---
_id: '14735'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Scaling blockchain protocols to perform on par with the expected needs of
    Web3.0 has been proven to be a challenging task with almost a decade of research.
    In the forefront of the current solution is the idea of separating the execution
    of the updates encoded in a block from the ordering of blocks. In order to achieve
    this, a new class of protocols called rollups has emerged. Rollups have as input
    a total ordering of valid and invalid transactions and as output a new valid state-transition.\r\nIf
    we study rollups from a distributed computing perspective, we uncover that rollups
    take as input the output of a Byzantine Atomic Broadcast (BAB) protocol and convert
    it to a State Machine Replication (SMR) protocol. BAB and SMR, however, are considered
    equivalent as far as distributed computing is concerned and a solution to one
    can easily be retrofitted to solve the other simply by adding/removing an execution
    step before the validation of the input.\r\nThis “easy” step of retrofitting an
    atomic broadcast solution to implement an SMR has, however, been overlooked in
    practice. In this paper, we formalize the problem and show that after BAB is solved,
    traditional impossibility results for consensus no longer apply towards an SMR.
    Leveraging this we propose a distributed execution protocol that allows reduced
    execution and storage cost per executor (O(log2n/n)) without relaxing the network
    assumptions of the underlying BAB protocol and providing censorship-resistance.
    Finally, we propose efficient non-interactive light client constructions that
    leverage our efficient execution protocols and do not require any synchrony assumptions
    or expensive ZK-proofs."
acknowledgement: 'Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias is partially supported by Austrian Science
  Fund (FWF) grant No: F8512-N.'
alternative_title:
- LNCS
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Christos
  full_name: Stefo, Christos
  id: a20e8902-32b0-11ee-9fa8-b23fa638b793
  last_name: Stefo
- first_name: Zhuolun
  full_name: Xiang, Zhuolun
  last_name: Xiang
- first_name: Eleftherios
  full_name: Kokoris Kogias, Eleftherios
  id: f5983044-d7ef-11ea-ac6d-fd1430a26d30
  last_name: Kokoris Kogias
citation:
  ama: 'Stefo C, Xiang Z, Kokoris Kogias E. Executing and proving over dirty ledgers.
    In: <i>27th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>.
    Vol 13950. Springer Nature; 2023:3-20. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47754-6_1">10.1007/978-3-031-47754-6_1</a>'
  apa: 'Stefo, C., Xiang, Z., &#38; Kokoris Kogias, E. (2023). Executing and proving
    over dirty ledgers. In <i>27th International Conference on Financial Cryptography
    and Data Security</i> (Vol. 13950, pp. 3–20). Bol, Brac, Croatia: Springer Nature.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47754-6_1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47754-6_1</a>'
  chicago: Stefo, Christos, Zhuolun Xiang, and Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias. “Executing
    and Proving over Dirty Ledgers.” In <i>27th International Conference on Financial
    Cryptography and Data Security</i>, 13950:3–20. Springer Nature, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47754-6_1">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47754-6_1</a>.
  ieee: C. Stefo, Z. Xiang, and E. Kokoris Kogias, “Executing and proving over dirty
    ledgers,” in <i>27th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data
    Security</i>, Bol, Brac, Croatia, 2023, vol. 13950, pp. 3–20.
  ista: 'Stefo C, Xiang Z, Kokoris Kogias E. 2023. Executing and proving over dirty
    ledgers. 27th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security.
    FC: Financial Cryptography and Data Security, LNCS, vol. 13950, 3–20.'
  mla: Stefo, Christos, et al. “Executing and Proving over Dirty Ledgers.” <i>27th
    International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security</i>, vol.
    13950, Springer Nature, 2023, pp. 3–20, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47754-6_1">10.1007/978-3-031-47754-6_1</a>.
  short: C. Stefo, Z. Xiang, E. Kokoris Kogias, in:, 27th International Conference
    on Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Springer Nature, 2023, pp. 3–20.
conference:
  end_date: 2023-05-05
  location: Bol, Brac, Croatia
  name: 'FC: Financial Cryptography and Data Security'
  start_date: 2023-05-01
date_created: 2024-01-08T09:17:38Z
date_published: 2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2024-01-08T09:28:14Z
day: '01'
department:
- _id: ElKo
- _id: GradSch
doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-47754-6_1
intvolume: '     13950'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://eprint.iacr.org/2022/1554
month: '12'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
page: 3-20
project:
- _id: 34a4ce89-11ca-11ed-8bc3-8cc37fb6e11f
  grant_number: F8512
  name: Secure Network and Hardware for Efficient Blockchains
publication: 27th International Conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security
publication_identifier:
  eisbn:
  - '9783031477546'
  eissn:
  - 0302-9743
  isbn:
  - '9783031477539'
  issn:
  - 1611-3349
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Executing and proving over dirty ledgers
type: conference
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 13950
year: '2023'
...