---
_id: '8911'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: "In the worldwide endeavor for disruptive quantum technologies, germanium
is emerging as a versatile material to realize devices capable of encoding, processing,
or transmitting quantum information. These devices leverage special properties
of the germanium valence-band states, commonly known as holes, such as their inherently
strong spin-orbit coupling and the ability to host superconducting pairing correlations.
In this Review, we initially introduce the physics of holes in low-dimensional
germanium structures with key insights from a theoretical perspective. We then
examine the material science progress underpinning germanium-based planar heterostructures
and nanowires. We review the most significant experimental results demonstrating
key building blocks for quantum technology, such as an electrically driven universal
quantum gate set with spin qubits in quantum dots and superconductor-semiconductor
devices for hybrid quantum systems. We conclude by identifying the most promising
prospects\r\ntoward scalable quantum information processing. "
acknowledgement: "G.S., M.W.,F.A.Z acknowledge financial support from The Netherlands
Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). F.Z., D.L., G.K. acknowledge funding
from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grand
Agreement Nr. 862046. G.K. acknowledges funding from FP7 ERC Starting Grant 335497,
FWF Y 715-N30, FWF P-30207. S.D. acknowledges support from the European Union’s
Horizon 2020 program under Grant\r\nAgreement No. 81050 and from the Agence Nationale
de la Recherche through the TOPONANO and CMOSQSPIN projects. J.Z. acknowledges support
from the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0301701) and Strategic
Priority Research Program of CAS (Grant No. XDB30000000). D.L. and C.K. acknowledge
the Swiss National Science Foundation and NCCR QSIT."
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Giordano
full_name: Scappucci, Giordano
last_name: Scappucci
- first_name: Christoph
full_name: Kloeffel, Christoph
last_name: Kloeffel
- first_name: Floris A.
full_name: Zwanenburg, Floris A.
last_name: Zwanenburg
- first_name: Daniel
full_name: Loss, Daniel
last_name: Loss
- first_name: Maksym
full_name: Myronov, Maksym
last_name: Myronov
- first_name: Jian-Jun
full_name: Zhang, Jian-Jun
last_name: Zhang
- first_name: Silvano De
full_name: Franceschi, Silvano De
last_name: Franceschi
- first_name: Georgios
full_name: Katsaros, Georgios
id: 38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Katsaros
orcid: 0000-0001-8342-202X
- first_name: Menno
full_name: Veldhorst, Menno
last_name: Veldhorst
citation:
ama: Scappucci G, Kloeffel C, Zwanenburg FA, et al. The germanium quantum information
route. Nature Reviews Materials. 2021;6:926–943. doi:10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z
apa: Scappucci, G., Kloeffel, C., Zwanenburg, F. A., Loss, D., Myronov, M., Zhang,
J.-J., … Veldhorst, M. (2021). The germanium quantum information route. Nature
Reviews Materials. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z
chicago: Scappucci, Giordano, Christoph Kloeffel, Floris A. Zwanenburg, Daniel Loss,
Maksym Myronov, Jian-Jun Zhang, Silvano De Franceschi, Georgios Katsaros, and
Menno Veldhorst. “The Germanium Quantum Information Route.” Nature Reviews
Materials. Springer Nature, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z.
ieee: G. Scappucci et al., “The germanium quantum information route,” Nature
Reviews Materials, vol. 6. Springer Nature, pp. 926–943, 2021.
ista: Scappucci G, Kloeffel C, Zwanenburg FA, Loss D, Myronov M, Zhang J-J, Franceschi
SD, Katsaros G, Veldhorst M. 2021. The germanium quantum information route. Nature
Reviews Materials. 6, 926–943.
mla: Scappucci, Giordano, et al. “The Germanium Quantum Information Route.” Nature
Reviews Materials, vol. 6, Springer Nature, 2021, pp. 926–943, doi:10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z.
short: G. Scappucci, C. Kloeffel, F.A. Zwanenburg, D. Loss, M. Myronov, J.-J. Zhang,
S.D. Franceschi, G. Katsaros, M. Veldhorst, Nature Reviews Materials 6 (2021)
926–943.
date_created: 2020-12-02T10:52:51Z
date_published: 2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2024-03-07T14:48:57Z
day: '01'
department:
- _id: GeKa
doi: 10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
arxiv:
- '2004.08133'
isi:
- '000600826100003'
intvolume: ' 6'
isi: 1
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.08133
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
page: '926–943 '
project:
- _id: 25517E86-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: FP7
grant_number: '335497'
name: Towards Spin qubits and Majorana fermions in Germanium selfassembled hut-wires
- _id: 2552F888-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: FWF
grant_number: Y00715
name: Loch Spin-Qubits und Majorana-Fermionen in Germanium
- _id: 2641CE5E-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: FWF
grant_number: P30207
name: Hole spin orbit qubits in Ge quantum wells
publication: Nature Reviews Materials
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 2058-8437
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: The germanium quantum information route
type: journal_article
user_id: 3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 6
year: '2021'
...
---
_id: '77'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Holes confined in quantum dots have gained considerable interest in the past
few years due to their potential as spin qubits. Here we demonstrate two-axis
control of a spin 3/2 qubit in natural Ge. The qubit is formed in a hut wire double
quantum dot device. The Pauli spin blockade principle allowed us to demonstrate
electric dipole spin resonance by applying a radio frequency electric field to
one of the electrodes defining the double quantum dot. Coherent hole spin oscillations
with Rabi frequencies reaching 140 MHz are demonstrated and dephasing times of
130 ns are measured. The reported results emphasize the potential of Ge as a platform
for fast and electrically tunable hole spin qubit devices.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: M-Shop
- _id: NanoFab
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Hannes
full_name: Watzinger, Hannes
id: 35DF8E50-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Watzinger
- first_name: Josip
full_name: Kukucka, Josip
id: 3F5D8856-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Kukucka
- first_name: Lada
full_name: Vukusic, Lada
id: 31E9F056-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Vukusic
orcid: 0000-0003-2424-8636
- first_name: Fei
full_name: Gao, Fei
last_name: Gao
- first_name: Ting
full_name: Wang, Ting
last_name: Wang
- first_name: Friedrich
full_name: Schäffler, Friedrich
last_name: Schäffler
- first_name: Jian
full_name: Zhang, Jian
last_name: Zhang
- first_name: Georgios
full_name: Katsaros, Georgios
id: 38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Katsaros
orcid: 0000-0001-8342-202X
citation:
ama: Watzinger H, Kukucka J, Vukušić L, et al. A germanium hole spin qubit. Nature
Communications. 2018;9(3902). doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06418-4
apa: Watzinger, H., Kukucka, J., Vukušić, L., Gao, F., Wang, T., Schäffler, F.,
… Katsaros, G. (2018). A germanium hole spin qubit. Nature Communications.
Nature Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06418-4
chicago: Watzinger, Hannes, Josip Kukucka, Lada Vukušić, Fei Gao, Ting Wang, Friedrich
Schäffler, Jian Zhang, and Georgios Katsaros. “A Germanium Hole Spin Qubit.” Nature
Communications. Nature Publishing Group, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06418-4.
ieee: H. Watzinger et al., “A germanium hole spin qubit,” Nature Communications,
vol. 9, no. 3902. Nature Publishing Group, 2018.
ista: Watzinger H, Kukucka J, Vukušić L, Gao F, Wang T, Schäffler F, Zhang J, Katsaros
G. 2018. A germanium hole spin qubit. Nature Communications. 9(3902).
mla: Watzinger, Hannes, et al. “A Germanium Hole Spin Qubit.” Nature Communications,
vol. 9, no. 3902, Nature Publishing Group, 2018, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06418-4.
short: H. Watzinger, J. Kukucka, L. Vukušić, F. Gao, T. Wang, F. Schäffler, J. Zhang,
G. Katsaros, Nature Communications 9 (2018).
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:44:30Z
date_published: 2018-09-25T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-09-08T11:44:02Z
day: '25'
ddc:
- '530'
department:
- _id: GeKa
doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06418-4
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
isi:
- '000445560800010'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: e7148c10a64497e279c4de570b6cc544
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2018-12-17T10:28:30Z
date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:48:02Z
file_id: '5687'
file_name: 2018_NatureComm_Watzinger.pdf
file_size: 1063469
relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:48:02Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 9'
isi: 1
issue: '3902 '
language:
- iso: eng
month: '09'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: 25517E86-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: FP7
grant_number: '335497'
name: Towards Spin qubits and Majorana fermions in Germanium selfassembled hut-wires
- _id: 2552F888-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: FWF
grant_number: Y00715
name: Loch Spin-Qubits und Majorana-Fermionen in Germanium
publication: Nature Communications
publication_status: published
publisher: Nature Publishing Group
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
record:
- id: '7977'
relation: popular_science
- id: '7996'
relation: dissertation_contains
status: public
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: A germanium hole spin qubit
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1
volume: 9
year: '2018'
...