[{"publication_status":"published","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2041-1723"]},"file_date_updated":"2024-01-17T11:03:00Z","has_accepted_license":"1","intvolume":"        15","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Superconductor/semiconductor hybrid devices have attracted increasing interest in the past years. Superconducting electronics aims to complement semiconductor technology, while hybrid architectures are at the forefront of new ideas such as topological superconductivity and protected qubits. In this work, we engineer the induced superconductivity in two-dimensional germanium hole gas by varying the distance between the quantum well and the aluminum. We demonstrate a hard superconducting gap and realize an electrically and flux tunable superconducting diode using a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). This allows to tune the current phase relation (CPR), to a regime where single Cooper pair tunneling is suppressed, creating a sin(2y) CPR. Shapiro experiments complement this interpretation and the microwave drive allows to create a diode with ≈ 100% efficiency. The reported results open up the path towards integration of spin qubit devices, microwave resonators and (protected) superconducting qubits on  the same silicon technology compatible platform."}],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"volume":15,"article_type":"original","date_created":"2024-01-14T23:00:56Z","author":[{"first_name":"Marco","full_name":"Valentini, Marco","id":"C0BB2FAC-D767-11E9-B658-BC13E6697425","last_name":"Valentini"},{"id":"71616374-A8E9-11E9-A7CA-09ECE5697425","full_name":"Sagi, Oliver","last_name":"Sagi","first_name":"Oliver"},{"id":"7aa1f788-b527-11ee-aa9e-e6111a79e0c7","full_name":"Baghumyan, Levon","last_name":"Baghumyan","first_name":"Levon"},{"first_name":"Thijs","last_name":"de Gijsel","id":"a0ece13c-b527-11ee-929d-bad130106eee","full_name":"de Gijsel, Thijs"},{"last_name":"Jung","id":"4C9ACE7A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Jung, Jason","first_name":"Jason"},{"first_name":"Stefano","last_name":"Calcaterra","full_name":"Calcaterra, Stefano"},{"last_name":"Ballabio","full_name":"Ballabio, Andrea","first_name":"Andrea"},{"last_name":"Aguilera Servin","full_name":"Aguilera Servin, Juan L","id":"2A67C376-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","orcid":"0000-0002-2862-8372","first_name":"Juan L"},{"id":"b22ab905-3539-11eb-84c3-fc159dcd79cb","full_name":"Aggarwal, Kushagra","last_name":"Aggarwal","orcid":"0000-0001-9985-9293","first_name":"Kushagra"},{"full_name":"Janik, Marian","id":"396A1950-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Janik","first_name":"Marian"},{"last_name":"Adletzberger","id":"38756BB2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Adletzberger, Thomas","first_name":"Thomas"},{"first_name":"Rubén","last_name":"Seoane Souto","full_name":"Seoane Souto, Rubén"},{"first_name":"Martin","full_name":"Leijnse, Martin","last_name":"Leijnse"},{"full_name":"Danon, Jeroen","last_name":"Danon","first_name":"Jeroen"},{"last_name":"Schrade","full_name":"Schrade, Constantin","first_name":"Constantin"},{"full_name":"Bakkers, Erik","last_name":"Bakkers","first_name":"Erik"},{"full_name":"Chrastina, Daniel","last_name":"Chrastina","first_name":"Daniel"},{"first_name":"Giovanni","last_name":"Isella","full_name":"Isella, Giovanni"},{"first_name":"Georgios","orcid":"0000-0001-8342-202X","full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios","id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Katsaros"}],"APC_amount":"12345","day":"02","scopus_import":"1","oaworkID":1,"title":"Parity-conserving Cooper-pair transport and ideal superconducting diode in planar germanium","oa_version":"Published Version","supplementarymaterial":"yes","researchdata_availability":"yes","citation":{"chicago":"Valentini, Marco, Oliver Sagi, Levon Baghumyan, Thijs de Gijsel, Jason Jung, Stefano Calcaterra, Andrea Ballabio, et al. “Parity-Conserving Cooper-Pair Transport and Ideal Superconducting Diode in Planar Germanium.” <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0</a>.","ista":"Valentini M, Sagi O, Baghumyan L, de Gijsel T, Jung J, Calcaterra S, Ballabio A, Aguilera Servin JL, Aggarwal K, Janik M, Adletzberger T, Seoane Souto R, Leijnse M, Danon J, Schrade C, Bakkers E, Chrastina D, Isella G, Katsaros G. 2024. Parity-conserving Cooper-pair transport and ideal superconducting diode in planar germanium. Nature Communications. 15, 169.","apa":"Valentini, M., Sagi, O., Baghumyan, L., de Gijsel, T., Jung, J., Calcaterra, S., … Katsaros, G. (2024). Parity-conserving Cooper-pair transport and ideal superconducting diode in planar germanium. <i>Nature Communications</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0\">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0</a>","mla":"Valentini, Marco, et al. “Parity-Conserving Cooper-Pair Transport and Ideal Superconducting Diode in Planar Germanium.” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 15, 169, Springer Nature, 2024, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0\">10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0</a>.","ama":"Valentini M, Sagi O, Baghumyan L, et al. Parity-conserving Cooper-pair transport and ideal superconducting diode in planar germanium. <i>Nature Communications</i>. 2024;15. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0\">10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0</a>","ieee":"M. Valentini <i>et al.</i>, “Parity-conserving Cooper-pair transport and ideal superconducting diode in planar germanium,” <i>Nature Communications</i>, vol. 15. Springer Nature, 2024.","short":"M. Valentini, O. Sagi, L. Baghumyan, T. de Gijsel, J. Jung, S. Calcaterra, A. Ballabio, J.L. Aguilera Servin, K. Aggarwal, M. Janik, T. Adletzberger, R. Seoane Souto, M. Leijnse, J. Danon, C. Schrade, E. Bakkers, D. Chrastina, G. Isella, G. Katsaros, Nature Communications 15 (2024)."},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"GeKa"}],"file":[{"checksum":"ef79173b45eeaf984ffa61ef2f8a52ab","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"2024_NatureComm_Valentini.pdf","success":1,"file_id":"14825","creator":"dernst","date_updated":"2024-01-17T11:03:00Z","date_created":"2024-01-17T11:03:00Z","file_size":2336595}],"article_number":"169","month":"01","quality_controlled":"1","ddc":["530"],"date_updated":"2026-02-26T11:39:00Z","dataavailabilitystatement":"All experimental data included in this work are available at https://zenodo.org/records/10119346.","_id":"14793","type":"journal_article","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-44114-0","article_processing_charge":"Yes","publisher":"Springer Nature","pmid":1,"ec_funded":1,"acknowledgement":"We acknowledge Alexander Brinkmann, Alessandro Crippa, Francesco Giazotto, Andrew Higginbotham, Andrea Iorio, Giordano Scappucci, Christian Schonenberger, and Lukas Splitthoff for helpful discussions. We thank Marcel Verheijen for the support in the TEM analysis. This research and related results were made possible with the support of the NOMIS\r\nFoundation. It was supported by the Scientific Service Units of ISTA through resources provided by the MIBA Machine Shop and the nanofabrication facility, the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research andinnovation programme under Grant Agreement No 862046, the HORIZONRIA\r\n101069515 project, the European Innovation Council Pathfinder grant no. 101115315 (QuKiT), and the FWF Projects #P-32235, #P-36507 and #F-8606. For the purpose of open access, the authors have applied a CC BY public copyright licence to any Author Accepted Manuscript version arising from this submission. R.S.S. acknowledges Spanish CM “Talento Program\"\r\nProject No. 2022-T1/IND-24070. J.J. acknowledges European Research Council TOCINA 834290.","date_published":"2024-01-02T00:00:00Z","project":[{"grant_number":"862046","name":"TOPOLOGICALLY PROTECTED AND SCALABLE QUANTUM BITS","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"237E5020-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E"},{"_id":"34c0acea-11ca-11ed-8bc3-8775e10fd452","grant_number":"101069515","name":"Integrated GermaNIum quanTum tEchnology"},{"_id":"bdc2ca30-d553-11ed-ba76-cf164a5bb811","grant_number":"101115315","name":"Quantum bits with Kitaev Transmons"},{"_id":"237B3DA4-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","grant_number":"P32235","name":"Towards scalable hut wire quantum devices","call_identifier":"FWF"},{"grant_number":"P36507","name":"Merging spin and superconducting qubits in planar Ge","_id":"bd8bd29e-d553-11ed-ba76-f0070d4b237a"},{"grant_number":"F8606","name":"Conventional and unconventional topological superconductors","_id":"34a66131-11ca-11ed-8bc3-a31681c6b03e"}],"publication":"Nature Communications","status":"public","year":"2024","external_id":{"pmid":["38167818"],"oaworkID":["w4390499170"]}},{"tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"abstract":[{"text":"Superconductor/semiconductor hybrid devices have attracted increasing\r\ninterest in the past years. Superconducting electronics aims to complement\r\nsemiconductor technology, while hybrid architectures are at the forefront of\r\nnew ideas such as topological superconductivity and protected qubits. In this\r\nwork, we engineer the induced superconductivity in two-dimensional germanium\r\nhole gas by varying the distance between the quantum well and the aluminum. We\r\ndemonstrate a hard superconducting gap and realize an electrically and flux\r\ntunable superconducting diode using a superconducting quantum interference\r\ndevice (SQUID). This allows to tune the current phase relation (CPR), to a\r\nregime where single Cooper pair tunneling is suppressed, creating a $ \\sin\r\n\\left( 2 \\varphi \\right)$ CPR. Shapiro experiments complement this\r\ninterpretation and the microwave drive allows to create a diode with $ \\approx\r\n100 \\%$ efficiency. The reported results open up the path towards monolithic\r\nintegration of spin qubit devices, microwave resonators and (protected)\r\nsuperconducting qubits on a silicon technology compatible platform.","lang":"eng"}],"acknowledged_ssus":[{"_id":"M-Shop"},{"_id":"NanoFab"}],"publication_status":"submitted","author":[{"id":"C0BB2FAC-D767-11E9-B658-BC13E6697425","full_name":"Valentini, Marco","last_name":"Valentini","first_name":"Marco"},{"last_name":"Sagi","id":"71616374-A8E9-11E9-A7CA-09ECE5697425","full_name":"Sagi, Oliver","first_name":"Oliver"},{"first_name":"Levon","last_name":"Baghumyan","full_name":"Baghumyan, Levon"},{"last_name":"Gijsel","full_name":"Gijsel, Thijs de","first_name":"Thijs de"},{"first_name":"Jason","full_name":"Jung, Jason","id":"4C9ACE7A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"Jung"},{"first_name":"Stefano","last_name":"Calcaterra","full_name":"Calcaterra, Stefano"},{"last_name":"Ballabio","full_name":"Ballabio, Andrea","first_name":"Andrea"},{"first_name":"Juan Aguilera","full_name":"Servin, Juan Aguilera","last_name":"Servin"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-9985-9293","first_name":"Kushagra","last_name":"Aggarwal","full_name":"Aggarwal, Kushagra","id":"b22ab905-3539-11eb-84c3-fc159dcd79cb"},{"id":"396A1950-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Janik, Marian","last_name":"Janik","first_name":"Marian"},{"first_name":"Thomas","id":"38756BB2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Adletzberger, Thomas","last_name":"Adletzberger"},{"full_name":"Souto, Rubén Seoane","last_name":"Souto","first_name":"Rubén Seoane"},{"full_name":"Leijnse, Martin","last_name":"Leijnse","first_name":"Martin"},{"full_name":"Danon, Jeroen","last_name":"Danon","first_name":"Jeroen"},{"full_name":"Schrade, Constantin","last_name":"Schrade","first_name":"Constantin"},{"first_name":"Erik","last_name":"Bakkers","full_name":"Bakkers, Erik"},{"full_name":"Chrastina, Daniel","last_name":"Chrastina","first_name":"Daniel"},{"full_name":"Isella, Giovanni","last_name":"Isella","first_name":"Giovanni"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-8342-202X","first_name":"Georgios","last_name":"Katsaros","id":"38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Katsaros, Georgios"}],"day":"13","title":"Radio frequency driven superconducting diode and parity conserving  Cooper pair transport in a two-dimensional germanium hole gas","oa_version":"Preprint","date_created":"2023-07-26T11:17:20Z","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"citation":{"ama":"Valentini M, Sagi O, Baghumyan L, et al. Radio frequency driven superconducting diode and parity conserving  Cooper pair transport in a two-dimensional germanium hole gas. <i>arXiv</i>. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109\">10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109</a>","short":"M. Valentini, O. Sagi, L. Baghumyan, T. de Gijsel, J. Jung, S. Calcaterra, A. Ballabio, J.A. Servin, K. Aggarwal, M. Janik, T. Adletzberger, R.S. Souto, M. Leijnse, J. Danon, C. Schrade, E. Bakkers, D. Chrastina, G. Isella, G. Katsaros, ArXiv (n.d.).","ieee":"M. Valentini <i>et al.</i>, “Radio frequency driven superconducting diode and parity conserving  Cooper pair transport in a two-dimensional germanium hole gas,” <i>arXiv</i>. .","ista":"Valentini M, Sagi O, Baghumyan L, Gijsel T de, Jung J, Calcaterra S, Ballabio A, Servin JA, Aggarwal K, Janik M, Adletzberger T, Souto RS, Leijnse M, Danon J, Schrade C, Bakkers E, Chrastina D, Isella G, Katsaros G. Radio frequency driven superconducting diode and parity conserving  Cooper pair transport in a two-dimensional germanium hole gas. arXiv, 2306.07109.","chicago":"Valentini, Marco, Oliver Sagi, Levon Baghumyan, Thijs de Gijsel, Jason Jung, Stefano Calcaterra, Andrea Ballabio, et al. “Radio Frequency Driven Superconducting Diode and Parity Conserving  Cooper Pair Transport in a Two-Dimensional Germanium Hole Gas.” <i>ArXiv</i>, n.d. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109\">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109</a>.","mla":"Valentini, Marco, et al. “Radio Frequency Driven Superconducting Diode and Parity Conserving  Cooper Pair Transport in a Two-Dimensional Germanium Hole Gas.” <i>ArXiv</i>, 2306.07109, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109\">10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109</a>.","apa":"Valentini, M., Sagi, O., Baghumyan, L., Gijsel, T. de, Jung, J., Calcaterra, S., … Katsaros, G. (n.d.). Radio frequency driven superconducting diode and parity conserving  Cooper pair transport in a two-dimensional germanium hole gas. <i>arXiv</i>. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109\">https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109</a>"},"user_id":"8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9","arxiv":1,"month":"06","department":[{"_id":"GeKa"},{"_id":"M-Shop"}],"article_number":"2306.07109","ddc":["530"],"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109"}],"doi":"10.48550/arXiv.2306.07109","article_processing_charge":"No","date_updated":"2024-02-07T07:52:32Z","_id":"13312","type":"preprint","project":[{"_id":"237E5020-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","call_identifier":"H2020","name":"TOPOLOGICALLY PROTECTED AND SCALABLE QUANTUM BITS","grant_number":"862046"},{"_id":"237B3DA4-32DE-11EA-91FC-C7463DDC885E","call_identifier":"FWF","grant_number":"P32235","name":"Towards scalable hut wire quantum devices"},{"grant_number":"P36507","name":"Merging spin and superconducting qubits in planar Ge","_id":"bd8bd29e-d553-11ed-ba76-f0070d4b237a"},{"_id":"34a66131-11ca-11ed-8bc3-a31681c6b03e","grant_number":"F8606","name":"Conventional and unconventional topological superconductors"},{"name":"Protected states of quantum matter","_id":"bd5b4ec5-d553-11ed-ba76-a6eedb083344"}],"status":"public","publication":"arXiv","ec_funded":1,"date_published":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","acknowledgement":"The authors acknowledge Alexander Brinkmann, Alessandro Crippa, Andrew Higginbotham, Andrea Iorio, Giordano\r\nScappucci and Christian Schonenberger for helpful discussions. We thank Marcel Verheijen for the support in the\r\nTEM analysis. This research and related results were made\r\npossible with the support of the NOMIS Foundation. It was\r\nsupported by the Scientific Service Units of ISTA through resources provided by the MIBA Machine Shop and the\r\nnanofabrication facility, the European Union’s Horizon 2020\r\nresearch and innovation programme under Grant Agreement\r\nNo 862046, the HORIZON-RIA 101069515 project and the\r\nFWF Projects #P-32235, #P-36507 and #F-8606. R.S.S.\r\nacknowledges Spanish CM “Talento Program” Project No.\r\n2022-T1/IND-24070.","year":"2023","external_id":{"arxiv":["2306.07109"]},"related_material":{"record":[{"id":"13286","status":"public","relation":"dissertation_contains"}]},"keyword":["Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics"]}]