---
_id: '7132'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "A major challenge in neuroscience research is to dissect the circuits that
    orchestrate behavior in health and disease. Proteins from a wide range of non-mammalian
    species, such as microbial opsins, have been successfully transplanted to specific
    neuronal targets to override their natural communication patterns. The goal of
    our work is to manipulate synaptic communication in a manner that closely incorporates
    the functional intricacies of synapses by preserving temporal encoding (i.e. the
    firing pattern of the presynaptic neuron) and connectivity (i.e. target specific
    synapses rather than specific neurons). Our strategy to achieve this goal builds
    on the use of non-mammalian transplants to create a synthetic synapse. The mode
    of modulation comes from pre-synaptic uptake of a synthetic neurotransmitter (SN)
    into synaptic vesicles by means of a genetically targeted transporter selective
    for the SN. Upon natural vesicular release, exposure of the SN to the synaptic
    cleft will modify the post-synaptic potential through an orthogonal ligand gated
    ion channel. To achieve this goal we have functionally characterized a mixed cationic
    methionine-gated ion channel from Arabidopsis thaliana, designed a method to functionally
    characterize a synthetic transporter in isolated synaptic vesicles without the
    need for transgenic animals, identified and extracted multiple prokaryotic uptake
    systems that are substrate specific for methionine (Met), and established a primary/cell
    line co-culture system that would allow future combinatorial testing of this orthogonal
    transmitter-transporter-channel trifecta.\r\nSynthetic synapses will provide a
    unique opportunity to manipulate synaptic communication while maintaining the
    electrophysiological integrity of the pre-synaptic cell. In this way, information
    may be preserved that was generated in upstream circuits and that could be essential
    for concerted function and information processing."
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Catherine
  full_name: Mckenzie, Catherine
  id: 3EEDE19A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Mckenzie
citation:
  ama: Mckenzie C. Design and characterization of methods and biological components
    to realize synthetic neurotransmission. 2019. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:7132">10.15479/at:ista:7132</a>
  apa: Mckenzie, C. (2019). <i>Design and characterization of methods and biological
    components to realize synthetic neurotransmission</i>. Institute of Science and
    Technology Austria. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:7132">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:7132</a>
  chicago: Mckenzie, Catherine. “Design and Characterization of Methods and Biological
    Components to Realize Synthetic Neurotransmission.” Institute of Science and Technology
    Austria, 2019. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:7132">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:7132</a>.
  ieee: C. Mckenzie, “Design and characterization of methods and biological components
    to realize synthetic neurotransmission,” Institute of Science and Technology Austria,
    2019.
  ista: Mckenzie C. 2019. Design and characterization of methods and biological components
    to realize synthetic neurotransmission. Institute of Science and Technology Austria.
  mla: Mckenzie, Catherine. <i>Design and Characterization of Methods and Biological
    Components to Realize Synthetic Neurotransmission</i>. Institute of Science and
    Technology Austria, 2019, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:7132">10.15479/at:ista:7132</a>.
  short: C. Mckenzie, Design and Characterization of Methods and Biological Components
    to Realize Synthetic Neurotransmission, Institute of Science and Technology Austria,
    2019.
date_created: 2019-11-27T09:07:14Z
date_published: 2019-06-27T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2024-03-25T23:30:11Z
day: '27'
ddc:
- '571'
- '573'
degree_awarded: PhD
department:
- _id: HaJa
doi: 10.15479/at:ista:7132
file:
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  content_type: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document
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  date_created: 2019-11-27T09:06:10Z
  date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:47:50Z
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  file_name: McKenzie PhD Thesis August 2018 - Corrected Final.docx
  file_size: 5054633
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file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:47:50Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: '95'
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2663-337X
publication_status: published
publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
related_material:
  record:
  - id: '6266'
    relation: old_edition
    status: public
status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Harald L
  full_name: Janovjak, Harald L
  id: 33BA6C30-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Janovjak
  orcid: 0000-0002-8023-9315
title: Design and characterization of methods and biological components to realize
  synthetic neurotransmission
type: dissertation
user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1
year: '2019'
...
---
_id: '7406'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Background\r\nSynaptic vesicles (SVs) are an integral part of the neurotransmission
    machinery, and isolation of SVs from their host neuron is necessary to reveal
    their most fundamental biochemical and functional properties in in vitro assays.
    Isolated SVs from neurons that have been genetically engineered, e.g. to introduce
    genetically encoded indicators, are not readily available but would permit new
    insights into SV structure and function. Furthermore, it is unclear if cultured
    neurons can provide sufficient starting material for SV isolation procedures.\r\n\r\nNew
    method\r\nHere, we demonstrate an efficient ex vivo procedure to obtain functional
    SVs from cultured rat cortical neurons after genetic engineering with a lentivirus.\r\n\r\nResults\r\nWe
    show that ∼108 plated cortical neurons allow isolation of suitable SV amounts
    for functional analysis and imaging. We found that SVs isolated from cultured
    neurons have neurotransmitter uptake comparable to that of SVs isolated from intact
    cortex. Using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, we visualized
    an exogenous SV-targeted marker protein and demonstrated the high efficiency of
    SV modification.\r\n\r\nComparison with existing methods\r\nObtaining SVs from
    genetically engineered neurons currently generally requires the availability of
    transgenic animals, which is constrained by technical (e.g. cost and time) and
    biological (e.g. developmental defects and lethality) limitations.\r\n\r\nConclusions\r\nThese
    results demonstrate the modification and isolation of functional SVs using cultured
    neurons and viral transduction. The ability to readily obtain SVs from genetically
    engineered neurons will permit linking in situ studies to in vitro experiments
    in a variety of genetic contexts."
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: Bio
- _id: EM-Fac
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Catherine
  full_name: Mckenzie, Catherine
  id: 3EEDE19A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Mckenzie
- first_name: Miroslava
  full_name: Spanova, Miroslava
  id: 44A924DC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Spanova
- first_name: Alexander J
  full_name: Johnson, Alexander J
  id: 46A62C3A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Johnson
  orcid: 0000-0002-2739-8843
- first_name: Stephanie
  full_name: Kainrath, Stephanie
  id: 32CFBA64-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Kainrath
- first_name: Vanessa
  full_name: Zheden, Vanessa
  id: 39C5A68A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Zheden
  orcid: 0000-0002-9438-4783
- first_name: Harald H.
  full_name: Sitte, Harald H.
  last_name: Sitte
- first_name: Harald L
  full_name: Janovjak, Harald L
  id: 33BA6C30-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Janovjak
  orcid: 0000-0002-8023-9315
citation:
  ama: Mckenzie C, Spanova M, Johnson AJ, et al. Isolation of synaptic vesicles from
    genetically engineered cultured neurons. <i>Journal of Neuroscience Methods</i>.
    2019;312:114-121. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.11.018">10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.11.018</a>
  apa: Mckenzie, C., Spanova, M., Johnson, A. J., Kainrath, S., Zheden, V., Sitte,
    H. H., &#38; Janovjak, H. L. (2019). Isolation of synaptic vesicles from genetically
    engineered cultured neurons. <i>Journal of Neuroscience Methods</i>. Elsevier.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.11.018">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.11.018</a>
  chicago: Mckenzie, Catherine, Miroslava Spanova, Alexander J Johnson, Stephanie
    Kainrath, Vanessa Zheden, Harald H. Sitte, and Harald L Janovjak. “Isolation of
    Synaptic Vesicles from Genetically Engineered Cultured Neurons.” <i>Journal of
    Neuroscience Methods</i>. Elsevier, 2019. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.11.018">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.11.018</a>.
  ieee: C. Mckenzie <i>et al.</i>, “Isolation of synaptic vesicles from genetically
    engineered cultured neurons,” <i>Journal of Neuroscience Methods</i>, vol. 312.
    Elsevier, pp. 114–121, 2019.
  ista: Mckenzie C, Spanova M, Johnson AJ, Kainrath S, Zheden V, Sitte HH, Janovjak
    HL. 2019. Isolation of synaptic vesicles from genetically engineered cultured
    neurons. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 312, 114–121.
  mla: Mckenzie, Catherine, et al. “Isolation of Synaptic Vesicles from Genetically
    Engineered Cultured Neurons.” <i>Journal of Neuroscience Methods</i>, vol. 312,
    Elsevier, 2019, pp. 114–21, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.11.018">10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.11.018</a>.
  short: C. Mckenzie, M. Spanova, A.J. Johnson, S. Kainrath, V. Zheden, H.H. Sitte,
    H.L. Janovjak, Journal of Neuroscience Methods 312 (2019) 114–121.
date_created: 2020-01-30T09:12:19Z
date_published: 2019-01-15T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-09-06T15:27:29Z
day: '15'
department:
- _id: HaJa
- _id: Bio
doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.11.018
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000456220900013'
  pmid:
  - '30496761'
intvolume: '       312'
isi: 1
language:
- iso: eng
month: '01'
oa_version: None
page: 114-121
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 25548C20-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FP7
  grant_number: '303564'
  name: Microbial Ion Channels for Synthetic Neurobiology
- _id: 26538374-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FWF
  grant_number: I03630
  name: Molecular mechanisms of endocytic cargo recognition in plants
- _id: 2548AE96-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FWF
  grant_number: W1232-B24
  name: Molecular Drug Targets
publication: Journal of Neuroscience Methods
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0165-0270
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Isolation of synaptic vesicles from genetically engineered cultured neurons
type: journal_article
user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1
volume: 312
year: '2019'
...
---
_id: '6266'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'A major challenge in neuroscience research is to dissect the circuits that
    orchestrate behavior in health and disease. Proteins from a wide range of non-mammalian
    species, such as microbial opsins, have been successfully transplanted to specific
    neuronal targets to override their natural communication patterns. The goal of
    our work is to manipulate synaptic communication in a manner that closely incorporates
    the functional intricacies of synapses by preserving temporal encoding (i.e. the
    firing pattern of the presynaptic neuron) and connectivity (i.e. target specific
    synapses rather than specific neurons). Our strategy to achieve this goal builds
    on the use of non-mammalian transplants to create a synthetic synapse. The mode
    of modulation comes from pre-synaptic uptake of a synthetic neurotransmitter (SN)
    into synaptic vesicles by means of a genetically targeted transporter selective
    for the SN. Upon natural vesicular release, exposure of the SN to the synaptic
    cleft will modify the post-synaptic potential through an orthogonal ligand gated
    ion channel. To achieve this goal we have functionally characterized a mixed cationic
    methionine-gated ion channel from Arabidopsis thaliana, designed a method to functionally
    characterize a synthetic transporter in isolated synaptic vesicles without the
    need for transgenic animals, identified and extracted multiple prokaryotic uptake
    systems that are substrate specific for methionine (Met), and established a primary/cell
    line co-culture system that would allow future combinatorial testing of this orthogonal
    transmitter-transporter-channel trifecta. Synthetic synapses will provide a unique
    opportunity to manipulate synaptic communication while maintaining the electrophysiological
    integrity of the pre-synaptic cell. In this way, information may be preserved
    that was generated in upstream circuits and that could be essential for concerted
    function and information processing. '
alternative_title:
- ISTA Thesis
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Catherine
  full_name: Mckenzie, Catherine
  id: 3EEDE19A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Mckenzie
citation:
  ama: Mckenzie C. Design and characterization of methods and biological components
    to realize synthetic neurotransmission . 2018. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:th_1055">10.15479/at:ista:th_1055</a>
  apa: Mckenzie, C. (2018). <i>Design and characterization of methods and biological
    components to realize synthetic neurotransmission </i>. Institute of Science and
    Technology Austria. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:th_1055">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:th_1055</a>
  chicago: Mckenzie, Catherine. “Design and Characterization of Methods and Biological
    Components to Realize Synthetic Neurotransmission .” Institute of Science and
    Technology Austria, 2018. <a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:th_1055">https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:th_1055</a>.
  ieee: C. Mckenzie, “Design and characterization of methods and biological components
    to realize synthetic neurotransmission ,” Institute of Science and Technology
    Austria, 2018.
  ista: Mckenzie C. 2018. Design and characterization of methods and biological components
    to realize synthetic neurotransmission . Institute of Science and Technology Austria.
  mla: Mckenzie, Catherine. <i>Design and Characterization of Methods and Biological
    Components to Realize Synthetic Neurotransmission </i>. Institute of Science and
    Technology Austria, 2018, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.15479/at:ista:th_1055">10.15479/at:ista:th_1055</a>.
  short: C. Mckenzie, Design and Characterization of Methods and Biological Components
    to Realize Synthetic Neurotransmission , Institute of Science and Technology Austria,
    2018.
date_created: 2019-04-09T14:13:39Z
date_published: 2018-10-31T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-09-07T13:02:37Z
day: '31'
ddc:
- '571'
- '573'
degree_awarded: PhD
department:
- _id: HaJa
doi: 10.15479/at:ista:th_1055
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 9d2c2dca04b00e485470c28b262af59a
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2019-04-09T14:12:40Z
  date_updated: 2021-02-11T11:17:16Z
  embargo: 2019-11-24
  file_id: '6267'
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  file_size: 4906420
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  checksum: 50b58c272899601bc6fd9642c4dc97f1
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  date_created: 2019-04-09T14:12:40Z
  date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:47:25Z
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  file_size: 5053545
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has_accepted_license: '1'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: '95'
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2663-337X
publication_status: published
publisher: Institute of Science and Technology Austria
pubrep_id: '1055'
related_material:
  record:
  - id: '7132'
    relation: new_edition
    status: public
status: public
supervisor:
- first_name: Harald L
  full_name: Janovjak, Harald L
  id: 33BA6C30-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Janovjak
  orcid: 0000-0002-8023-9315
title: 'Design and characterization of methods and biological components to realize
  synthetic neurotransmission '
type: dissertation
user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1
year: '2018'
...
---
_id: '1441'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Optogenetics and photopharmacology enable the spatio-temporal control of
    cell and animal behavior by light. Although red light offers deep-tissue penetration
    and minimal phototoxicity, very few red-light-sensitive optogenetic methods are
    currently available. We have now developed a red-light-induced homodimerization
    domain. We first showed that an optimized sensory domain of the cyanobacterial
    phytochrome 1 can be expressed robustly and without cytotoxicity in human cells.
    We then applied this domain to induce the dimerization of two receptor tyrosine
    kinases—the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and the neurotrophin receptor
    trkB. This new optogenetic method was then used to activate the MAPK/ERK pathway
    non-invasively in mammalian tissue and in multicolor cell-signaling experiments.
    The light-controlled dimerizer and red-light-activated receptor tyrosine kinases
    will prove useful to regulate a variety of cellular processes with light. Go deep
    with red: The sensory domain (S) of the cyanobacterial phytochrome 1 (CPH1) was
    repurposed to induce the homodimerization of proteins in living cells by red light.
    By using this domain, light-activated protein kinases were engineered that can
    be activated orthogonally from many fluorescent proteins and through mammalian
    tissue. Pr/Pfr=red-/far-red-absorbing state of CPH1.'
acknowledgement: 'A.I.-P. was supported by a Ramon Areces fellowship, and E.R. by
  the graduate program MolecularDrugTargets (Austrian Science Fund (FWF): W1232) and
  a FemTech fellowship (Austrian Research Promotion Agency: 3580812).'
author:
- first_name: Eva
  full_name: Gschaider-Reichhart, Eva
  id: 3FEE232A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Gschaider-Reichhart
  orcid: 0000-0002-7218-7738
- first_name: Álvaro
  full_name: Inglés Prieto, Álvaro
  id: 2A9DB292-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Inglés Prieto
  orcid: 0000-0002-5409-8571
- first_name: Alexandra-Madelaine
  full_name: Tichy, Alexandra-Madelaine
  id: 29D8BB2C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Tichy
- first_name: Catherine
  full_name: Mckenzie, Catherine
  id: 3EEDE19A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Mckenzie
- first_name: Harald L
  full_name: Janovjak, Harald L
  id: 33BA6C30-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Janovjak
  orcid: 0000-0002-8023-9315
citation:
  ama: Gschaider-Reichhart E, Inglés Prieto Á, Tichy A-M, Mckenzie C, Janovjak HL.
    A phytochrome sensory domain permits receptor activation by red light. <i>Angewandte
    Chemie - International Edition</i>. 2016;55(21):6339-6342. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201601736">10.1002/anie.201601736</a>
  apa: Gschaider-Reichhart, E., Inglés Prieto, Á., Tichy, A.-M., Mckenzie, C., &#38;
    Janovjak, H. L. (2016). A phytochrome sensory domain permits receptor activation
    by red light. <i>Angewandte Chemie - International Edition</i>. Wiley. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201601736">https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201601736</a>
  chicago: Gschaider-Reichhart, Eva, Álvaro Inglés Prieto, Alexandra-Madelaine Tichy,
    Catherine Mckenzie, and Harald L Janovjak. “A Phytochrome Sensory Domain Permits
    Receptor Activation by Red Light.” <i>Angewandte Chemie - International Edition</i>.
    Wiley, 2016. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201601736">https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201601736</a>.
  ieee: E. Gschaider-Reichhart, Á. Inglés Prieto, A.-M. Tichy, C. Mckenzie, and H.
    L. Janovjak, “A phytochrome sensory domain permits receptor activation by red
    light,” <i>Angewandte Chemie - International Edition</i>, vol. 55, no. 21. Wiley,
    pp. 6339–6342, 2016.
  ista: Gschaider-Reichhart E, Inglés Prieto Á, Tichy A-M, Mckenzie C, Janovjak HL.
    2016. A phytochrome sensory domain permits receptor activation by red light. Angewandte
    Chemie - International Edition. 55(21), 6339–6342.
  mla: Gschaider-Reichhart, Eva, et al. “A Phytochrome Sensory Domain Permits Receptor
    Activation by Red Light.” <i>Angewandte Chemie - International Edition</i>, vol.
    55, no. 21, Wiley, 2016, pp. 6339–42, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201601736">10.1002/anie.201601736</a>.
  short: E. Gschaider-Reichhart, Á. Inglés Prieto, A.-M. Tichy, C. Mckenzie, H.L.
    Janovjak, Angewandte Chemie - International Edition 55 (2016) 6339–6342.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:52:02Z
date_published: 2016-05-17T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-09-07T12:49:08Z
day: '17'
ddc:
- '571'
- '576'
department:
- _id: HaJa
doi: 10.1002/anie.201601736
ec_funded: 1
file:
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  checksum: 26da07960e57ac4750b54179197ce57f
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  date_created: 2018-12-12T10:17:03Z
  date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:44:55Z
  file_id: '5255'
  file_name: IST-2017-840-v1+1_reichhart.pdf
  file_size: 1268662
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:44:55Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        55'
issue: '21'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '05'
oa: 1
oa_version: Submitted Version
page: 6339 - 6342
project:
- _id: 25548C20-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FP7
  grant_number: '303564'
  name: Microbial Ion Channels for Synthetic Neurobiology
- _id: 255A6082-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FWF
  grant_number: W1232-B24
  name: Molecular Drug Targets
publication: Angewandte Chemie - International Edition
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
publist_id: '5755'
pubrep_id: '840'
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  record:
  - id: '418'
    relation: dissertation_contains
    status: public
scopus_import: 1
status: public
title: A phytochrome sensory domain permits receptor activation by red light
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 55
year: '2016'
...
---
_id: '1549'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Nature has incorporated small photochromic molecules, colloquially termed
    'photoswitches', in photoreceptor proteins to sense optical cues in photo-taxis
    and vision. While Nature's ability to employ light-responsive functionalities
    has long been recognized, it was not until recently that scientists designed,
    synthesized and applied synthetic photochromes to manipulate many of which open
    rapidly and locally in their native cell types, biological processes with the
    temporal and spatial resolution of light. Ion channels in particular have come
    to the forefront of proteins that can be put under the designer control of synthetic
    photochromes. Photochromic ion channel controllers are comprised of three classes,
    photochromic soluble ligands (PCLs), photochromic tethered ligands (PTLs) and
    photochromic crosslinkers (PXs), and in each class ion channel functionality is
    controlled through reversible changes in photochrome structure. By acting as light-dependent
    ion channel agonists, antagonist or modulators, photochromic controllers effectively
    converted a wide range of ion channels, including voltage-gated ion channels,
    'leak channels', tri-, tetra- and pentameric ligand-gated ion channels, and temperaturesensitive
    ion channels, into man-made photoreceptors. Control by photochromes can be reversible,
    unlike in the case of 'caged' compounds, and non-invasive with high spatial precision,
    unlike pharmacology and electrical manipulation. Here, we introduce design principles
    of emerging photochromic molecules that act on ion channels and discuss the impact
    that these molecules are beginning to have on ion channel biophysics and neuronal
    physiology.
author:
- first_name: Catherine
  full_name: Mckenzie, Catherine
  id: 3EEDE19A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Mckenzie
- first_name: Inmaculada
  full_name: Sanchez Romero, Inmaculada
  id: 3D9C5D30-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Sanchez Romero
- first_name: Harald L
  full_name: Janovjak, Harald L
  id: 33BA6C30-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Janovjak
  orcid: 0000-0002-8023-9315
citation:
  ama: 'Mckenzie C, Sanchez-Romero I, Janovjak HL. Flipping the photoswitch: Ion channels
    under light control. In: <i>Novel Chemical Tools to Study Ion Channel Biology</i>.
    Vol 869. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer; 2015:101-117.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2845-3_6">10.1007/978-1-4939-2845-3_6</a>'
  apa: 'Mckenzie, C., Sanchez-Romero, I., &#38; Janovjak, H. L. (2015). Flipping the
    photoswitch: Ion channels under light control. In <i>Novel chemical tools to study
    ion channel biology</i> (Vol. 869, pp. 101–117). Springer. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2845-3_6">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2845-3_6</a>'
  chicago: 'Mckenzie, Catherine, Inmaculada Sanchez-Romero, and Harald L Janovjak.
    “Flipping the Photoswitch: Ion Channels under Light Control.” In <i>Novel Chemical
    Tools to Study Ion Channel Biology</i>, 869:101–17. Advances in Experimental Medicine
    and Biology. Springer, 2015. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2845-3_6">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2845-3_6</a>.'
  ieee: 'C. Mckenzie, I. Sanchez-Romero, and H. L. Janovjak, “Flipping the photoswitch:
    Ion channels under light control,” in <i>Novel chemical tools to study ion channel
    biology</i>, vol. 869, Springer, 2015, pp. 101–117.'
  ista: 'Mckenzie C, Sanchez-Romero I, Janovjak HL. 2015.Flipping the photoswitch:
    Ion channels under light control. In: Novel chemical tools to study ion channel
    biology. vol. 869, 101–117.'
  mla: 'Mckenzie, Catherine, et al. “Flipping the Photoswitch: Ion Channels under
    Light Control.” <i>Novel Chemical Tools to Study Ion Channel Biology</i>, vol.
    869, Springer, 2015, pp. 101–17, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2845-3_6">10.1007/978-1-4939-2845-3_6</a>.'
  short: C. Mckenzie, I. Sanchez-Romero, H.L. Janovjak, in:, Novel Chemical Tools
    to Study Ion Channel Biology, Springer, 2015, pp. 101–117.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:52:39Z
date_published: 2015-09-18T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2021-01-12T06:51:32Z
day: '18'
ddc:
- '571'
- '576'
department:
- _id: HaJa
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2845-3_6
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: bd1bfdf2423a0c3b6e7cabfa8b44bc0f
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: system
  date_created: 2018-12-12T10:11:02Z
  date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:45:01Z
  file_id: '4854'
  file_name: IST-2017-839-v1+1_mckenzie.pdf
  file_size: 1919655
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:45:01Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       869'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '09'
oa: 1
oa_version: Submitted Version
page: 101 - 117
publication: Novel chemical tools to study ion channel biology
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - 978-1-4939-2844-6
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
publist_id: '5622'
pubrep_id: '839'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: 1
series_title: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
status: public
title: 'Flipping the photoswitch: Ion channels under light control'
type: book_chapter
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 869
year: '2015'
...
---
_id: '2857'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: In the vibrant field of optogenetics, optics and genetic targeting are combined
    to commandeer cellular functions, such as the neuronal action potential, by optically
    stimulating light-sensitive ion channels expressed in the cell membrane. One broadly
    applicable manifestation of this approach are covalently attached photochromic
    tethered ligands (PTLs) that allow activating ligand-gated ion channels with outstanding
    spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we describe all steps towards the successful
    development and application of PTL-gated ion channels in cell lines and primary
    cells. The basis for these experiments forms a combination of molecular modeling,
    genetic engineering, cell culture, and electrophysiology. The light-gated glutamate
    receptor (LiGluR), which consists of the PTL-functionalized GluK2 receptor, serves
    as a model.
alternative_title:
- MIMB
author:
- first_name: Stephanie
  full_name: Szobota, Stephanie
  last_name: Szobota
- first_name: Catherine
  full_name: Mckenzie, Catherine
  id: 3EEDE19A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Mckenzie
- first_name: Harald L
  full_name: Janovjak, Harald L
  id: 33BA6C30-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Janovjak
  orcid: 0000-0002-8023-9315
citation:
  ama: Szobota S, Mckenzie C, Janovjak HL. Optical control of ligand-gated ion channels.
    <i>Methods in Molecular Biology</i>. 2013;998:417-435. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-351-0_32">10.1007/978-1-62703-351-0_32</a>
  apa: Szobota, S., Mckenzie, C., &#38; Janovjak, H. L. (2013). Optical control of
    ligand-gated ion channels. <i>Methods in Molecular Biology</i>. Springer. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-351-0_32">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-351-0_32</a>
  chicago: Szobota, Stephanie, Catherine Mckenzie, and Harald L Janovjak. “Optical
    Control of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels.” <i>Methods in Molecular Biology</i>. Springer,
    2013. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-351-0_32">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-351-0_32</a>.
  ieee: S. Szobota, C. Mckenzie, and H. L. Janovjak, “Optical control of ligand-gated
    ion channels,” <i>Methods in Molecular Biology</i>, vol. 998. Springer, pp. 417–435,
    2013.
  ista: Szobota S, Mckenzie C, Janovjak HL. 2013. Optical control of ligand-gated
    ion channels. Methods in Molecular Biology. 998, 417–435.
  mla: Szobota, Stephanie, et al. “Optical Control of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels.”
    <i>Methods in Molecular Biology</i>, vol. 998, Springer, 2013, pp. 417–35, doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-351-0_32">10.1007/978-1-62703-351-0_32</a>.
  short: S. Szobota, C. Mckenzie, H.L. Janovjak, Methods in Molecular Biology 998
    (2013) 417–435.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:59:57Z
date_published: 2013-02-22T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2021-01-12T07:00:17Z
day: '22'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: HaJa
doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-351-0_32
ec_funded: 1
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 1701f0d989f27ddac471b19a894ec0d1
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: system
  date_created: 2018-12-12T10:12:34Z
  date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:45:51Z
  file_id: '4952'
  file_name: IST-2017-834-v1+1_szobota.pdf
  file_size: 336734
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:45:51Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       998'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '02'
oa: 1
oa_version: Submitted Version
page: 417 - 435
project:
- _id: 255BFFFA-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  grant_number: RGY0084/2012
  name: In situ real-time imaging of neurotransmitter signaling using designer optical
    sensors (HFSP Young Investigator)
- _id: 25548C20-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FP7
  grant_number: '303564'
  name: Microbial Ion Channels for Synthetic Neurobiology
publication: Methods in Molecular Biology
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer
publist_id: '3932'
pubrep_id: '834'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: 1
status: public
title: Optical control of ligand-gated ion channels
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 998
year: '2013'
...