation (DFG grant HA9263/1-1) to M.H.
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Habig, Michael
  last_name: Habig
- first_name: Anna V
  full_name: Grasse, Anna V
  id: 406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Grasse
- first_name: Judith
  full_name: Müller, Judith
  last_name: Müller
- first_name: Eva H.
  full_name: Stukenbrock, Eva H.
  last_name: Stukenbrock
- first_name: Hanna
  full_name: Leitner, Hanna
  id: 8fc5c6f6-5903-11ec-abad-c83f046253e7
  last_name: Leitner
- first_name: Sylvia
  full_name: Cremer, Sylvia
  id: 2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Cremer
  orcid: 0000-0002-2193-3868
citation:
  ama: Habig M, Grasse AV, Müller J, Stukenbrock EH, Leitner H, Cremer S. Frequent
    horizontal chromosome transfer between asexual fungal insect pathogens. <i>bioRxiv</i>.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.18.558174">10.1101/2023.09.18.558174</a>
  apa: Habig, M., Grasse, A. V., Müller, J., Stukenbrock, E. H., Leitner, H., &#38;
    Cremer, S. (n.d.). Frequent horizontal chromosome transfer between asexual fungal
    insect pathogens. <i>bioRxiv</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.18.558174">https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.18.558174</a>
  chicago: Habig, Michael, Anna V Grasse, Judith Müller, Eva H. Stukenbrock, Hanna
    Leitner, and Sylvia Cremer. “Frequent Horizontal Chromosome Transfer between Asexual
    Fungal Insect Pathogens.” <i>BioRxiv</i>, n.d. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.18.558174">https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.18.558174</a>.
  ieee: M. Habig, A. V. Grasse, J. Müller, E. H. Stukenbrock, H. Leitner, and S. Cremer,
    “Frequent horizontal chromosome transfer between asexual fungal insect pathogens,”
    <i>bioRxiv</i>. .
  ista: Habig M, Grasse AV, Müller J, Stukenbrock EH, Leitner H, Cremer S. Frequent
    horizontal chromosome transfer between asexual fungal insect pathogens. bioRxiv,
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.18.558174">10.1101/2023.09.18.558174</a>.
  mla: Habig, Michael, et al. “Frequent Horizontal Chromosome Transfer between Asexual
    Fungal Insect Pathogens.” <i>BioRxiv</i>, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.18.558174">10.1101/2023.09.18.558174</a>.
  short: M. Habig, A.V. Grasse, J. Müller, E.H. Stukenbrock, H. Leitner, S. Cremer,
    BioRxiv (n.d.).
date_created: 2023-10-31T13:30:00Z
date_published: 2023-09-19T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-11-07T11:20:54Z
day: '19'
department:
- _id: SyCr
doi: 10.1101/2023.09.18.558174
ec_funded: 1
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.09.18.558174
month: '09'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
project:
- _id: 2649B4DE-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '771402'
  name: Epidemics in ant societies on a chip
publication: bioRxiv
publication_status: submitted
status: public
title: Frequent horizontal chromosome transfer between asexual fungal insect pathogens
type: preprint
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '13127'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Cooperative disease defense emerges as group-level collective behavior, yet
    how group members make the underlying individual decisions is poorly understood.
    Using garden ants and fungal pathogens as an experimental model, we derive the
    rules governing individual ant grooming choices and show how they produce colony-level
    hygiene. Time-resolved behavioral analysis, pathogen quantification, and probabilistic
    modeling reveal that ants increase grooming and preferentially target highly-infectious
    individuals when perceiving high pathogen load, but transiently suppress grooming
    after having been groomed by nestmates. Ants thus react to both, the infectivity
    of others and the social feedback they receive on their own contagiousness. While
    inferred solely from momentary ant decisions, these behavioral rules quantitatively
    predict hour-long experimental dynamics, and synergistically combine into efficient
    colony-wide pathogen removal. Our analyses show that noisy individual decisions
    based on only local, incomplete, yet dynamically-updated information on pathogen
    threat and social feedback can lead to potent collective disease defense.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: LifeSc
acknowledgement: We thank Mike Bidochka for the fungal strains, the ISTA Social Immunity
  Team for ant collection, Hanna Leitner for experimental and molecular support, Jennifer
  Robb and Lukas Lindorfer for microscopy, and the LabSupport Facility at ISTA for
  general laboratory support. We further thank Victor Mireles, Iain Couzin, Fabian
  Theis and the Social Immunity Team for continued feedback throughout, and Michael
  Sixt, Yuko Ulrich, Koos Boomsma, Erika Dawson, Megan Kutzer and Hinrich Schulenburg
  for comments on the manuscript. This project has received funding from the European
  Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation
  program (Grant No. 771402; EPIDEMICSonCHIP) to SC, from the Scientific Grant Agency
  of the Slovak Republic (Grant No. 1/0521/20) to KB, and the Human Frontier Science
  Program (Grant No. RGP0065/2012) to GT.
article_number: '3232'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Barbara E
  full_name: Casillas Perez, Barbara E
  id: 351ED2AA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Casillas Perez
- first_name: Katarína
  full_name: Bod'Ová, Katarína
  id: 2BA24EA0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Bod'Ová
  orcid: 0000-0002-7214-0171
- first_name: Anna V
  full_name: Grasse, Anna V
  id: 406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Grasse
- first_name: Gašper
  full_name: Tkačik, Gašper
  id: 3D494DCA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Tkačik
  orcid: 0000-0002-6699-1455
- first_name: Sylvia
  full_name: Cremer, Sylvia
  id: 2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Cremer
  orcid: 0000-0002-2193-3868
citation:
  ama: Casillas Perez BE, Bodova K, Grasse AV, Tkačik G, Cremer S. Dynamic pathogen
    detection and social feedback shape collective hygiene in ants. <i>Nature Communications</i>.
    2023;14. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38947-y">10.1038/s41467-023-38947-y</a>
  apa: Casillas Perez, B. E., Bodova, K., Grasse, A. V., Tkačik, G., &#38; Cremer,
    S. (2023). Dynamic pathogen detection and social feedback shape collective hygiene
    in ants. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38947-y">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38947-y</a>
  chicago: Casillas Perez, Barbara E, Katarina Bodova, Anna V Grasse, Gašper Tkačik,
    and Sylvia Cremer. “Dynamic Pathogen Detection and Social Feedback Shape Collective
    Hygiene in Ants.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38947-y">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38947-y</a>.
  ieee: B. E. Casillas Perez, K. Bodova, A. V. Grasse, G. Tkačik, and S. Cremer, “Dynamic
    pathogen detection and social feedback shape collective hygiene in ants,” <i>Nature
    Communications</i>, vol. 14. Springer Nature, 2023.
  ista: Casillas Perez BE, Bodova K, Grasse AV, Tkačik G, Cremer S. 2023. Dynamic
    pathogen detection and social feedback shape collective hygiene in ants. Nature
    Communications. 14, 3232.
  mla: Casillas Perez, Barbara E., et al. “Dynamic Pathogen Detection and Social Feedback
    Shape Collective Hygiene in Ants.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 14, 3232,
    Springer Nature, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-38947-y">10.1038/s41467-023-38947-y</a>.
  short: B.E. Casillas Perez, K. Bodova, A.V. Grasse, G. Tkačik, S. Cremer, Nature
    Communications 14 (2023).
date_created: 2023-06-11T22:00:40Z
date_published: 2023-06-03T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-07T13:09:09Z
day: '03'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: SyCr
- _id: GaTk
doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38947-y
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001002562700005'
  pmid:
  - '37270641'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 4af0393e3ed47b3fc46e68b81c3c1007
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2023-06-13T08:05:46Z
  date_updated: 2023-06-13T08:05:46Z
  file_id: '13132'
  file_name: 2023_NatureComm_CasillasPerez.pdf
  file_size: 2358167
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2023-06-13T08:05:46Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        14'
isi: 1
language:
- iso: eng
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 2649B4DE-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '771402'
  name: Epidemics in ant societies on a chip
- _id: 255008E4-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  grant_number: RGP0065/2012
  name: Information processing and computation in fish groups
publication: Nature Communications
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2041-1723
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  record:
  - id: '12945'
    relation: research_data
    status: public
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Dynamic pathogen detection and social feedback shape collective hygiene in
  ants
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 14
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '12543'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Treating sick group members is a hallmark of collective disease defence in
    vertebrates and invertebrates alike. Despite substantial effects on pathogen fitness
    and epidemiology, it is still largely unknown how pathogens react to the selection
    pressure imposed by care intervention. Using social insects and pathogenic fungi,
    we here performed a serial passage experiment in the presence or absence of colony
    members, which provide social immunity by grooming off infectious spores from
    exposed individuals. We found specific effects on pathogen diversity, virulence
    and transmission. Under selection of social immunity, pathogens invested into
    higher spore production, but spores were less virulent. Notably, they also elicited
    a lower grooming response in colony members, compared with spores from the individual
    host selection lines. Chemical spore analysis suggested that the spores from social
    selection lines escaped the caregivers’ detection by containing lower levels of
    ergosterol, a key fungal membrane component. Experimental application of chemically
    pure ergosterol indeed induced sanitary grooming, supporting its role as a microbe-associated
    cue triggering host social immunity against fungal pathogens. By reducing this
    detection cue, pathogens were able to evade the otherwise very effective collective
    disease defences of their social hosts.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: LifeSc
acknowledgement: We thank B. M. Steinwender, N. V. Meyling and J. Eilenberg for the
  fungal strains; J. Anaya-Rojas for statistical advice; the Social Immunity team
  at ISTA for ant collection and experimental help, in particular H. Leitner, and
  the ISTA Lab Support Facility for general laboratory support; D. Ebert, H. Schulenburg
  and J. Heinze for continued project discussion; and M. Sixt, R. Roemhild and the
  Social Immunity team for comments on the manuscript. The study was funded by the
  German Research Foundation (CR118/3-1) within the Framework of the Priority Program
  SPP 1399, and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon
  2020 Research and Innovation Programme (No. 771402; EPIDEMICSonCHIP), both to S.C.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Miriam
  full_name: Stock, Miriam
  id: 42462816-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Stock
- first_name: Barbara
  full_name: Milutinovic, Barbara
  id: 2CDC32B8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Milutinovic
  orcid: 0000-0002-8214-4758
- first_name: Michaela
  full_name: Hönigsberger, Michaela
  id: 953894f3-25bd-11ec-8556-f70a9d38ef60
  last_name: Hönigsberger
- first_name: Anna V
  full_name: Grasse, Anna V
  id: 406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Grasse
- first_name: Florian
  full_name: Wiesenhofer, Florian
  id: 39523C54-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Wiesenhofer
- first_name: Niklas
  full_name: Kampleitner, Niklas
  id: 2AC57FAC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Kampleitner
- first_name: Madhumitha
  full_name: Narasimhan, Madhumitha
  id: 44BF24D0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Narasimhan
  orcid: 0000-0002-8600-0671
- first_name: Thomas
  full_name: Schmitt, Thomas
  last_name: Schmitt
- first_name: Sylvia
  full_name: Cremer, Sylvia
  id: 2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Cremer
  orcid: 0000-0002-2193-3868
citation:
  ama: Stock M, Milutinovic B, Hönigsberger M, et al. Pathogen evasion of social immunity.
    <i>Nature Ecology and Evolution</i>. 2023;7:450-460. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6">10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6</a>
  apa: Stock, M., Milutinovic, B., Hönigsberger, M., Grasse, A. V., Wiesenhofer, F.,
    Kampleitner, N., … Cremer, S. (2023). Pathogen evasion of social immunity. <i>Nature
    Ecology and Evolution</i>. Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6</a>
  chicago: Stock, Miriam, Barbara Milutinovic, Michaela Hönigsberger, Anna V Grasse,
    Florian Wiesenhofer, Niklas Kampleitner, Madhumitha Narasimhan, Thomas Schmitt,
    and Sylvia Cremer. “Pathogen Evasion of Social Immunity.” <i>Nature Ecology and
    Evolution</i>. Springer Nature, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6</a>.
  ieee: M. Stock <i>et al.</i>, “Pathogen evasion of social immunity,” <i>Nature Ecology
    and Evolution</i>, vol. 7. Springer Nature, pp. 450–460, 2023.
  ista: Stock M, Milutinovic B, Hönigsberger M, Grasse AV, Wiesenhofer F, Kampleitner
    N, Narasimhan M, Schmitt T, Cremer S. 2023. Pathogen evasion of social immunity.
    Nature Ecology and Evolution. 7, 450–460.
  mla: Stock, Miriam, et al. “Pathogen Evasion of Social Immunity.” <i>Nature Ecology
    and Evolution</i>, vol. 7, Springer Nature, 2023, pp. 450–60, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6">10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6</a>.
  short: M. Stock, B. Milutinovic, M. Hönigsberger, A.V. Grasse, F. Wiesenhofer, N.
    Kampleitner, M. Narasimhan, T. Schmitt, S. Cremer, Nature Ecology and Evolution
    7 (2023) 450–460.
date_created: 2023-02-12T23:00:59Z
date_published: 2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-16T11:55:48Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: SyCr
- _id: LifeSc
- _id: JiFr
doi: 10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000924572800001'
  pmid:
  - '36732670'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 8244f4650a0e7aeea488d1bcd4a31702
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2023-08-16T11:54:59Z
  date_updated: 2023-08-16T11:54:59Z
  file_id: '14069'
  file_name: 2023_NatureEcoEvo_Stock.pdf
  file_size: 1600499
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2023-08-16T11:54:59Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '         7'
isi: 1
language:
- iso: eng
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 450-460
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 2649B4DE-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '771402'
  name: Epidemics in ant societies on a chip
- _id: 25DAF0B2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  grant_number: CR-118/3-1
  name: Host-Parasite Coevolution
publication: Nature Ecology and Evolution
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2397-334X
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - description: News on ISTA website
    relation: press_release
    url: https://ista.ac.at/en/news/how-sneaky-germs-hide-from-ants/
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Pathogen evasion of social immunity
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 7
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '12696'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Background: Fighting disease while fighting rivals exposes males to constraints
    and tradeoffs during male-male competition. We here tested how both the stage
    and intensity of infection with the fungal pathogen Metarhizium robertsii interfered
    with fighting success in Cardiocondyla obscurior ant males. Males of this species
    have evolved long lifespans during which they can gain many matings with the young
    queens of the colony, if successful in male-male competition. Since male fights
    occur inside the colony, the outcome of male-male competition can further be biased
    by interference of the colony’s worker force.\r\nResults: We found that severe,
    but not yet mild, infection strongly impaired male fighting success. In late-stage
    infection, this could be attributed to worker aggression directed towards the
    infected rather than the healthy male and an already very high male morbidity
    even in the absence of fighting. Shortly after pathogen exposure, however, male
    mortality was particularly increased during combat. Since these males mounted
    a strong immune response, their reduced fighting success suggests a trade-off
    between immune investment and competitive ability already early in the infection.
    Even if the males themselves showed no difference in the number of attacks they
    raised against their healthy rivals across infection stages and levels, severely
    infected males were thus losing in male-male competition from an early stage of
    infection on.\r\nConclusions: Males of the ant C. obscurior have evolved high
    immune investment, triggering an effective immune response very fast after fungal
    exposure. This allows them to cope with mild pathogen exposures without cost to
    their success in male-male competition, and hence to gain multiple mating opportunities
    with the emerging virgin queens of the colony. Under severe infection, however,
    they are weak fighters and rarely survive a combat already at early infection
    when raising an immune response, as well as at progressed infection, when they
    are morbid and preferentially targeted by worker aggression. Workers thereby remove
    males that pose a future disease threat by biasing male-male competition. Our
    study thus revealed a novel social immunity mechanism how social insect workers
    protect the colony against disease risk."
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: LifeSc
acknowledgement: "We are thankful to Mike Bidochka for the fungal strain, Lukas Schrader
  for sharing the C. obscurior genome data for primer development, the Lab Support
  Facility of ISTA for general laboratory support and help with the permit approval
  procedures, and the Finca El Quinto for letting us collect ants on their property.
  We thank the Social Immunity Team at ISTA for help with ant collection and experimental
  help, in particular Elina Hanhimäki and Marta Gorecka for behavioural observation,
  and Elisabeth Naderlinger for spore load PCRs. We further thank the Social Immunity
  Team and Jürgen Heinze for continued discussion and comments on the manuscript.\r\nOpen
  access funding provided by Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA). This
  project received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European
  Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 771402
  to SC). "
article_number: '37'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Sina
  full_name: Metzler, Sina
  id: 48204546-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Metzler
  orcid: 0000-0002-9547-2494
- first_name: Jessica
  full_name: Kirchner, Jessica
  id: 21516227-15aa-11ec-9fb2-c6e8ffc155d3
  last_name: Kirchner
- first_name: Anna V
  full_name: Grasse, Anna V
  id: 406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Grasse
- first_name: Sylvia
  full_name: Cremer, Sylvia
  id: 2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Cremer
  orcid: 0000-0002-2193-3868
citation:
  ama: Metzler S, Kirchner J, Grasse AV, Cremer S. Trade-offs between immunity and
    competitive ability in fighting ant males. <i>BMC Ecology and Evolution</i>. 2023;23.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-023-02137-7">10.1186/s12862-023-02137-7</a>
  apa: Metzler, S., Kirchner, J., Grasse, A. V., &#38; Cremer, S. (2023). Trade-offs
    between immunity and competitive ability in fighting ant males. <i>BMC Ecology
    and Evolution</i>. Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-023-02137-7">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-023-02137-7</a>
  chicago: Metzler, Sina, Jessica Kirchner, Anna V Grasse, and Sylvia Cremer. “Trade-Offs
    between Immunity and Competitive Ability in Fighting Ant Males.” <i>BMC Ecology
    and Evolution</i>. Springer Nature, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-023-02137-7">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-023-02137-7</a>.
  ieee: S. Metzler, J. Kirchner, A. V. Grasse, and S. Cremer, “Trade-offs between
    immunity and competitive ability in fighting ant males,” <i>BMC Ecology and Evolution</i>,
    vol. 23. Springer Nature, 2023.
  ista: Metzler S, Kirchner J, Grasse AV, Cremer S. 2023. Trade-offs between immunity
    and competitive ability in fighting ant males. BMC Ecology and Evolution. 23,
    37.
  mla: Metzler, Sina, et al. “Trade-Offs between Immunity and Competitive Ability
    in Fighting Ant Males.” <i>BMC Ecology and Evolution</i>, vol. 23, 37, Springer
    Nature, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-023-02137-7">10.1186/s12862-023-02137-7</a>.
  short: S. Metzler, J. Kirchner, A.V. Grasse, S. Cremer, BMC Ecology and Evolution
    23 (2023).
date_created: 2023-02-28T07:38:17Z
date_published: 2023-08-07T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-12-13T11:13:14Z
day: '07'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: SyCr
doi: 10.1186/s12862-023-02137-7
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
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  pmid:
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title: Trade-offs between immunity and competitive ability in fighting ant males
tmp:
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  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 23
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '10727'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Social insects are a common model to study disease dynamics in social animals.
    Even though pathogens should thrive in social insect colonies as the hosts engage
    in frequent social interactions, are closely related and live in a pathogen-rich
    environment, disease outbreaks are rare. This is because social insects have evolved
    mechanisms to keep pathogens at bay – and fight disease as a collective. Social
    insect colonies are often viewed as “superorganisms” with division of labor between
    reproductive “germ-like” queens and males and “somatic” workers, which together
    form an interdependent reproductive unit that parallels a multicellular body.
    Superorganisms possess a “social immune system” that comprises of collective disease
    defenses performed by the workers - summarized as “social immunity”. In social
    groups immunization (reduced susceptibility to a parasite upon secondary exposure
    to the same parasite) can e.g. be triggered by social interactions (“social immunization”).
    Social immunization can be caused by (i) asymptomatic low-level infections that
    are acquired during caregiving to a contagious individual that can give an immune
    boost, which can induce protection upon later encounter with the same pathogen
    (active immunization) or (ii) by transfer of immune effectors between individuals
    (passive immunization).\r\nIn the second chapter, I built up on a study that I
    co-authored that found that low-level infections can not only be protective, but
    also be costly and make the host more susceptible to detrimental superinfections
    after contact to a very dissimilar pathogen. I here now tested different degrees
    of phylogenetically-distant fungal strains of M. brunneum and M. robertsii in
    L. neglectus and can describe the occurrence of cross-protection of social immunization
    if the first and second pathogen are from the same level. Interestingly, low-level
    infections only provided protection when the first strain was less virulent than
    the second strain and elicited higher immune gene expression.\r\nIn the third
    and fourth chapters, I expanded on the role of social immunity in sexual selection,
    a so far unstudied field. I used the fungus Metarhizium robertsii and the ant
    Cardiocondyla obscurior as a model, as in this species mating occurs in the presence
    of workers and can be studied under laboratory conditions. Before males mate with
    virgin queens in the nest they engage in fierce combat over the access to their
    mating partners.\r\nFirst, I focused on male-male competition in the third chapter
    and found that fighting with a contagious male is costly as it can lead to contamination
    of the rival, but that workers can decrease the risk of disease contraction by
    performing sanitary care.\r\nIn the fourth chapter, I studied the effect of fungal
    infection on survival and mating success of sexuals (freshly emerged queens and
    males) and found that worker-performed sanitary care can buffer the negative effect
    that a pathogenic contagion would have on sexuals by spore removal from the exposed
    individuals. When social immunity was prevented and queens could contract spores
    from their mating partner, very low dosages led to negative consequences: their
    lifespan was reduced and they produced fewer offspring with poor immunocompetence
    compared to healthy queens. Interestingly, cohabitation with a late-stage infected
    male where no spore transfer was possible had a positive effect on offspring immunity
    – male offspring of mothers that apparently perceived an infected partner in their
    vicinity reacted more sensitively to fungal challenge than male offspring without
    paternal pathogen history."
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: LifeSc
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Sina
  full_name: Metzler, Sina
  id: 48204546-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Metzler
  orcid: 0000-0002-9547-2494
citation:
  ama: Metzler S. Pathogen-mediated sexual selection and immunization in ant colonies.
    2022. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:10727">10.15479/AT:ISTA:10727</a>
  apa: Metzler, S. (2022). <i>Pathogen-mediated sexual selection and immunization
    in ant colonies</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:10727">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:10727</a>
  chicago: Metzler, Sina. “Pathogen-Mediated Sexual Selection and Immunization in
    Ant Colonies.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:10727">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:10727</a>.
  ieee: S. Metzler, “Pathogen-mediated sexual selection and immunization in ant colonies,”
    Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2022.
  ista: Metzler S. 2022. Pathogen-mediated sexual selection and immunization in ant
    colonies. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.
  mla: Metzler, Sina. <i>Pathogen-Mediated Sexual Selection and Immunization in Ant
    Colonies</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:10727">10.15479/AT:ISTA:10727</a>.
  short: S. Metzler, Pathogen-Mediated Sexual Selection and Immunization in Ant Colonies,
    Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2022.
date_created: 2022-02-04T15:45:12Z
date_published: 2022-02-07T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-09-07T13:43:23Z
day: '07'
ddc:
- '570'
degree_awarded: PhD
department:
- _id: GradSch
- _id: SyCr
doi: 10.15479/AT:ISTA:10727
ec_funded: 1
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language:
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month: '02'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: 2649B4DE-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '771402'
  name: Epidemics in ant societies on a chip
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2663-337X
publication_status: published
publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Sylvia
  full_name: Cremer, Sylvia
  id: 2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Cremer
  orcid: 0000-0002-2193-3868
title: Pathogen-mediated sexual selection and immunization in ant colonies
type: dissertation
user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '10284'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Infections early in life can have enduring effects on an organism's development
    and immunity. In this study, we show that this equally applies to developing ‘superorganisms’––incipient
    social insect colonies. When we exposed newly mated Lasius niger ant queens to
    a low pathogen dose, their colonies grew more slowly than controls before winter,
    but reached similar sizes afterwards. Independent of exposure, queen hibernation
    survival improved when the ratio of pupae to workers was small. Queens that reared
    fewer pupae before worker emergence exhibited lower pathogen levels, indicating
    that high brood rearing efforts interfere with the ability of the queen's immune
    system to suppress pathogen proliferation. Early-life queen pathogen exposure
    also improved the immunocompetence of her worker offspring, as demonstrated by
    challenging the workers to the same pathogen a year later. Transgenerational transfer
    of the queen's pathogen experience to her workforce can hence durably reduce the
    disease susceptibility of the whole superorganism.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: ScienComp
acknowledgement: The authors are grateful to G. Tkačik and V. Mireles for advice on
  data analyses and to A. Schloegl for help using the IST Austria HPC cluster for
  data processing. The authors thank J. Eilenberg for providing the fungal strain
  and A.V. Grasse for support with the molecular analysis. The authors also thank
  the Social Immunity group at IST Austria, in particular B. Milutinović, for discussions
  throughout and comments on the manuscript.
article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal)
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Barbara E
  full_name: Casillas Perez, Barbara E
  id: 351ED2AA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Casillas Perez
- first_name: Christopher
  full_name: Pull, Christopher
  id: 3C7F4840-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Pull
  orcid: 0000-0003-1122-3982
- first_name: Filip
  full_name: Naiser, Filip
  last_name: Naiser
- first_name: Elisabeth
  full_name: Naderlinger, Elisabeth
  id: 31757262-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Naderlinger
- first_name: Jiri
  full_name: Matas, Jiri
  last_name: Matas
- first_name: Sylvia
  full_name: Cremer, Sylvia
  id: 2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Cremer
  orcid: 0000-0002-2193-3868
citation:
  ama: Casillas Perez BE, Pull C, Naiser F, Naderlinger E, Matas J, Cremer S. Early
    queen infection shapes developmental dynamics and induces long-term disease protection
    in incipient ant colonies. <i>Ecology Letters</i>. 2022;25(1):89-100. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13907">10.1111/ele.13907</a>
  apa: Casillas Perez, B. E., Pull, C., Naiser, F., Naderlinger, E., Matas, J., &#38;
    Cremer, S. (2022). Early queen infection shapes developmental dynamics and induces
    long-term disease protection in incipient ant colonies. <i>Ecology Letters</i>.
    Wiley. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13907">https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13907</a>
  chicago: Casillas Perez, Barbara E, Christopher Pull, Filip Naiser, Elisabeth Naderlinger,
    Jiri Matas, and Sylvia Cremer. “Early Queen Infection Shapes Developmental Dynamics
    and Induces Long-Term Disease Protection in Incipient Ant Colonies.” <i>Ecology
    Letters</i>. Wiley, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13907">https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13907</a>.
  ieee: B. E. Casillas Perez, C. Pull, F. Naiser, E. Naderlinger, J. Matas, and S.
    Cremer, “Early queen infection shapes developmental dynamics and induces long-term
    disease protection in incipient ant colonies,” <i>Ecology Letters</i>, vol. 25,
    no. 1. Wiley, pp. 89–100, 2022.
  ista: Casillas Perez BE, Pull C, Naiser F, Naderlinger E, Matas J, Cremer S. 2022.
    Early queen infection shapes developmental dynamics and induces long-term disease
    protection in incipient ant colonies. Ecology Letters. 25(1), 89–100.
  mla: Casillas Perez, Barbara E., et al. “Early Queen Infection Shapes Developmental
    Dynamics and Induces Long-Term Disease Protection in Incipient Ant Colonies.”
    <i>Ecology Letters</i>, vol. 25, no. 1, Wiley, 2022, pp. 89–100, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13907">10.1111/ele.13907</a>.
  short: B.E. Casillas Perez, C. Pull, F. Naiser, E. Naderlinger, J. Matas, S. Cremer,
    Ecology Letters 25 (2022) 89–100.
date_created: 2021-11-14T23:01:25Z
date_published: 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-14T11:45:29Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '573'
department:
- _id: SyCr
doi: 10.1111/ele.13907
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000713396100001'
  pmid:
  - '34725912'
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intvolume: '        25'
isi: 1
issue: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '01'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 89-100
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 2649B4DE-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '771402'
  name: Epidemics in ant societies on a chip
publication: Ecology Letters
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1461-0248
  issn:
  - 1461-023X
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
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  - id: '13061'
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scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Early queen infection shapes developmental dynamics and induces long-term disease
  protection in incipient ant colonies
tmp:
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  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
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  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8
volume: 25
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '13061'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Infections early in life can have enduring effects on an organism’s development
    and immunity. In this study, we show that this equally applies to developing “superorganisms”
    – incipient social insect colonies. When we exposed newly mated Lasius niger ant
    queens to a low pathogen dose, their colonies grew more slowly than controls before
    winter, but reached similar sizes afterwards. Independent of exposure, queen hibernation
    survival improved when the ratio of pupae to workers was small. Queens that reared
    fewer pupae before worker emergence exhibited lower pathogen levels, indicating
    that high brood rearing efforts interfere with the ability of the queen’s immune
    system to suppress pathogen proliferation. Early-life queen pathogen-exposure
    also improved the immunocompetence of her worker offspring, as demonstrated by
    challenging the workers to the same pathogen a year later. Transgenerational transfer
    of the queen’s pathogen experience to her workforce can hence durably reduce the
    disease susceptibility of the whole superorganism.
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Barbara E
  full_name: Casillas Perez, Barbara E
  id: 351ED2AA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Casillas Perez
- first_name: Christopher
  full_name: Pull, Christopher
  id: 3C7F4840-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Pull
  orcid: 0000-0003-1122-3982
- first_name: Filip
  full_name: Naiser, Filip
  last_name: Naiser
- first_name: Elisabeth
  full_name: Naderlinger, Elisabeth
  last_name: Naderlinger
- first_name: Jiri
  full_name: Matas, Jiri
  last_name: Matas
- first_name: Sylvia
  full_name: Cremer, Sylvia
  id: 2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Cremer
  orcid: 0000-0002-2193-3868
citation:
  ama: Casillas Perez BE, Pull C, Naiser F, Naderlinger E, Matas J, Cremer S. Early
    queen infection shapes developmental dynamics and induces long-term disease protection
    in incipient ant colonies. 2021. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.7PVMCVDTJ">10.5061/DRYAD.7PVMCVDTJ</a>
  apa: Casillas Perez, B. E., Pull, C., Naiser, F., Naderlinger, E., Matas, J., &#38;
    Cremer, S. (2021). Early queen infection shapes developmental dynamics and induces
    long-term disease protection in incipient ant colonies. Dryad. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.7PVMCVDTJ">https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.7PVMCVDTJ</a>
  chicago: Casillas Perez, Barbara E, Christopher Pull, Filip Naiser, Elisabeth Naderlinger,
    Jiri Matas, and Sylvia Cremer. “Early Queen Infection Shapes Developmental Dynamics
    and Induces Long-Term Disease Protection in Incipient Ant Colonies.” Dryad, 2021.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.7PVMCVDTJ">https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.7PVMCVDTJ</a>.
  ieee: B. E. Casillas Perez, C. Pull, F. Naiser, E. Naderlinger, J. Matas, and S.
    Cremer, “Early queen infection shapes developmental dynamics and induces long-term
    disease protection in incipient ant colonies.” Dryad, 2021.
  ista: Casillas Perez BE, Pull C, Naiser F, Naderlinger E, Matas J, Cremer S. 2021.
    Early queen infection shapes developmental dynamics and induces long-term disease
    protection in incipient ant colonies, Dryad, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.7PVMCVDTJ">10.5061/DRYAD.7PVMCVDTJ</a>.
  mla: Casillas Perez, Barbara E., et al. <i>Early Queen Infection Shapes Developmental
    Dynamics and Induces Long-Term Disease Protection in Incipient Ant Colonies</i>.
    Dryad, 2021, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/DRYAD.7PVMCVDTJ">10.5061/DRYAD.7PVMCVDTJ</a>.
  short: B.E. Casillas Perez, C. Pull, F. Naiser, E. Naderlinger, J. Matas, S. Cremer,
    (2021).
date_created: 2023-05-23T16:14:35Z
date_published: 2021-10-29T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-14T11:45:28Z
day: '29'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: SyCr
doi: 10.5061/DRYAD.7PVMCVDTJ
ec_funded: 1
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.7pvmcvdtj
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: 2649B4DE-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '771402'
  name: Epidemics in ant societies on a chip
publisher: Dryad
related_material:
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    relation: used_in_publication
    status: public
status: public
title: Early queen infection shapes developmental dynamics and induces long-term disease
  protection in incipient ant colonies
tmp:
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type: research_data_reference
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '6435'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Social insect colonies tend to have numerous members which function together
    like a single organism in such harmony that the term ``super-organism'' is often
    used. In this analogy the reproductive caste is analogous to the primordial germ\r\ncells
    of a metazoan, while the sterile worker caste corresponds to somatic cells. The
    worker castes, like tissues, are\r\nin charge of all functions of a living being,
    besides reproduction. The establishment of new super-organismal units\r\n(i.e.
    new colonies) is accomplished by the co-dependent castes. The term oftentimes
    goes beyond a metaphor. We invoke it when we speak about the metabolic rate, thermoregulation,
    nutrient regulation and gas exchange of a social insect colony. Furthermore, we
    assert that the super-organism has an immune system, and benefits from ``social
    immunity''.\r\n\r\nSocial immunity was first summoned by evolutionary biologists
    to resolve the apparent discrepancy between the expected high frequency of disease
    outbreak amongst numerous, closely related tightly-interacting hosts, living in
    stable and microbially-rich environments, against the exceptionally scarce epidemic
    accounts in natural populations. Social\r\nimmunity comprises a multi-layer assembly
    of behaviours which have evolved to effectively keep the pathogenic enemies of
    a colony at bay. The field of social immunity has drawn interest, as it becomes
    increasingly urgent to stop\r\nthe collapse of pollinator species and curb the
    growth of invasive pests. In the past decade, several mechanisms of\r\nsocial
    immune responses have been dissected, but many more questions remain open.\r\n\r\nI
    present my work in two experimental chapters. In the first, I use invasive garden
    ants (*Lasius neglectus*) to study how pathogen load and its distribution among
    nestmates affect the grooming response of the group. Any given group of ants will
    carry out the same total grooming work, but will direct their grooming effort
    towards individuals\r\ncarrying a relatively higher spore load. Contrary to expectation,
    the highest risk of transmission does not stem from grooming highly contaminated
    ants, but instead, we suggest that the grooming response likely minimizes spore
    loss to the environment, reducing contamination from inadvertent pickup from the
    substrate.\r\n\r\nThe second is a comparative developmental approach. I follow
    black garden ant queens (*Lasius niger*) and their colonies from mating flight,
    through hibernation for a year. Colonies which grow fast from the start, have
    a lower chance of survival through hibernation, and those which survive grow at
    a lower pace later. This is true for colonies of naive\r\nand challenged queens.
    Early pathogen exposure of the queens changes colony dynamics in an unexpected
    way: colonies from exposed queens are more likely to grow slowly and recover in
    numbers only after they survive hibernation.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the two experimental
    chapters, this thesis includes a co-authored published review on organisational\r\nimmunity,
    where we enlist the experimental evidence and theoretical framework on which this
    hypothesis is built,\r\nidentify the caveats and underline how the field is ripe
    to overcome them. In a final chapter, I describe my part in\r\ntwo collaborative
    efforts, one to develop an image-based tracker, and the second to develop a classifier
    for ant\r\nbehaviour."
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: Bio
- _id: ScienComp
- _id: M-Shop
- _id: LifeSc
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Barbara E
  full_name: Casillas Perez, Barbara E
  id: 351ED2AA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Casillas Perez
citation:
  ama: Casillas Perez BE. Collective defenses of garden ants against a fungal pathogen.
    2019. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6435">10.15479/AT:ISTA:6435</a>
  apa: Casillas Perez, B. E. (2019). <i>Collective defenses of garden ants against
    a fungal pathogen</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6435">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6435</a>
  chicago: Casillas Perez, Barbara E. “Collective Defenses of Garden Ants against
    a Fungal Pathogen.” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2019. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6435">https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6435</a>.
  ieee: B. E. Casillas Perez, “Collective defenses of garden ants against a fungal
    pathogen,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2019.
  ista: Casillas Perez BE. 2019. Collective defenses of garden ants against a fungal
    pathogen. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.
  mla: Casillas Perez, Barbara E. <i>Collective Defenses of Garden Ants against a
    Fungal Pathogen</i>. Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2019, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.15479/AT:ISTA:6435">10.15479/AT:ISTA:6435</a>.
  short: B.E. Casillas Perez, Collective Defenses of Garden Ants against a Fungal
    Pathogen, Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 2019.
date_created: 2019-05-13T08:58:35Z
date_published: 2019-05-07T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-09-07T12:57:04Z
day: '07'
ddc:
- '570'
- '006'
- '578'
- '592'
degree_awarded: PhD
department:
- _id: SyCr
doi: 10.15479/AT:ISTA:6435
ec_funded: 1
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 6daf2d2086111aa8fd3fbc919a3e2833
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: casillas
  date_created: 2019-05-13T09:16:20Z
  date_updated: 2021-02-11T11:17:15Z
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  file_size: 3895187
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  checksum: 3d221aaff7559a7060230a1ff610594f
  content_type: application/zip
  creator: casillas
  date_created: 2019-05-13T09:16:20Z
  date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:47:30Z
  embargo_to: open_access
  file_id: '6439'
  file_name: tesisDoctoradoBC.zip
  file_size: 7365118
  relation: source_file
file_date_updated: 2021-02-11T11:17:15Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
keyword:
- Social Immunity
- Sanitary care
- Social Insects
- Organisational Immunity
- Colony development
- Multi-target tracking
language:
- iso: eng
month: '05'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: '183'
project:
- _id: 2649B4DE-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '771402'
  name: Epidemics in ant societies on a chip
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2663-337X
publication_status: published
publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
related_material:
  record:
  - id: '1999'
    relation: part_of_dissertation
    status: public
status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Sylvia M
  full_name: Cremer, Sylvia M
  id: 2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Cremer
  orcid: 0000-0002-2193-3868
title: Collective defenses of garden ants against a fungal pathogen
type: dissertation
user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1
year: '2019'
...