[{"month":"03","quality_controlled":"1","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2397-334X"]},"isi":1,"article_type":"original","volume":7,"date_created":"2023-02-12T23:00:59Z","pmid":1,"acknowledgement":"We thank B. M. Steinwender, N. V. Meyling and J. Eilenberg for the fungal strains; J. Anaya-Rojas for statistical advice; the Social Immunity team at ISTA for ant collection and experimental help, in particular H. Leitner, and the ISTA Lab Support Facility for general laboratory support; D. Ebert, H. Schulenburg and J. Heinze for continued project discussion; and M. Sixt, R. Roemhild and the Social Immunity team for comments on the manuscript. The study was funded by the German Research Foundation (CR118/3-1) within the Framework of the Priority Program SPP 1399, and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (No. 771402; EPIDEMICSonCHIP), both to S.C.","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"},{"_id":"LifeSc"},{"_id":"JiFr"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","ddc":["570"],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","file_date_updated":"2023-08-16T11:54:59Z","intvolume":"         7","author":[{"first_name":"Miriam","full_name":"Stock, Miriam","last_name":"Stock","id":"42462816-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"last_name":"Milutinovic","id":"2CDC32B8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8214-4758","first_name":"Barbara","full_name":"Milutinovic, Barbara"},{"id":"953894f3-25bd-11ec-8556-f70a9d38ef60","last_name":"Hönigsberger","full_name":"Hönigsberger, Michaela","first_name":"Michaela"},{"id":"406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Grasse","full_name":"Grasse, Anna V","first_name":"Anna V"},{"id":"39523C54-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Wiesenhofer","full_name":"Wiesenhofer, Florian","first_name":"Florian"},{"id":"2AC57FAC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Kampleitner","full_name":"Kampleitner, Niklas","first_name":"Niklas"},{"first_name":"Madhumitha","full_name":"Narasimhan, Madhumitha","last_name":"Narasimhan","id":"44BF24D0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8600-0671"},{"last_name":"Schmitt","full_name":"Schmitt, Thomas","first_name":"Thomas"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","last_name":"Cremer","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Sylvia","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia"}],"oa":1,"_id":"12543","date_published":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6","publisher":"Springer Nature","year":"2023","type":"journal_article","publication":"Nature Ecology and Evolution","external_id":{"pmid":["36732670"],"isi":["000924572800001"]},"related_material":{"link":[{"url":"https://ista.ac.at/en/news/how-sneaky-germs-hide-from-ants/","description":"News on ISTA website","relation":"press_release"}]},"title":"Pathogen evasion of social immunity","file":[{"success":1,"date_updated":"2023-08-16T11:54:59Z","file_id":"14069","date_created":"2023-08-16T11:54:59Z","checksum":"8244f4650a0e7aeea488d1bcd4a31702","file_size":1600499,"file_name":"2023_NatureEcoEvo_Stock.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","access_level":"open_access","creator":"dernst"}],"project":[{"call_identifier":"H2020","grant_number":"771402","name":"Epidemics in ant societies on a chip","_id":"2649B4DE-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"grant_number":"CR-118/3-1","_id":"25DAF0B2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Host-Parasite Coevolution"}],"citation":{"ieee":"M. Stock <i>et al.</i>, “Pathogen evasion of social immunity,” <i>Nature Ecology and Evolution</i>, vol. 7. Springer Nature, pp. 450–460, 2023.","chicago":"Stock, Miriam, Barbara Milutinovic, Michaela Hönigsberger, Anna V Grasse, Florian Wiesenhofer, Niklas Kampleitner, Madhumitha Narasimhan, Thomas Schmitt, and Sylvia Cremer. “Pathogen Evasion of Social Immunity.” <i>Nature Ecology and Evolution</i>. Springer Nature, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6</a>.","ama":"Stock M, Milutinovic B, Hönigsberger M, et al. Pathogen evasion of social immunity. <i>Nature Ecology and Evolution</i>. 2023;7:450-460. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6\">10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6</a>","short":"M. Stock, B. Milutinovic, M. Hönigsberger, A.V. Grasse, F. Wiesenhofer, N. Kampleitner, M. Narasimhan, T. Schmitt, S. Cremer, Nature Ecology and Evolution 7 (2023) 450–460.","apa":"Stock, M., Milutinovic, B., Hönigsberger, M., Grasse, A. V., Wiesenhofer, F., Kampleitner, N., … Cremer, S. (2023). Pathogen evasion of social immunity. <i>Nature Ecology and Evolution</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6</a>","mla":"Stock, Miriam, et al. “Pathogen Evasion of Social Immunity.” <i>Nature Ecology and Evolution</i>, vol. 7, Springer Nature, 2023, pp. 450–60, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6\">10.1038/s41559-023-01981-6</a>.","ista":"Stock M, Milutinovic B, Hönigsberger M, Grasse AV, Wiesenhofer F, Kampleitner N, Narasimhan M, Schmitt T, Cremer S. 2023. Pathogen evasion of social immunity. Nature Ecology and Evolution. 7, 450–460."},"scopus_import":"1","has_accepted_license":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","page":"450-460","publication_status":"published","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"day":"01","ec_funded":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Treating sick group members is a hallmark of collective disease defence in vertebrates and invertebrates alike. Despite substantial effects on pathogen fitness and epidemiology, it is still largely unknown how pathogens react to the selection pressure imposed by care intervention. Using social insects and pathogenic fungi, we here performed a serial passage experiment in the presence or absence of colony members, which provide social immunity by grooming off infectious spores from exposed individuals. We found specific effects on pathogen diversity, virulence and transmission. Under selection of social immunity, pathogens invested into higher spore production, but spores were less virulent. Notably, they also elicited a lower grooming response in colony members, compared with spores from the individual host selection lines. Chemical spore analysis suggested that the spores from social selection lines escaped the caregivers’ detection by containing lower levels of ergosterol, a key fungal membrane component. Experimental application of chemically pure ergosterol indeed induced sanitary grooming, supporting its role as a microbe-associated cue triggering host social immunity against fungal pathogens. By reducing this detection cue, pathogens were able to evade the otherwise very effective collective disease defences of their social hosts."}],"date_updated":"2023-08-16T11:55:48Z","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"LifeSc"}],"status":"public","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},{"department":[{"_id":"SyCr"},{"_id":"KrCh"}],"acknowledgement":"We thank Bernhardt Steinwender and Jorgen Eilenberg for the fungal strains, Xavier Espadaler, Mireia Diaz, Christiane Wanke, Lumi Viljakainen and the Social Immunity Team at IST Austria, for help with ant collection, and Wanda Gorecka and Gertraud Stift of the IST Austria Life Science Facility for technical support. We are thankful to Dieter Ebert for input at all stages of the project, Roger Mundry for statistical advice, Hinrich Schulenburg, Paul Schmid-Hempel, Yuko\r\nUlrich and Joachim Kurtz for project discussion, Bor Kavcic for advice on growth curves, Marcus Roper for advice on modelling work and comments on the manuscript, as well as Marjon de Vos, Weini Huang and the Social Immunity Team for comments on the manuscript.\r\nThis study was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) within the Priority Programme 1399 Host-parasite Coevolution (CR 118/3 to S.C.) and the People Programme\r\n(Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under REA grant agreement no 291734 (ISTFELLOW to B.M.). ","date_created":"2020-01-20T13:32:12Z","intvolume":"        23","user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","article_processing_charge":"Yes (via OA deal)","ddc":["570"],"file_date_updated":"2020-11-19T11:27:10Z","quality_controlled":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1461-023X"],"eissn":["1461-0248"]},"month":"03","article_type":"letter_note","volume":23,"isi":1,"publisher":"Wiley","year":"2020","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1111/ele.13458","type":"journal_article","oa":1,"_id":"7343","author":[{"last_name":"Milutinovic","id":"2CDC32B8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8214-4758","first_name":"Barbara","full_name":"Milutinovic, Barbara"},{"last_name":"Stock","id":"42462816-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Miriam","full_name":"Stock, Miriam"},{"full_name":"Grasse, Anna V","first_name":"Anna V","last_name":"Grasse","id":"406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Naderlinger, Elisabeth","first_name":"Elisabeth","last_name":"Naderlinger","id":"31757262-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"Christian","full_name":"Hilbe, Christian","orcid":"0000-0001-5116-955X","last_name":"Hilbe","id":"2FDF8F3C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","last_name":"Cremer","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","first_name":"Sylvia"}],"date_published":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","project":[{"_id":"25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme","grant_number":"291734","call_identifier":"FP7"},{"name":"Host-Parasite Coevolution","_id":"25DAF0B2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"CR-118/3-1"}],"citation":{"apa":"Milutinovic, B., Stock, M., Grasse, A. V., Naderlinger, E., Hilbe, C., &#38; Cremer, S. (2020). Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens. <i>Ecology Letters</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13458\">https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13458</a>","short":"B. Milutinovic, M. Stock, A.V. Grasse, E. Naderlinger, C. Hilbe, S. Cremer, Ecology Letters 23 (2020) 565–574.","ista":"Milutinovic B, Stock M, Grasse AV, Naderlinger E, Hilbe C, Cremer S. 2020. Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens. Ecology Letters. 23(3), 565–574.","mla":"Milutinovic, Barbara, et al. “Social Immunity Modulates Competition between Coinfecting Pathogens.” <i>Ecology Letters</i>, vol. 23, no. 3, Wiley, 2020, pp. 565–74, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13458\">10.1111/ele.13458</a>.","ama":"Milutinovic B, Stock M, Grasse AV, Naderlinger E, Hilbe C, Cremer S. Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens. <i>Ecology Letters</i>. 2020;23(3):565-574. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13458\">10.1111/ele.13458</a>","chicago":"Milutinovic, Barbara, Miriam Stock, Anna V Grasse, Elisabeth Naderlinger, Christian Hilbe, and Sylvia Cremer. “Social Immunity Modulates Competition between Coinfecting Pathogens.” <i>Ecology Letters</i>. Wiley, 2020. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13458\">https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13458</a>.","ieee":"B. Milutinovic, M. Stock, A. V. Grasse, E. Naderlinger, C. Hilbe, and S. Cremer, “Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens,” <i>Ecology Letters</i>, vol. 23, no. 3. Wiley, pp. 565–574, 2020."},"has_accepted_license":"1","issue":"3","scopus_import":"1","external_id":{"isi":["000507515900001"]},"related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","id":"13060","status":"public"}],"link":[{"url":"https://ist.ac.at/en/news/social-ants-shapes-disease-outcome/","description":"News on IST Homepage","relation":"press_release"}]},"file":[{"checksum":"0cd8be386fa219db02845b7c3991ce04","file_id":"8776","date_created":"2020-11-19T11:27:10Z","success":1,"date_updated":"2020-11-19T11:27:10Z","file_name":"2020_EcologyLetters_Milutinovic.pdf","file_size":561749,"access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","creator":"dernst"}],"title":"Social immunity modulates competition between coinfecting pathogens","publication":"Ecology Letters","date_updated":"2023-09-05T16:04:49Z","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"LifeSc"}],"status":"public","ec_funded":1,"abstract":[{"text":"Coinfections with multiple pathogens can result in complex within‐host dynamics affecting virulence and transmission. While multiple infections are intensively studied in solitary hosts, it is so far unresolved how social host interactions interfere with pathogen competition, and if this depends on coinfection diversity. We studied how the collective disease defences of ants – their social immunity – influence pathogen competition in coinfections of same or different fungal pathogen species. Social immunity reduced virulence for all pathogen combinations, but interfered with spore production only in different‐species coinfections. Here, it decreased overall pathogen sporulation success while increasing co‐sporulation on individual cadavers and maintaining a higher pathogen diversity at the community level. Mathematical modelling revealed that host sanitary care alone can modulate competitive outcomes between pathogens, giving advantage to fast‐germinating, thus less grooming‐sensitive ones. Host social interactions can hence modulate infection dynamics in coinfected group members, thereby altering pathogen communities at the host level and population level.","lang":"eng"}],"publication_status":"published","page":"565-574","oa_version":"Published Version","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)","short":"CC BY-NC (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by_nc.png"},"day":"01"},{"user_id":"3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","ddc":["570"],"file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:44:39Z","intvolume":"       119","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:50:41Z","acknowledgement":"The authors thank Sophie A.O. Armitage and Jan N. Offenborn for helpful comments on the figures, and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. The project was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, KU 1929/4-2) within the priority programme SPP 1399 “Host–Parasite Coevolution”.","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"volume":119,"month":"08","quality_controlled":"1","publist_id":"6147","type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.zool.2016.03.006","publisher":"Elsevier","year":"2016","date_published":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","author":[{"last_name":"Milutinovic","id":"2CDC32B8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-8214-4758","full_name":"Milutinovic, Barbara","first_name":"Barbara"},{"first_name":"Robert","full_name":"Peuß, Robert","last_name":"Peuß"},{"full_name":"Ferro, Kevin","first_name":"Kevin","last_name":"Ferro"},{"first_name":"Joachim","full_name":"Kurtz, Joachim","last_name":"Kurtz"}],"oa":1,"_id":"1202","issue":"4","scopus_import":1,"has_accepted_license":"1","project":[{"grant_number":"CR-118/3-1","name":"Host-Parasite Coevolution","_id":"25DAF0B2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"citation":{"ama":"Milutinovic B, Peuß R, Ferro K, Kurtz J. Immune priming in arthropods: an update focusing on the red flour beetle. <i>Zoology </i>. 2016;119(4):254-261. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2016.03.006\">10.1016/j.zool.2016.03.006</a>","ista":"Milutinovic B, Peuß R, Ferro K, Kurtz J. 2016. Immune priming in arthropods: an update focusing on the red flour beetle. Zoology . 119(4), 254–261.","apa":"Milutinovic, B., Peuß, R., Ferro, K., &#38; Kurtz, J. (2016). Immune priming in arthropods: an update focusing on the red flour beetle. <i>Zoology </i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2016.03.006\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2016.03.006</a>","short":"B. Milutinovic, R. Peuß, K. Ferro, J. Kurtz, Zoology  119 (2016) 254–261.","mla":"Milutinovic, Barbara, et al. “Immune Priming in Arthropods: An Update Focusing on the Red Flour Beetle.” <i>Zoology </i>, vol. 119, no. 4, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 254–61, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2016.03.006\">10.1016/j.zool.2016.03.006</a>.","ieee":"B. Milutinovic, R. Peuß, K. Ferro, and J. Kurtz, “Immune priming in arthropods: an update focusing on the red flour beetle,” <i>Zoology </i>, vol. 119, no. 4. Elsevier, pp. 254–261, 2016.","chicago":"Milutinovic, Barbara, Robert Peuß, Kevin Ferro, and Joachim Kurtz. “Immune Priming in Arthropods: An Update Focusing on the Red Flour Beetle.” <i>Zoology </i>. Elsevier, 2016. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2016.03.006\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2016.03.006</a>."},"publication":"Zoology ","title":"Immune priming in arthropods: an update focusing on the red flour beetle","file":[{"date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:44:39Z","date_created":"2019-01-25T13:00:20Z","checksum":"8396d5bd95f9c4295857162f902afabf","file_id":"5885","file_size":1473211,"file_name":"2016_Elsevier_Milutinovic.pdf","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","creator":"kschuh"}],"status":"public","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","date_updated":"2021-01-12T06:49:03Z","page":"254 - 261","oa_version":"Published Version","publication_status":"published","tmp":{"image":"/images/cc_by_nc_nd.png","short":"CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)","name":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode"},"day":"01"},{"article_type":"original","volume":282,"month":"01","publist_id":"5090","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0962-8452"],"eissn":["1471-2954"]},"quality_controlled":"1","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","article_processing_charge":"No","intvolume":"       282","article_number":"20141976","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:55:06Z","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"acknowledgement":"Funding was obtained by the German Research Foundation (CR 118–2) and an ERC StG (243071) by the European Research Council (both to S.C.).\r\nWe thank Line V. Ugelvig for help with ant collection and statistical discussion, Xavier Espadaler for detailed information on the ant collection site, Birgit Lautenschläger for the electron microscopy images and Eva Sixt for ant drawings. We further thank Jørgen Eilenberg for the fungal strain, Meghan L. Vyleta for genetic strain characterization and immune gene primer development, Paul Schmid-Hempel for discussion, and Line V. Ugelvig, Xavier Espadaler and Christopher D. Pull for comments on the manuscript. S.C., M.K. and S.T. conceived the study; M.K. and A.V.G. performed the experiments; M.K. performed the statistical analysis; S.C. and M.K. wrote the manuscript with intense contributions of A.V.G. and S.T.; all authors approved the manuscript.","pmid":1,"date_published":"2015-01-22T00:00:00Z","author":[{"id":"46528076-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Konrad","first_name":"Matthias","full_name":"Konrad, Matthias"},{"first_name":"Anna V","full_name":"Grasse, Anna V","id":"406F989C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Grasse"},{"full_name":"Tragust, Simon","first_name":"Simon","id":"35A7A418-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Tragust"},{"full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","first_name":"Sylvia","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Cremer"}],"_id":"1993","oa":1,"type":"journal_article","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2014.1976","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2015","publisher":"The Royal Society","publication":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences","title":"Anti-pathogen protection versus survival costs mediated by an ectosymbiont in an ant host","external_id":{"pmid":["25473011"]},"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"9740","status":"public","relation":"research_data"}]},"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4286035/"}],"scopus_import":"1","issue":"1799","citation":{"chicago":"Konrad, Matthias, Anna V Grasse, Simon Tragust, and Sylvia Cremer. “Anti-Pathogen Protection versus Survival Costs Mediated by an Ectosymbiont in an Ant Host.” <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences</i>. The Royal Society, 2015. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1976\">https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1976</a>.","ieee":"M. Konrad, A. V. Grasse, S. Tragust, and S. Cremer, “Anti-pathogen protection versus survival costs mediated by an ectosymbiont in an ant host,” <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences</i>, vol. 282, no. 1799. The Royal Society, 2015.","apa":"Konrad, M., Grasse, A. V., Tragust, S., &#38; Cremer, S. (2015). Anti-pathogen protection versus survival costs mediated by an ectosymbiont in an ant host. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences</i>. The Royal Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1976\">https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1976</a>","mla":"Konrad, Matthias, et al. “Anti-Pathogen Protection versus Survival Costs Mediated by an Ectosymbiont in an Ant Host.” <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences</i>, vol. 282, no. 1799, 20141976, The Royal Society, 2015, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1976\">10.1098/rspb.2014.1976</a>.","short":"M. Konrad, A.V. Grasse, S. Tragust, S. Cremer, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 282 (2015).","ista":"Konrad M, Grasse AV, Tragust S, Cremer S. 2015. Anti-pathogen protection versus survival costs mediated by an ectosymbiont in an ant host. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences. 282(1799), 20141976.","ama":"Konrad M, Grasse AV, Tragust S, Cremer S. Anti-pathogen protection versus survival costs mediated by an ectosymbiont in an ant host. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences</i>. 2015;282(1799). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1976\">10.1098/rspb.2014.1976</a>"},"project":[{"name":"Social Vaccination in Ant Colonies: from Individual Mechanisms to Society Effects","_id":"25DC711C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"243071","call_identifier":"FP7"},{"grant_number":"CR-118/3-1","name":"Host-Parasite Coevolution","_id":"25DAF0B2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"}],"day":"22","oa_version":"Submitted Version","publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The fitness effects of symbionts on their hosts can be context-dependent, with usually benign symbionts causing detrimental effects when their hosts are stressed, or typically parasitic symbionts providing protection towards their hosts (e.g. against pathogen infection). Here, we studied the novel association between the invasive garden ant Lasius neglectus and its fungal ectosymbiont Laboulbenia formicarum for potential costs and benefits. We tested ants with different Laboulbenia levels for their survival and immunity under resource limitation and exposure to the obligate killing entomopathogen Metarhizium brunneum. While survival of L. neglectus workers under starvation was significantly decreased with increasing Laboulbenia levels, host survival under Metarhizium exposure increased with higher levels of the ectosymbiont, suggesting a symbiont-mediated anti-pathogen protection, which seems to be driven mechanistically by both improved sanitary behaviours and an upregulated immune system. Ants with high Laboulbenia levels showed significantly longer self-grooming and elevated expression of immune genes relevant for wound repair and antifungal responses (β-1,3-glucan binding protein, Prophenoloxidase), compared with ants carrying low Laboulbenia levels. This suggests that the ectosymbiont Laboulbenia formicarum weakens its ant host by either direct resource exploitation or the costs of an upregulated behavioural and immunological response, which, however, provides a prophylactic protection upon later exposure to pathogens. "}],"ec_funded":1,"status":"public","acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"EM-Fac"}],"date_updated":"2023-02-23T14:06:41Z"},{"author":[{"first_name":"Claudia","full_name":"Westhus, Claudia","last_name":"Westhus","id":"ca9c6ca9-e8aa-11ec-a586-b9471ede0494"},{"last_name":"Ugelvig","id":"3DC97C8E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1832-8883","first_name":"Line V","full_name":"Ugelvig, Line V"},{"last_name":"Tourdot","full_name":"Tourdot, Edouard","first_name":"Edouard"},{"full_name":"Heinze, Jürgen","first_name":"Jürgen","last_name":"Heinze"},{"last_name":"Doums","first_name":"Claudie","full_name":"Doums, Claudie"},{"first_name":"Sylvia","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","last_name":"Cremer","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868"}],"_id":"2161","date_published":"2014-07-23T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.1007/s00265-014-1778-8","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2014","publisher":"Springer","type":"journal_article","month":"07","publist_id":"4823","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0340-5443"]},"quality_controlled":"1","volume":68,"article_type":"original","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:56:03Z","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"acknowledgement":"We thank Katrin Kellner for colony establishment and characterization, Mike Bidochka for the fungal strain, Meghan Vyleta for fungal strain characterization, Martina Klatt and Simon Tragust for help in the laboratory, Dimitri Missoh for developing the software BioLogic, and Mark Brown and Raphaël Jeanson for discussion and help with data analysis. The study was funded by the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant to SC; Marie Curie IEF to LVU) and the German Research Foundation DFG (to SC and to JH), and CW received funding by the doctoral school Diversité du Vivant (Cotutelle project to CD and SC).\r\n","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","article_processing_charge":"No","intvolume":"        68","day":"23","page":"1701 - 1710","oa_version":"None","publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"text":"Repeated pathogen exposure is a common threat in colonies of social insects, posing selection pressures on colony members to respond with improved disease-defense performance. We here tested whether experience gained by repeated tending of low-level fungus-exposed (Metarhizium robertsii) larvae may alter the performance of sanitary brood care in the clonal ant, Platythyrea punctata. We trained ants individually over nine consecutive trials to either sham-treated or fungus-exposed larvae. We then compared the larval grooming behavior of naive and trained ants and measured how effectively they removed infectious fungal conidiospores from the fungus-exposed larvae. We found that the ants changed the duration of larval grooming in response to both, larval treatment and their level of experience: (1) sham-treated larvae received longer grooming than the fungus-exposed larvae and (2) trained ants performed less self-grooming but longer larval grooming than naive ants, which was true for both, ants trained to fungus-exposed and also to sham-treated larvae. Ants that groomed the fungus-exposed larvae for longer periods removed a higher number of fungal conidiospores from the surface of the fungus-exposed larvae. As experienced ants performed longer larval grooming, they were more effective in fungal removal, thus making them better caretakers under pathogen attack of the colony. By studying this clonal ant, we can thus conclude that even in the absence of genetic variation between colony members, differences in experience levels of brood care may affect performance of sanitary brood care in social insects.","lang":"eng"}],"ec_funded":1,"date_updated":"2023-02-23T14:06:46Z","status":"public","publication":"Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology","title":"Increased grooming after repeated brood care provides sanitary benefits in a clonal ant","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","id":"9742","status":"public"}]},"citation":{"ista":"Westhus C, Ugelvig LV, Tourdot E, Heinze J, Doums C, Cremer S. 2014. Increased grooming after repeated brood care provides sanitary benefits in a clonal ant. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 68(10), 1701–1710.","short":"C. Westhus, L.V. Ugelvig, E. Tourdot, J. Heinze, C. Doums, S. Cremer, Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 68 (2014) 1701–1710.","mla":"Westhus, Claudia, et al. “Increased Grooming after Repeated Brood Care Provides Sanitary Benefits in a Clonal Ant.” <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i>, vol. 68, no. 10, Springer, 2014, pp. 1701–10, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-014-1778-8\">10.1007/s00265-014-1778-8</a>.","apa":"Westhus, C., Ugelvig, L. V., Tourdot, E., Heinze, J., Doums, C., &#38; Cremer, S. (2014). Increased grooming after repeated brood care provides sanitary benefits in a clonal ant. <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i>. Springer. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-014-1778-8\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-014-1778-8</a>","ama":"Westhus C, Ugelvig LV, Tourdot E, Heinze J, Doums C, Cremer S. Increased grooming after repeated brood care provides sanitary benefits in a clonal ant. <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i>. 2014;68(10):1701-1710. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-014-1778-8\">10.1007/s00265-014-1778-8</a>","chicago":"Westhus, Claudia, Line V Ugelvig, Edouard Tourdot, Jürgen Heinze, Claudie Doums, and Sylvia Cremer. “Increased Grooming after Repeated Brood Care Provides Sanitary Benefits in a Clonal Ant.” <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i>. Springer, 2014. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-014-1778-8\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-014-1778-8</a>.","ieee":"C. Westhus, L. V. Ugelvig, E. Tourdot, J. Heinze, C. Doums, and S. Cremer, “Increased grooming after repeated brood care provides sanitary benefits in a clonal ant,” <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i>, vol. 68, no. 10. Springer, pp. 1701–1710, 2014."},"project":[{"call_identifier":"FP7","grant_number":"291734","name":"International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme","_id":"25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"grant_number":"243071","call_identifier":"FP7","name":"Social Vaccination in Ant Colonies: from Individual Mechanisms to Society Effects","_id":"25DC711C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"grant_number":"CR-118/3-1","_id":"25DAF0B2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Host-Parasite Coevolution"}],"scopus_import":"1","issue":"10"},{"_id":"2926","author":[{"full_name":"Tragust, Simon","first_name":"Simon","id":"35A7A418-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Tragust"},{"id":"479DDAAC-E9CD-11E9-9B5F-82450873F7A1","last_name":"Mitteregger","full_name":"Mitteregger, Barbara","first_name":"Barbara"},{"orcid":"0000-0003-2676-3367","id":"419EECCC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Barone","first_name":"Vanessa","full_name":"Barone, Vanessa"},{"last_name":"Konrad","id":"46528076-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Konrad, Matthias","first_name":"Matthias"},{"first_name":"Line V","full_name":"Ugelvig, Line V","last_name":"Ugelvig","id":"3DC97C8E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1832-8883"},{"full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","first_name":"Sylvia","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Cremer","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868"}],"date_published":"2013-01-07T00:00:00Z","publisher":"Cell Press","year":"2013","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.034","type":"journal_article","quality_controlled":"1","publist_id":"3811","month":"01","volume":23,"acknowledgement":"Funding for this project was obtained by the German Research Foundation (DFG, to S.C.) and the European Research Council (ERC, through an ERC-Starting Grant to S.C. and an Individual Marie Curie IEF fellowship to L.V.U.).\r\nWe thank Jørgen Eilenberg, Bernhardt Steinwender, Miriam Stock, and Meghan L. Vyleta for the fungal strain and its characterization; Volker Witte for chemical information; Eva Sixt for ant drawings; and Robert Hauschild for help with image analysis. We further thank Martin Kaltenpoth, Michael Sixt, Jürgen Heinze, and Joachim Ruther for discussion and Daria Siekhaus, Sophie A.O. Armitage, and Leila Masri for comments on the manuscript. \r\n","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"},{"_id":"CaHe"}],"date_created":"2018-12-11T12:00:23Z","intvolume":"        23","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","ec_funded":1,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"To fight infectious diseases, host immune defenses are employed at multiple levels. Sanitary behavior, such as pathogen avoidance and removal, acts as a first line of defense to prevent infection [1] before activation of the physiological immune system. Insect societies have evolved a wide range of collective hygiene measures and intensive health care toward pathogen-exposed group members [2]. One of the most common behaviors is allogrooming, in which nestmates remove infectious particles from the body surfaces of exposed individuals [3]. Here we show that, in invasive garden ants, grooming of fungus-exposed brood is effective beyond the sheer mechanical removal of fungal conidiospores; it also includes chemical disinfection through the application of poison produced by the ants themselves. Formic acid is the main active component of the poison. It inhibits fungal growth of conidiospores remaining on the brood surface after grooming and also those collected in the mouth of the grooming ant. This dual function is achieved by uptake of the poison droplet into the mouth through acidopore self-grooming and subsequent application onto the infectious brood via brood grooming. This extraordinary behavior extends the current understanding of grooming and the establishment of social immunity in insect societies."}],"oa_version":"None","page":"76 - 82","publication_status":"published","day":"07","date_updated":"2023-09-07T12:05:08Z","status":"public","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","status":"public","id":"9757"},{"relation":"dissertation_contains","status":"public","id":"961"}]},"title":"Ants disinfect fungus-exposed brood by oral uptake and spread of their poison","publication":"Current Biology","project":[{"_id":"25DAF0B2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Host-Parasite Coevolution","grant_number":"CR-118/3-1"},{"call_identifier":"FP7","grant_number":"243071","name":"Social Vaccination in Ant Colonies: from Individual Mechanisms to Society Effects","_id":"25DC711C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"name":"Pathogen Detectors Collective disease defence and pathogen detection abilities in ant societies: a chemo-neuro-immunological approach","_id":"25DDF0F0-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","grant_number":"302004","call_identifier":"FP7"}],"citation":{"ieee":"S. Tragust, B. Mitteregger, V. Barone, M. Konrad, L. V. Ugelvig, and S. Cremer, “Ants disinfect fungus-exposed brood by oral uptake and spread of their poison,” <i>Current Biology</i>, vol. 23, no. 1. Cell Press, pp. 76–82, 2013.","chicago":"Tragust, Simon, Barbara Mitteregger, Vanessa Barone, Matthias Konrad, Line V Ugelvig, and Sylvia Cremer. “Ants Disinfect Fungus-Exposed Brood by Oral Uptake and Spread of Their Poison.” <i>Current Biology</i>. Cell Press, 2013. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.034\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.034</a>.","ama":"Tragust S, Mitteregger B, Barone V, Konrad M, Ugelvig LV, Cremer S. Ants disinfect fungus-exposed brood by oral uptake and spread of their poison. <i>Current Biology</i>. 2013;23(1):76-82. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.034\">10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.034</a>","apa":"Tragust, S., Mitteregger, B., Barone, V., Konrad, M., Ugelvig, L. V., &#38; Cremer, S. (2013). Ants disinfect fungus-exposed brood by oral uptake and spread of their poison. <i>Current Biology</i>. Cell Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.034\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.034</a>","ista":"Tragust S, Mitteregger B, Barone V, Konrad M, Ugelvig LV, Cremer S. 2013. Ants disinfect fungus-exposed brood by oral uptake and spread of their poison. Current Biology. 23(1), 76–82.","mla":"Tragust, Simon, et al. “Ants Disinfect Fungus-Exposed Brood by Oral Uptake and Spread of Their Poison.” <i>Current Biology</i>, vol. 23, no. 1, Cell Press, 2013, pp. 76–82, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.034\">10.1016/j.cub.2012.11.034</a>.","short":"S. Tragust, B. Mitteregger, V. Barone, M. Konrad, L.V. Ugelvig, S. Cremer, Current Biology 23 (2013) 76–82."},"issue":"1","scopus_import":1},{"publist_id":"4647","quality_controlled":"1","month":"10","volume":13,"acknowledgement":"The study was funded by the European Research Council (Marie Curie ERG 036569) and Marie Curie IEF 302204 to LVU\r\nCC BY 2.0\r\n","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"article_number":"225","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:56:46Z","intvolume":"        13","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:45:37Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","ddc":["570"],"_id":"2284","oa":1,"author":[{"id":"35A7A418-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Tragust","full_name":"Tragust, Simon","first_name":"Simon"},{"last_name":"Ugelvig","id":"3DC97C8E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0003-1832-8883","full_name":"Ugelvig, Line V","first_name":"Line V"},{"first_name":"Michel","full_name":"Chapuisat, Michel","last_name":"Chapuisat"},{"full_name":"Heinze, Jürgen","first_name":"Jürgen","last_name":"Heinze"},{"full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia","first_name":"Sylvia","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","last_name":"Cremer","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"date_published":"2013-10-14T00:00:00Z","year":"2013","publisher":"BioMed Central","doi":"10.1186/1471-2148-13-225","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"type":"journal_article","file":[{"file_id":"5026","date_created":"2018-12-12T10:13:41Z","checksum":"c16ef36f2a10786a7885e19c4528d707","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:45:37Z","file_name":"IST-2016-402-v1+1_1471-2148-13-225.pdf","file_size":281736,"access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","creator":"system"}],"title":"Pupal cocoons affect sanitary brood care and limit fungal infections in ant colonies","related_material":{"record":[{"status":"public","id":"9753","relation":"research_data"}]},"publication":"BMC Evolutionary Biology","citation":{"apa":"Tragust, S., Ugelvig, L. V., Chapuisat, M., Heinze, J., &#38; Cremer, S. (2013). Pupal cocoons affect sanitary brood care and limit fungal infections in ant colonies. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. BioMed Central. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-225\">https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-225</a>","short":"S. Tragust, L.V. Ugelvig, M. Chapuisat, J. Heinze, S. Cremer, BMC Evolutionary Biology 13 (2013).","mla":"Tragust, Simon, et al. “Pupal Cocoons Affect Sanitary Brood Care and Limit Fungal Infections in Ant Colonies.” <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>, vol. 13, no. 1, 225, BioMed Central, 2013, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-225\">10.1186/1471-2148-13-225</a>.","ista":"Tragust S, Ugelvig LV, Chapuisat M, Heinze J, Cremer S. 2013. Pupal cocoons affect sanitary brood care and limit fungal infections in ant colonies. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13(1), 225.","ama":"Tragust S, Ugelvig LV, Chapuisat M, Heinze J, Cremer S. Pupal cocoons affect sanitary brood care and limit fungal infections in ant colonies. <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. 2013;13(1). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-225\">10.1186/1471-2148-13-225</a>","chicago":"Tragust, Simon, Line V Ugelvig, Michel Chapuisat, Jürgen Heinze, and Sylvia Cremer. “Pupal Cocoons Affect Sanitary Brood Care and Limit Fungal Infections in Ant Colonies.” <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>. BioMed Central, 2013. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-225\">https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-225</a>.","ieee":"S. Tragust, L. V. Ugelvig, M. Chapuisat, J. Heinze, and S. Cremer, “Pupal cocoons affect sanitary brood care and limit fungal infections in ant colonies,” <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i>, vol. 13, no. 1. BioMed Central, 2013."},"project":[{"call_identifier":"FP7","grant_number":"243071","_id":"25DC711C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Social Vaccination in Ant Colonies: from Individual Mechanisms to Society Effects"},{"grant_number":"CR-118/3-1","_id":"25DAF0B2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Host-Parasite Coevolution"}],"pubrep_id":"402","has_accepted_license":"1","scopus_import":1,"issue":"1","abstract":[{"text":"Background: The brood of ants and other social insects is highly susceptible to pathogens, particularly those that penetrate the soft larval and pupal cuticle. We here test whether the presence of a pupal cocoon, which occurs in some ant species but not in others, affects the sanitary brood care and fungal infection patterns after exposure to the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum. We use a) a comparative approach analysing four species with either naked or cocooned pupae and b) a within-species analysis of a single ant species, in which both pupal types co-exist in the same colony. Results: We found that the presence of a cocoon did not compromise fungal pathogen detection by the ants and that species with cocooned pupae increased brood grooming after pathogen exposure. All tested ant species further removed brood from their nests, which was predominantly expressed towards larvae and naked pupae treated with the live fungal pathogen. In contrast, cocooned pupae exposed to live fungus were not removed at higher rates than cocooned pupae exposed to dead fungus or a sham control. Consistent with this, exposure to the live fungus caused high numbers of infections and fungal outgrowth in larvae and naked pupae, but not in cocooned pupae. Moreover, the ants consistently removed the brood prior to fungal outgrowth, ensuring a clean brood chamber. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the pupal cocoon has a protective effect against fungal infection, causing an adaptive change in sanitary behaviours by the ants. It further demonstrates that brood removal-originally described for honeybees as &quot;hygienic behaviour&quot;-is a widespread sanitary behaviour in ants, which likely has important implications on disease dynamics in social insect colonies.","lang":"eng"}],"ec_funded":1,"day":"14","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"publication_status":"published","oa_version":"Published Version","date_updated":"2023-02-23T14:07:06Z","status":"public"},{"scopus_import":1,"issue":"4","has_accepted_license":"1","pubrep_id":"96","citation":{"apa":"Konrad, M., Vyleta, M., Theis, F., Stock, M., Tragust, S., Klatt, M., … Cremer, S. (2012). Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies. <i>PLoS Biology</i>. Public Library of Science. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300\">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300</a>","short":"M. Konrad, M. Vyleta, F. Theis, M. Stock, S. Tragust, M. Klatt, V. Drescher, C. Marr, L.V. Ugelvig, S. Cremer, PLoS Biology 10 (2012).","ista":"Konrad M, Vyleta M, Theis F, Stock M, Tragust S, Klatt M, Drescher V, Marr C, Ugelvig LV, Cremer S. 2012. Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies. PLoS Biology. 10(4), e1001300.","mla":"Konrad, Matthias, et al. “Social Transfer of Pathogenic Fungus Promotes Active Immunisation in Ant Colonies.” <i>PLoS Biology</i>, vol. 10, no. 4, e1001300, Public Library of Science, 2012, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300\">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300</a>.","ama":"Konrad M, Vyleta M, Theis F, et al. Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies. <i>PLoS Biology</i>. 2012;10(4). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300\">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300</a>","chicago":"Konrad, Matthias, Meghan Vyleta, Fabian Theis, Miriam Stock, Simon Tragust, Martina Klatt, Verena Drescher, Carsten Marr, Line V Ugelvig, and Sylvia Cremer. “Social Transfer of Pathogenic Fungus Promotes Active Immunisation in Ant Colonies.” <i>PLoS Biology</i>. Public Library of Science, 2012. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300\">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300</a>.","ieee":"M. Konrad <i>et al.</i>, “Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies,” <i>PLoS Biology</i>, vol. 10, no. 4. Public Library of Science, 2012."},"project":[{"grant_number":"CR-118/3-1","_id":"25DAF0B2-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Host-Parasite Coevolution"},{"call_identifier":"FP7","grant_number":"243071","name":"Social Vaccination in Ant Colonies: from Individual Mechanisms to Society Effects","_id":"25DC711C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425"},{"_id":"25E0E184-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","name":"Antnet"}],"publication":"PLoS Biology","file":[{"date_created":"2018-12-12T10:08:28Z","checksum":"4ebacefd9fbab5c68adf829124115fd1","file_id":"4689","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:46:04Z","file_name":"IST-2012-96-v1+1_journal.pbio.1001300.pdf","file_size":674228,"access_level":"open_access","content_type":"application/pdf","relation":"main_file","creator":"system"}],"title":"Social transfer of pathogenic fungus promotes active immunisation in ant colonies","related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"research_data","status":"public","id":"9755"}]},"status":"public","date_updated":"2023-02-23T14:07:11Z","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"day":"03","publication_status":"published","oa_version":"Published Version","abstract":[{"text":"Due to the omnipresent risk of epidemics, insect societies have evolved sophisticated disease defences at the individual and colony level. An intriguing yet little understood phenomenon is that social contact to pathogen-exposed individuals reduces susceptibility of previously naive nestmates to this pathogen. We tested whether such social immunisation in Lasius ants against the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is based on active upregulation of the immune system of nestmates following contact to an infectious individual or passive protection via transfer of immune effectors among group members—that is, active versus passive immunisation. We found no evidence for involvement of passive immunisation via transfer of antimicrobials among colony members. Instead, intensive allogrooming behaviour between naive and pathogen-exposed ants before fungal conidia firmly attached to their cuticle suggested passage of the pathogen from the exposed individuals to their nestmates. By tracing fluorescence-labelled conidia we indeed detected frequent pathogen transfer to the nestmates, where they caused low-level infections as revealed by growth of small numbers of fungal colony forming units from their dissected body content. These infections rarely led to death, but instead promoted an enhanced ability to inhibit fungal growth and an active upregulation of immune genes involved in antifungal defences (defensin and prophenoloxidase, PPO). Contrarily, there was no upregulation of the gene cathepsin L, which is associated with antibacterial and antiviral defences, and we found no increased antibacterial activity of nestmates of fungus-exposed ants. This indicates that social immunisation after fungal exposure is specific, similar to recent findings for individual-level immune priming in invertebrates. Epidemiological modeling further suggests that active social immunisation is adaptive, as it leads to faster elimination of the disease and lower death rates than passive immunisation. Interestingly, humans have also utilised the protective effect of low-level infections to fight smallpox by intentional transfer of low pathogen doses (“variolation” or “inoculation”).","lang":"eng"}],"ec_funded":1,"file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:46:04Z","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","ddc":["570","579"],"intvolume":"        10","article_number":"e1001300","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:02:13Z","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"acknowledgement":"Funding for this project was obtained by the German Research Foundation DFG (http://www.dfg.de/en/index.jsp) as an Individual Research Grant (CR118/2-1 to SC) and the European Research Council (http://erc.europa.eu/) in form of two ERC Starting Grants (ERC-2009-StG240371-SocialVaccines to SC and ERC-2010-StG259294-LatentCauses to FJT). In addition, the Junge Akademie (Young Academy of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities and the National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina (http://www.diejungeakademie.de/english/i​ndex.html) funded this joint Antnet project of SC and FJT. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","volume":10,"month":"04","publist_id":"3434","quality_controlled":"1","type":"journal_article","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.1001300","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"year":"2012","publisher":"Public Library of Science","date_published":"2012-04-03T00:00:00Z","author":[{"first_name":"Matthias","full_name":"Konrad, Matthias","id":"46528076-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Konrad"},{"last_name":"Vyleta","id":"418901AA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Meghan","full_name":"Vyleta, Meghan"},{"last_name":"Theis","first_name":"Fabian","full_name":"Theis, Fabian"},{"first_name":"Miriam","full_name":"Stock, Miriam","last_name":"Stock","id":"42462816-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"id":"35A7A418-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Tragust","full_name":"Tragust, Simon","first_name":"Simon"},{"last_name":"Klatt","id":"E60F29C6-E9AE-11E9-AF6E-D190C7302F38","full_name":"Klatt, Martina","first_name":"Martina"},{"last_name":"Drescher","first_name":"Verena","full_name":"Drescher, Verena"},{"last_name":"Marr","first_name":"Carsten","full_name":"Marr, Carsten"},{"first_name":"Line V","full_name":"Ugelvig, Line V","orcid":"0000-0003-1832-8883","last_name":"Ugelvig","id":"3DC97C8E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","last_name":"Cremer","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Sylvia","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia"}],"_id":"3242","oa":1}]