---
_id: '12521'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Differentiated X chromosomes are expected to have higher rates of adaptive
    divergence than autosomes, if new beneficial mutations are recessive (the “faster-X
    effect”), largely because these mutations are immediately exposed to selection
    in males. The evolution of X chromosomes after they stop recombining in males,
    but before they become hemizygous, has not been well explored theoretically. We
    use the diffusion approximation to infer substitution rates of beneficial and
    deleterious mutations under such a scenario. Our results show that selection is
    less efficient on diploid X loci than on autosomal and hemizygous X loci under
    a wide range of parameters. This “slower-X” effect is stronger for genes affecting
    primarily (or only) male fitness, and for sexually antagonistic genes. These unusual
    dynamics suggest that some of the peculiar features of X chromosomes, such as
    the differential accumulation of genes with sex-specific functions, may start
    arising earlier than previously appreciated.
acknowledgement: We thank the Vicoso and Barton groups and ISTA Scientific Computing
  Unit. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. This work
  was supported by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon
  2020 research and innovation program (grant agreements no. 715257 and no. 716117).
article_number: qrac004
article_processing_charge: Yes (via OA deal)
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Andrea
  full_name: Mrnjavac, Andrea
  id: 353FAC84-AE61-11E9-8BFC-00D3E5697425
  last_name: Mrnjavac
- first_name: Kseniia
  full_name: Khudiakova, Kseniia
  id: 4E6DC800-AE37-11E9-AC72-31CAE5697425
  last_name: Khudiakova
  orcid: 0000-0002-6246-1465
- first_name: Nicholas H
  full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
  id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Barton
  orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
- first_name: Beatriz
  full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz
  id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Vicoso
  orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306
citation:
  ama: 'Mrnjavac A, Khudiakova K, Barton NH, Vicoso B. Slower-X: Reduced efficiency
    of selection in the early stages of X chromosome evolution. <i>Evolution Letters</i>.
    2023;7(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/evlett/qrac004">10.1093/evlett/qrac004</a>'
  apa: 'Mrnjavac, A., Khudiakova, K., Barton, N. H., &#38; Vicoso, B. (2023). Slower-X:
    Reduced efficiency of selection in the early stages of X chromosome evolution.
    <i>Evolution Letters</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/evlett/qrac004">https://doi.org/10.1093/evlett/qrac004</a>'
  chicago: 'Mrnjavac, Andrea, Kseniia Khudiakova, Nicholas H Barton, and Beatriz Vicoso.
    “Slower-X: Reduced Efficiency of Selection in the Early Stages of X Chromosome
    Evolution.” <i>Evolution Letters</i>. Oxford University Press, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/evlett/qrac004">https://doi.org/10.1093/evlett/qrac004</a>.'
  ieee: 'A. Mrnjavac, K. Khudiakova, N. H. Barton, and B. Vicoso, “Slower-X: Reduced
    efficiency of selection in the early stages of X chromosome evolution,” <i>Evolution
    Letters</i>, vol. 7, no. 1. Oxford University Press, 2023.'
  ista: 'Mrnjavac A, Khudiakova K, Barton NH, Vicoso B. 2023. Slower-X: Reduced efficiency
    of selection in the early stages of X chromosome evolution. Evolution Letters.
    7(1), qrac004.'
  mla: 'Mrnjavac, Andrea, et al. “Slower-X: Reduced Efficiency of Selection in the
    Early Stages of X Chromosome Evolution.” <i>Evolution Letters</i>, vol. 7, no.
    1, qrac004, Oxford University Press, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/evlett/qrac004">10.1093/evlett/qrac004</a>.'
  short: A. Mrnjavac, K. Khudiakova, N.H. Barton, B. Vicoso, Evolution Letters 7 (2023).
date_created: 2023-02-06T13:59:12Z
date_published: 2023-02-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-16T11:44:32Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: GradSch
- _id: BeVi
doi: 10.1093/evlett/qrac004
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '001021692200001'
  pmid:
  - '37065438'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: a240a041cb9b9b7c8ba93a4706674a3f
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2023-08-16T11:43:33Z
  date_updated: 2023-08-16T11:43:33Z
  file_id: '14068'
  file_name: 2023_EvLetters_Mrnjavac.pdf
  file_size: 2592189
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2023-08-16T11:43:33Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '         7'
isi: 1
issue: '1'
keyword:
- Genetics
- Ecology
- Evolution
- Behavior and Systematics
language:
- iso: eng
month: '02'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 256E75B8-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '716117'
  name: Optimal Transport and Stochastic Dynamics
- _id: 250BDE62-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '715257'
  name: Prevalence and Influence of Sexual Antagonism on Genome Evolution
publication: Evolution Letters
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2056-3744
publication_status: published
publisher: Oxford University Press
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Slower-X: Reduced efficiency of selection in the early stages of X chromosome
  evolution'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 7
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '12248'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Eurasian brine shrimp (genus Artemia) have closely related sexual and asexual
    lineages of parthenogenetic females, which produce rare males at low frequencies.
    Although they are known to have ZW chromosomes, these are not well characterized,
    and it is unclear whether they are shared across the clade. Furthermore, the underlying
    genetic architecture of the transmission of asexuality, which can occur when rare
    males mate with closely related sexual females, is not well understood. We produced
    a chromosome-level assembly for the sexual Eurasian species Artemia sinica and
    characterized in detail the pair of sex chromosomes of this species. We combined
    this new assembly with short-read genomic data for the sexual species Artemia
    sp. Kazakhstan and several asexual lineages of Artemia parthenogenetica, allowing
    us to perform an in-depth characterization of sex-chromosome evolution across
    the genus. We identified a small differentiated region of the ZW pair that is
    shared by all sexual and asexual lineages, supporting the shared ancestry of the
    sex chromosomes. We also inferred that recombination suppression has spread to
    larger sections of the chromosome independently in the American and Eurasian lineages.
    Finally, we took advantage of a rare male, which we backcrossed to sexual females,
    to explore the genetic basis of asexuality. Our results suggest that parthenogenesis
    is likely partly controlled by a locus on the Z chromosome, highlighting the interplay
    between sex determination and asexuality.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: ScienComp
acknowledgement: "This work was supported by the European Research Council under the
  European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement no.
  715257) and by the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF SFB F88-10).\r\nWe thank the
  Vicoso group for comments on the manuscript and the ISTA Scientific computing team
  and the Vienna Biocenter Sequencing facility for technical support."
article_number: iyac123
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Marwan N
  full_name: Elkrewi, Marwan N
  id: 0B46FACA-A8E1-11E9-9BD3-79D1E5697425
  last_name: Elkrewi
  orcid: 0000-0002-5328-7231
- first_name: Uladzislava
  full_name: Khauratovich, Uladzislava
  id: 5eba06f4-97d8-11ed-9f8f-d826ebdd9434
  last_name: Khauratovich
- first_name: Melissa A
  full_name: Toups, Melissa A
  id: 4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Toups
  orcid: 0000-0002-9752-7380
- first_name: Vincent K
  full_name: Bett, Vincent K
  id: 57854184-AAE0-11E9-8D04-98D6E5697425
  last_name: Bett
- first_name: Andrea
  full_name: Mrnjavac, Andrea
  id: 353FAC84-AE61-11E9-8BFC-00D3E5697425
  last_name: Mrnjavac
- first_name: Ariana
  full_name: Macon, Ariana
  id: 2A0848E2-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Macon
- first_name: Christelle
  full_name: Fraisse, Christelle
  id: 32DF5794-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Fraisse
  orcid: 0000-0001-8441-5075
- first_name: Luca
  full_name: Sax, Luca
  id: 701c5602-97d8-11ed-96b5-b52773c70189
  last_name: Sax
- first_name: Ann K
  full_name: Huylmans, Ann K
  id: 4C0A3874-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Huylmans
  orcid: 0000-0001-8871-4961
- first_name: Francisco
  full_name: Hontoria, Francisco
  last_name: Hontoria
- first_name: Beatriz
  full_name: Vicoso, Beatriz
  id: 49E1C5C6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Vicoso
  orcid: 0000-0002-4579-8306
citation:
  ama: Elkrewi MN, Khauratovich U, Toups MA, et al. ZW sex-chromosome evolution and
    contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp. <i>Genetics</i>. 2022;222(2).
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyac123">10.1093/genetics/iyac123</a>
  apa: Elkrewi, M. N., Khauratovich, U., Toups, M. A., Bett, V. K., Mrnjavac, A.,
    Macon, A., … Vicoso, B. (2022). ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis
    in Artemia brine shrimp. <i>Genetics</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyac123">https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyac123</a>
  chicago: Elkrewi, Marwan N, Uladzislava Khauratovich, Melissa A Toups, Vincent K
    Bett, Andrea Mrnjavac, Ariana Macon, Christelle Fraisse, et al. “ZW Sex-Chromosome
    Evolution and Contagious Parthenogenesis in Artemia Brine Shrimp.” <i>Genetics</i>.
    Oxford University Press, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyac123">https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyac123</a>.
  ieee: M. N. Elkrewi <i>et al.</i>, “ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis
    in Artemia brine shrimp,” <i>Genetics</i>, vol. 222, no. 2. Oxford University
    Press, 2022.
  ista: Elkrewi MN, Khauratovich U, Toups MA, Bett VK, Mrnjavac A, Macon A, Fraisse
    C, Sax L, Huylmans AK, Hontoria F, Vicoso B. 2022. ZW sex-chromosome evolution
    and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp. Genetics. 222(2), iyac123.
  mla: Elkrewi, Marwan N., et al. “ZW Sex-Chromosome Evolution and Contagious Parthenogenesis
    in Artemia Brine Shrimp.” <i>Genetics</i>, vol. 222, no. 2, iyac123, Oxford University
    Press, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyac123">10.1093/genetics/iyac123</a>.
  short: M.N. Elkrewi, U. Khauratovich, M.A. Toups, V.K. Bett, A. Mrnjavac, A. Macon,
    C. Fraisse, L. Sax, A.K. Huylmans, F. Hontoria, B. Vicoso, Genetics 222 (2022).
date_created: 2023-01-16T09:56:10Z
date_published: 2022-10-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2024-03-25T23:30:26Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: BeVi
doi: 10.1093/genetics/iyac123
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000850270300001'
  pmid:
  - '35977389'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: f79ff5383e882ea3f95f3da47a78029d
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2023-01-30T08:59:58Z
  date_updated: 2023-01-30T08:59:58Z
  file_id: '12440'
  file_name: 2022_Genetics_Elkrewi.pdf
  file_size: 1347136
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2023-01-30T08:59:58Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       222'
isi: 1
issue: '2'
keyword:
- Genetics
language:
- iso: eng
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 250BDE62-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '715257'
  name: Prevalence and Influence of Sexual Antagonism on Genome Evolution
- _id: 34ae1506-11ca-11ed-8bc3-c14f4c474396
  grant_number: F8810
  name: The highjacking of meiosis for asexual reproduction
publication: Genetics
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1943-2631
publication_status: published
publisher: Oxford University Press
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
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  - id: '11653'
    relation: research_data
    status: public
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine
  shrimp
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8
volume: 222
year: '2022'
...