@article{8911,
  abstract     = {In the worldwide endeavor for disruptive quantum technologies, germanium is emerging as a versatile material to realize devices capable of encoding, processing, or transmitting quantum information. These devices leverage special properties of the germanium valence-band states, commonly known as holes, such as their inherently strong spin-orbit coupling and the ability to host superconducting pairing correlations. In this Review, we initially introduce the physics of holes in low-dimensional germanium structures with key insights from a theoretical perspective. We then examine the material science progress underpinning germanium-based planar heterostructures and nanowires. We review the most significant experimental results demonstrating key building blocks for quantum technology, such as an electrically driven universal quantum gate set with spin qubits in quantum dots and superconductor-semiconductor devices for hybrid quantum systems. We conclude by identifying the most promising prospects
toward scalable quantum information processing. },
  author       = {Scappucci, Giordano and Kloeffel, Christoph and Zwanenburg, Floris A. and Loss, Daniel and Myronov, Maksym and Zhang, Jian-Jun and Franceschi, Silvano De and Katsaros, Georgios and Veldhorst, Menno},
  issn         = {2058-8437},
  journal      = {Nature Reviews Materials},
  pages        = {926–943 },
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{The germanium quantum information route}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z},
  volume       = {6},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{77,
  abstract     = {Holes confined in quantum dots have gained considerable interest in the past few years due to their potential as spin qubits. Here we demonstrate two-axis control of a spin 3/2 qubit in natural Ge. The qubit is formed in a hut wire double quantum dot device. The Pauli spin blockade principle allowed us to demonstrate electric dipole spin resonance by applying a radio frequency electric field to one of the electrodes defining the double quantum dot. Coherent hole spin oscillations with Rabi frequencies reaching 140 MHz are demonstrated and dephasing times of 130 ns are measured. The reported results emphasize the potential of Ge as a platform for fast and electrically tunable hole spin qubit devices.},
  author       = {Watzinger, Hannes and Kukucka, Josip and Vukusic, Lada and Gao, Fei and Wang, Ting and Schäffler, Friedrich and Zhang, Jian and Katsaros, Georgios},
  journal      = {Nature Communications},
  number       = {3902 },
  publisher    = {Nature Publishing Group},
  title        = {{A germanium hole spin qubit}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41467-018-06418-4},
  volume       = {9},
  year         = {2018},
}