---
_id: '8099'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Sewall Wright developed FST for describing population differentiation and
it has since been extended to many novel applications, including the detection
of homomorphic sex chromosomes. However, there has been confusion regarding the
expected estimate of FST for a fixed difference between the X‐ and Y‐chromosome
when comparing males and females. Here, we attempt to resolve this confusion by
contrasting two common FST estimators and explain why they yield different estimates
when applied to the case of sex chromosomes. We show that this difference is true
for many allele frequencies, but the situation characterized by fixed differences
between the X‐ and Y‐chromosome is among the most extreme. To avoid additional
confusion, we recommend that all authors using FST clearly state which estimator
of FST their work uses.
article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal)
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: William J
full_name: Gammerdinger, William J
id: 3A7E01BC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Gammerdinger
orcid: 0000-0001-9638-1220
- first_name: Melissa A
full_name: Toups, Melissa A
id: 4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Toups
orcid: 0000-0002-9752-7380
- first_name: Beatriz
full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz
id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Vicoso
orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306
citation:
ama: 'Gammerdinger WJ, Toups MA, Vicoso B. Disagreement in FST estimators: A case
study from sex chromosomes. Molecular Ecology Resources. 2020;20(6):1517-1525.
doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13210'
apa: 'Gammerdinger, W. J., Toups, M. A., & Vicoso, B. (2020). Disagreement in
FST estimators: A case study from sex chromosomes. Molecular Ecology Resources.
Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13210'
chicago: 'Gammerdinger, William J, Melissa A Toups, and Beatriz Vicoso. “Disagreement
in FST Estimators: A Case Study from Sex Chromosomes.” Molecular Ecology Resources.
Wiley, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13210.'
ieee: 'W. J. Gammerdinger, M. A. Toups, and B. Vicoso, “Disagreement in FST estimators:
A case study from sex chromosomes,” Molecular Ecology Resources, vol.
20, no. 6. Wiley, pp. 1517–1525, 2020.'
ista: 'Gammerdinger WJ, Toups MA, Vicoso B. 2020. Disagreement in FST estimators:
A case study from sex chromosomes. Molecular Ecology Resources. 20(6), 1517–1525.'
mla: 'Gammerdinger, William J., et al. “Disagreement in FST Estimators: A Case Study
from Sex Chromosomes.” Molecular Ecology Resources, vol. 20, no. 6, Wiley,
2020, pp. 1517–25, doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13210.'
short: W.J. Gammerdinger, M.A. Toups, B. Vicoso, Molecular Ecology Resources 20
(2020) 1517–1525.
date_created: 2020-07-07T08:56:16Z
date_published: 2020-11-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-09-05T16:07:08Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: BeVi
doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.13210
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
isi:
- '000545451200001'
pmid:
- '32543001'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: 3d87ebb8757dcd504f20c618b72e6575
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2020-11-26T11:46:43Z
date_updated: 2020-11-26T11:46:43Z
file_id: '8814'
file_name: 2020_MolecularEcologyRes_Gammerdinger.pdf
file_size: 820428
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2020-11-26T11:46:43Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 20'
isi: 1
issue: '6'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '11'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 1517-1525
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 260C2330-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: H2020
grant_number: '754411'
name: ISTplus - Postdoctoral Fellowships
- _id: 250ED89C-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: FWF
grant_number: P28842-B22
name: Sex chromosome evolution under male- and female- heterogamety
publication: Molecular Ecology Resources
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1755-0998
issn:
- 1755-098X
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Disagreement in FST estimators: A case study from sex chromosomes'
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1
volume: 20
year: '2020'
...
---
_id: '6821'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: To determine the visual sensitivities of an organism of interest, quantitative
reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT–PCR) is often used to quantify
expression of the light‐sensitive opsins in the retina. While qRT–PCR is an affordable,
high‐throughput method for measuring expression, it comes with inherent normalization
issues that affect the interpretation of results, especially as opsin expression
can vary greatly based on developmental stage, light environment or diurnal cycles.
We tested for diurnal cycles of opsin expression over a period of 24 hr at 1‐hr
increments and examined how normalization affects a data set with fluctuating
expression levels using qRT–PCR and transcriptome data from the retinae of the
cichlid Pelmatolapia mariae. We compared five methods of normalizing opsin expression
relative to (a) the average of three stably expressed housekeeping genes (Ube2z,
EF1‐α and β‐actin), (b) total RNA concentration, (c) GNAT2, (the cone‐specific
subunit of transducin), (d) total opsin expression and (e) only opsins expressed
in the same cone type. Normalizing by proportion of cone type produced the least
variation and would be best for removing time‐of‐day variation. In contrast, normalizing
by housekeeping genes produced the highest daily variation in expression and demonstrated
that the peak of cone opsin expression was in the late afternoon. A weighted correlation
network analysis showed that the expression of different cone opsins follows a
very similar daily cycle. With the knowledge of how these normalization methods
affect opsin expression data, we make recommendations for designing sampling approaches
and quantification methods based upon the scientific question being examined.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Miranda R.
full_name: Yourick, Miranda R.
last_name: Yourick
- first_name: Benjamin A.
full_name: Sandkam, Benjamin A.
last_name: Sandkam
- first_name: William J
full_name: Gammerdinger, William J
id: 3A7E01BC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Gammerdinger
orcid: 0000-0001-9638-1220
- first_name: Daniel
full_name: Escobar-Camacho, Daniel
last_name: Escobar-Camacho
- first_name: Sri Pratima
full_name: Nandamuri, Sri Pratima
last_name: Nandamuri
- first_name: Frances E.
full_name: Clark, Frances E.
last_name: Clark
- first_name: Brendan
full_name: Joyce, Brendan
last_name: Joyce
- first_name: Matthew A.
full_name: Conte, Matthew A.
last_name: Conte
- first_name: Thomas D.
full_name: Kocher, Thomas D.
last_name: Kocher
- first_name: Karen L.
full_name: Carleton, Karen L.
last_name: Carleton
citation:
ama: Yourick MR, Sandkam BA, Gammerdinger WJ, et al. Diurnal variation in opsin
expression and common housekeeping genes necessitates comprehensive normalization
methods for quantitative real-time PCR analyses. Molecular Ecology Resources.
2019;19(6):1447-1460. doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13062
apa: Yourick, M. R., Sandkam, B. A., Gammerdinger, W. J., Escobar-Camacho, D., Nandamuri,
S. P., Clark, F. E., … Carleton, K. L. (2019). Diurnal variation in opsin expression
and common housekeeping genes necessitates comprehensive normalization methods
for quantitative real-time PCR analyses. Molecular Ecology Resources. Wiley.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13062
chicago: Yourick, Miranda R., Benjamin A. Sandkam, William J Gammerdinger, Daniel
Escobar-Camacho, Sri Pratima Nandamuri, Frances E. Clark, Brendan Joyce, Matthew
A. Conte, Thomas D. Kocher, and Karen L. Carleton. “Diurnal Variation in Opsin
Expression and Common Housekeeping Genes Necessitates Comprehensive Normalization
Methods for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analyses.” Molecular Ecology Resources.
Wiley, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13062.
ieee: M. R. Yourick et al., “Diurnal variation in opsin expression and common
housekeeping genes necessitates comprehensive normalization methods for quantitative
real-time PCR analyses,” Molecular Ecology Resources, vol. 19, no. 6. Wiley,
pp. 1447–1460, 2019.
ista: Yourick MR, Sandkam BA, Gammerdinger WJ, Escobar-Camacho D, Nandamuri SP,
Clark FE, Joyce B, Conte MA, Kocher TD, Carleton KL. 2019. Diurnal variation in
opsin expression and common housekeeping genes necessitates comprehensive normalization
methods for quantitative real-time PCR analyses. Molecular Ecology Resources.
19(6), 1447–1460.
mla: Yourick, Miranda R., et al. “Diurnal Variation in Opsin Expression and Common
Housekeeping Genes Necessitates Comprehensive Normalization Methods for Quantitative
Real-Time PCR Analyses.” Molecular Ecology Resources, vol. 19, no. 6, Wiley,
2019, pp. 1447–60, doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13062.
short: M.R. Yourick, B.A. Sandkam, W.J. Gammerdinger, D. Escobar-Camacho, S.P. Nandamuri,
F.E. Clark, B. Joyce, M.A. Conte, T.D. Kocher, K.L. Carleton, Molecular Ecology
Resources 19 (2019) 1447–1460.
date_created: 2019-08-18T22:00:41Z
date_published: 2019-11-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-29T07:10:44Z
day: '01'
department:
- _id: BeVi
doi: 10.1111/1755-0998.13062
external_id:
isi:
- '000480196800001'
pmid:
- '31325910'
intvolume: ' 19'
isi: 1
issue: '6'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6995727
month: '11'
oa: 1
oa_version: Submitted Version
page: 1447-1460
pmid: 1
publication: Molecular Ecology Resources
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1755-0998
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Diurnal variation in opsin expression and common housekeeping genes necessitates
comprehensive normalization methods for quantitative real-time PCR analyses
type: journal_article
user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8
volume: 19
year: '2019'
...
---
_id: '6418'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Males and females of Artemia franciscana, a crustacean commonly used in the
aquarium trade, are highly dimorphic. Sex is determined by a pair of ZW chromosomes,
but the nature and extent of differentiation of these chromosomes is unknown.
Here, we characterize the Z chromosome by detecting genomic regions that show
lower genomic coverage in female than in male samples, and regions that harbor
an excess of female-specific SNPs. We detect many Z-specific genes, which no longer
have homologs on the W, but also Z-linked genes that appear to have diverged very
recently from their existing W-linked homolog. We assess patterns of male and
female expression in two tissues with extensive morphological dimorphism, gonads,
and heads. In agreement with their morphology, sex-biased expression is common
in both tissues. Interestingly, the Z chromosome is not enriched for sex-biased
genes, and seems to in fact have a mechanism of dosage compensation that leads
to equal expression in males and in females. Both of these patterns are contrary
to most ZW systems studied so far, making A. franciscana an excellent model for
investigating the interplay between the evolution of sexual dimorphism and dosage
compensation, as well as Z chromosome evolution in general.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: ScienComp
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Ann K
full_name: Huylmans, Ann K
id: 4C0A3874-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Huylmans
orcid: 0000-0001-8871-4961
- first_name: Melissa A
full_name: Toups, Melissa A
id: 4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Toups
orcid: 0000-0002-9752-7380
- first_name: Ariana
full_name: Macon, Ariana
id: 2A0848E2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Macon
- first_name: William J
full_name: Gammerdinger, William J
id: 3A7E01BC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Gammerdinger
orcid: 0000-0001-9638-1220
- first_name: Beatriz
full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz
id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Vicoso
orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306
citation:
ama: Huylmans AK, Toups MA, Macon A, Gammerdinger WJ, Vicoso B. Sex-biased gene
expression and dosage compensation on the Artemia franciscana Z-chromosome. Genome
biology and evolution. 2019;11(4):1033-1044. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz053
apa: Huylmans, A. K., Toups, M. A., Macon, A., Gammerdinger, W. J., & Vicoso,
B. (2019). Sex-biased gene expression and dosage compensation on the Artemia franciscana
Z-chromosome. Genome Biology and Evolution. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz053
chicago: Huylmans, Ann K, Melissa A Toups, Ariana Macon, William J Gammerdinger,
and Beatriz Vicoso. “Sex-Biased Gene Expression and Dosage Compensation on the
Artemia Franciscana Z-Chromosome.” Genome Biology and Evolution. Oxford
University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evz053.
ieee: A. K. Huylmans, M. A. Toups, A. Macon, W. J. Gammerdinger, and B. Vicoso,
“Sex-biased gene expression and dosage compensation on the Artemia franciscana
Z-chromosome,” Genome biology and evolution, vol. 11, no. 4. Oxford University
Press, pp. 1033–1044, 2019.
ista: Huylmans AK, Toups MA, Macon A, Gammerdinger WJ, Vicoso B. 2019. Sex-biased
gene expression and dosage compensation on the Artemia franciscana Z-chromosome.
Genome biology and evolution. 11(4), 1033–1044.
mla: Huylmans, Ann K., et al. “Sex-Biased Gene Expression and Dosage Compensation
on the Artemia Franciscana Z-Chromosome.” Genome Biology and Evolution,
vol. 11, no. 4, Oxford University Press, 2019, pp. 1033–44, doi:10.1093/gbe/evz053.
short: A.K. Huylmans, M.A. Toups, A. Macon, W.J. Gammerdinger, B. Vicoso, Genome
Biology and Evolution 11 (2019) 1033–1044.
date_created: 2019-05-13T07:58:38Z
date_published: 2019-04-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2024-02-21T12:45:41Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: BeVi
doi: 10.1093/gbe/evz053
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
isi:
- '000476569800003'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: 7d0ede297b6741f3dc89cd59017c7642
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2019-05-14T08:29:38Z
date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:47:29Z
file_id: '6446'
file_name: 2019_GBE_Huylmans.pdf
file_size: 1256303
relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:47:29Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 11'
isi: 1
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '04'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 1033-1044
project:
- _id: 250BDE62-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: H2020
grant_number: '715257'
name: Prevalence and Influence of Sexual Antagonism on Genome Evolution
publication: Genome biology and evolution
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1759-6653
publication_status: published
publisher: Oxford University Press
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
record:
- id: '6060'
relation: popular_science
status: public
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Sex-biased gene expression and dosage compensation on the Artemia franciscana
Z-chromosome
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8
volume: 11
year: '2019'
...
---
_id: '63'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: African cichlids display a remarkable assortment of jaw morphologies, pigmentation
patterns, and mating behaviors. In addition to this previously documented diversity,
recent studies have documented a rich diversity of sex chromosomes within these
fishes. Here we review the known sex-determination network within vertebrates,
and the extraordinary number of sex chromosomes systems segregating in African
cichlids. We also propose a model for understanding the unusual number of sex
chromosome systems within this clade.
acknowledgement: NSF DEB-1830753 and ISTPlus Fellowship
article_number: '480'
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: William J
full_name: Gammerdinger, William J
id: 3A7E01BC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
last_name: Gammerdinger
orcid: 0000-0001-9638-1220
- first_name: Thomas
full_name: Kocher, Thomas
last_name: Kocher
citation:
ama: Gammerdinger WJ, Kocher T. Unusual diversity of sex chromosomes in African
cichlid fishes. Genes. 2018;9(10). doi:10.3390/genes9100480
apa: Gammerdinger, W. J., & Kocher, T. (2018). Unusual diversity of sex chromosomes
in African cichlid fishes. Genes. MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9100480
chicago: Gammerdinger, William J, and Thomas Kocher. “Unusual Diversity of Sex Chromosomes
in African Cichlid Fishes.” Genes. MDPI AG, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9100480.
ieee: W. J. Gammerdinger and T. Kocher, “Unusual diversity of sex chromosomes in
African cichlid fishes,” Genes, vol. 9, no. 10. MDPI AG, 2018.
ista: Gammerdinger WJ, Kocher T. 2018. Unusual diversity of sex chromosomes in African
cichlid fishes. Genes. 9(10), 480.
mla: Gammerdinger, William J., and Thomas Kocher. “Unusual Diversity of Sex Chromosomes
in African Cichlid Fishes.” Genes, vol. 9, no. 10, 480, MDPI AG, 2018,
doi:10.3390/genes9100480.
short: W.J. Gammerdinger, T. Kocher, Genes 9 (2018).
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:44:26Z
date_published: 2018-10-04T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-09-19T10:37:03Z
day: '04'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: BeVi
doi: 10.3390/genes9100480
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
isi:
- '000448656700018'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: bec527692e2c9b56919c0429634ff337
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2018-12-18T09:54:46Z
date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:47:27Z
file_id: '5743'
file_name: 2018_Genes_Gammerdinger.pdf
file_size: 1415791
relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:47:27Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 9'
isi: 1
issue: '10'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
project:
- _id: 25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: FP7
grant_number: '291734'
name: International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme
publication: Genes
publication_status: published
publisher: MDPI AG
publist_id: '7991'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Unusual diversity of sex chromosomes in African cichlid fishes
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1
volume: 9
year: '2018'
...