[{"volume":13,"date_created":"2018-12-11T11:52:40Z","author":[{"first_name":"Leila","last_name":"El Masri","id":"349A6E66-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"El Masri, Leila"},{"first_name":"Antoine","last_name":"Branca","full_name":"Branca, Antoine"},{"full_name":"Sheppard, Anna","last_name":"Sheppard","first_name":"Anna"},{"first_name":"Andrei","full_name":"Papkou, Andrei","last_name":"Papkou"},{"first_name":"David","full_name":"Laehnemann, David","last_name":"Laehnemann"},{"first_name":"Patrick","full_name":"Guenther, Patrick","last_name":"Guenther"},{"first_name":"Swantje","last_name":"Prahl","full_name":"Prahl, Swantje"},{"full_name":"Saebelfeld, Manja","last_name":"Saebelfeld","first_name":"Manja"},{"full_name":"Hollensteiner, Jacqueline","last_name":"Hollensteiner","first_name":"Jacqueline"},{"first_name":"Heiko","full_name":"Liesegang, Heiko","last_name":"Liesegang"},{"first_name":"Elzbieta","full_name":"Brzuszkiewicz, Elzbieta","last_name":"Brzuszkiewicz"},{"first_name":"Rolf","last_name":"Daniel","full_name":"Daniel, Rolf"},{"first_name":"Nico","last_name":"Michiels","full_name":"Michiels, Nico"},{"first_name":"Rebecca","full_name":"Schulte, Rebecca","last_name":"Schulte"},{"first_name":"Joachim","last_name":"Kurtz","full_name":"Kurtz, Joachim"},{"full_name":"Rosenstiel, Philip","last_name":"Rosenstiel","first_name":"Philip"},{"full_name":"Telschow, Arndt","last_name":"Telschow","first_name":"Arndt"},{"last_name":"Bornberg Bauer","full_name":"Bornberg Bauer, Erich","first_name":"Erich"},{"last_name":"Schulenburg","full_name":"Schulenburg, Hinrich","first_name":"Hinrich"}],"scopus_import":1,"day":"04","oa_version":"Published Version","title":"Host–pathogen coevolution: The selective advantage of Bacillus thuringiensis virulence and its cry toxin genes","publication_status":"published","file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:45:02Z","has_accepted_license":"1","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"abstract":[{"text":"Reciprocal coevolution between host and pathogen is widely seen as a major driver of evolution and biological innovation. Yet, to date, the underlying genetic mechanisms and associated trait functions that are unique to rapid coevolutionary change are generally unknown. We here combined experimental evolution of the bacterial biocontrol agent Bacillus thuringiensis and its nematode host Caenorhabditis elegans with large-scale phenotyping, whole genome analysis, and functional genetics to demonstrate the selective benefit of pathogen virulence and the underlying toxin genes during the adaptation process. We show that: (i) high virulence was specifically favoured during pathogen–host coevolution rather than pathogen one-sided adaptation to a nonchanging host or to an environment without host; (ii) the pathogen genotype BT-679 with known nematocidal toxin genes and high virulence specifically swept to fixation in all of the independent replicate populations under coevolution but only some under one-sided adaptation; (iii) high virulence in the BT-679-dominated populations correlated with elevated copy numbers of the plasmid containing the nematocidal toxin genes; (iv) loss of virulence in a toxin-plasmid lacking BT-679 isolate was reconstituted by genetic reintroduction or external addition of the toxins.We conclude that sustained coevolution is distinct from unidirectional selection in shaping the pathogen's genome and life history characteristics. To our knowledge, this study is the first to characterize the pathogen genes involved in coevolutionary adaptation in an animal host–pathogen interaction system.","lang":"eng"}],"intvolume":"        13","department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"file":[{"file_name":"IST-2016-481-v1+1_journal.pbio.1002169.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","checksum":"30dee7a2c11ed09f2f5634655c0146f8","date_created":"2018-12-12T10:14:13Z","file_size":3468956,"date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:45:02Z","creator":"system","file_id":"5063"}],"month":"06","issue":"6","citation":{"ieee":"L. El Masri <i>et al.</i>, “Host–pathogen coevolution: The selective advantage of Bacillus thuringiensis virulence and its cry toxin genes,” <i>PLoS Biology</i>, vol. 13, no. 6. Public Library of Science, pp. 1–30, 2015.","short":"L. El Masri, A. Branca, A. Sheppard, A. Papkou, D. Laehnemann, P. Guenther, S. Prahl, M. Saebelfeld, J. Hollensteiner, H. Liesegang, E. Brzuszkiewicz, R. Daniel, N. Michiels, R. Schulte, J. Kurtz, P. Rosenstiel, A. Telschow, E. Bornberg Bauer, H. Schulenburg, PLoS Biology 13 (2015) 1–30.","ama":"El Masri L, Branca A, Sheppard A, et al. Host–pathogen coevolution: The selective advantage of Bacillus thuringiensis virulence and its cry toxin genes. <i>PLoS Biology</i>. 2015;13(6):1-30. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002169\">10.1371/journal.pbio.1002169</a>","apa":"El Masri, L., Branca, A., Sheppard, A., Papkou, A., Laehnemann, D., Guenther, P., … Schulenburg, H. (2015). Host–pathogen coevolution: The selective advantage of Bacillus thuringiensis virulence and its cry toxin genes. <i>PLoS Biology</i>. Public Library of Science. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002169\">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002169</a>","mla":"El Masri, Leila, et al. “Host–Pathogen Coevolution: The Selective Advantage of Bacillus Thuringiensis Virulence and Its Cry Toxin Genes.” <i>PLoS Biology</i>, vol. 13, no. 6, Public Library of Science, 2015, pp. 1–30, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002169\">10.1371/journal.pbio.1002169</a>.","chicago":"El Masri, Leila, Antoine Branca, Anna Sheppard, Andrei Papkou, David Laehnemann, Patrick Guenther, Swantje Prahl, et al. “Host–Pathogen Coevolution: The Selective Advantage of Bacillus Thuringiensis Virulence and Its Cry Toxin Genes.” <i>PLoS Biology</i>. Public Library of Science, 2015. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002169\">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002169</a>.","ista":"El Masri L, Branca A, Sheppard A, Papkou A, Laehnemann D, Guenther P, Prahl S, Saebelfeld M, Hollensteiner J, Liesegang H, Brzuszkiewicz E, Daniel R, Michiels N, Schulte R, Kurtz J, Rosenstiel P, Telschow A, Bornberg Bauer E, Schulenburg H. 2015. Host–pathogen coevolution: The selective advantage of Bacillus thuringiensis virulence and its cry toxin genes. PLoS Biology. 13(6), 1–30."},"user_id":"3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"pubrep_id":"481","date_updated":"2021-01-12T06:51:33Z","_id":"1551","type":"journal_article","doi":"10.1371/journal.pbio.1002169","publisher":"Public Library of Science","quality_controlled":"1","page":"1 - 30","ddc":["570"],"publist_id":"5620","year":"2015","ec_funded":1,"acknowledgement":"We are very grateful for funding from the German Science Foundation (DFG) to HS (SCHU 1415/8, SCHU 1415/9), PR (RO 2994/3), EBB (BO 2544/7), HL (LI 1690/2), AT (TE 976/2), RDS (SCHU 2522/1), JK (KU 1929/4); from the Kiel Excellence Cluster Inflammation at Interfaces to HS and PR; and from the ISTFELLOW program (Co-fund Marie Curie Actions of the European Commission) to LM.","date_published":"2015-06-04T00:00:00Z","project":[{"_id":"25681D80-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425","call_identifier":"FP7","grant_number":"291734","name":"International IST Postdoc Fellowship Programme"}],"publication":"PLoS Biology","status":"public"},{"quality_controlled":"1","publication_status":"published","page":"471 - 482","intvolume":"        35","abstract":[{"text":"Immune systems are able to protect the body against secondary infection with the same parasite. In insect colonies, this protection is not restricted to the level of the individual organism, but also occurs at the societal level. Here, we review recent evidence for and insights into the mechanisms underlying individual and social immunisation in insects. We disentangle general immune-protective effects from specific immune memory (priming), and examine immunisation in the context of the lifetime of an individual and that of a colony, and of transgenerational immunisation that benefits offspring. When appropriate, we discuss parallels with disease defence strategies in human societies. We propose that recurrent parasitic threats have shaped the evolution of both the individual immune systems and colony-level social immunity in insects.","lang":"eng"}],"_id":"1998","volume":35,"date_updated":"2021-01-12T06:54:35Z","date_created":"2018-12-11T11:55:07Z","type":"journal_article","scopus_import":1,"day":"01","author":[{"first_name":"Leila","full_name":"El Masri, Leila","id":"349A6E66-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"El Masri"},{"first_name":"Sylvia","orcid":"0000-0002-2193-3868","last_name":"Cremer","id":"2F64EC8C-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Cremer, Sylvia"}],"doi":"10.1016/j.it.2014.08.005","oa_version":"None","title":"Individual and social immunisation in insects","publisher":"Elsevier","citation":{"ama":"El Masri L, Cremer S. Individual and social immunisation in insects. <i>Trends in Immunology</i>. 2014;35(10):471-482. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2014.08.005\">10.1016/j.it.2014.08.005</a>","ieee":"L. El Masri and S. Cremer, “Individual and social immunisation in insects,” <i>Trends in Immunology</i>, vol. 35, no. 10. Elsevier, pp. 471–482, 2014.","short":"L. El Masri, S. Cremer, Trends in Immunology 35 (2014) 471–482.","ista":"El Masri L, Cremer S. 2014. Individual and social immunisation in insects. Trends in Immunology. 35(10), 471–482.","chicago":"El Masri, Leila, and Sylvia Cremer. “Individual and Social Immunisation in Insects.” <i>Trends in Immunology</i>. Elsevier, 2014. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2014.08.005\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2014.08.005</a>.","apa":"El Masri, L., &#38; Cremer, S. (2014). Individual and social immunisation in insects. <i>Trends in Immunology</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2014.08.005\">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2014.08.005</a>","mla":"El Masri, Leila, and Sylvia Cremer. “Individual and Social Immunisation in Insects.” <i>Trends in Immunology</i>, vol. 35, no. 10, Elsevier, 2014, pp. 471–82, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2014.08.005\">10.1016/j.it.2014.08.005</a>."},"issue":"10","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","acknowledgement":"This work was funded by an ERC Starting Grant by the European Research Council (to S.C.) and the ISTFELLOW program (Co-fund Marie Curie Actions of the European Commission; to L.M.).\r\nWe thank Christopher D. Pull, Sophie A.O. Armitage, Hinrich Schulenburg, Line V. Ugelvig, Matthias Konrad, Matthias Fürst, Miriam Stock, Barbara Casillas-Perez and three anonymous referees for comments on the manuscript. ","date_published":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","status":"public","publication":"Trends in Immunology","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"department":[{"_id":"SyCr"}],"publist_id":"5081","year":"2014","month":"10"},{"oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"pubrep_id":"404","citation":{"ama":"El Masri L, Schulte R, Timmermeyer N, et al. Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution. <i>Ecology Letters</i>. 2013;16(4):461-468. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12068\">10.1111/ele.12068</a>","short":"L. El Masri, R. Schulte, N. Timmermeyer, S. Thanisch, L. Crummenerl, G. Jansen, N. Michiels, H. Schulenburg, Ecology Letters 16 (2013) 461–468.","ieee":"L. El Masri <i>et al.</i>, “Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution,” <i>Ecology Letters</i>, vol. 16, no. 4. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 461–468, 2013.","chicago":"El Masri, Leila, Rebecca Schulte, Nadine Timmermeyer, Stefanie Thanisch, Lena Crummenerl, Gunther Jansen, Nico Michiels, and Hinrich Schulenburg. “Sex Differences in Host Defence Interfere with Parasite-Mediated Selection for Outcrossing during Host-Parasite Coevolution.” <i>Ecology Letters</i>. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12068\">https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12068</a>.","ista":"El Masri L, Schulte R, Timmermeyer N, Thanisch S, Crummenerl L, Jansen G, Michiels N, Schulenburg H. 2013. Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution. Ecology Letters. 16(4), 461–468.","mla":"El Masri, Leila, et al. “Sex Differences in Host Defence Interfere with Parasite-Mediated Selection for Outcrossing during Host-Parasite Coevolution.” <i>Ecology Letters</i>, vol. 16, no. 4, Wiley-Blackwell, 2013, pp. 461–68, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12068\">10.1111/ele.12068</a>.","apa":"El Masri, L., Schulte, R., Timmermeyer, N., Thanisch, S., Crummenerl, L., Jansen, G., … Schulenburg, H. (2013). Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution. <i>Ecology Letters</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12068\">https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12068</a>"},"issue":"4","user_id":"3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","month":"04","file":[{"checksum":"aa7db788f7da7d7f102539a249ebce50","relation":"main_file","content_type":"application/pdf","access_level":"open_access","file_name":"IST-2016-404-v1+1_ele12068.pdf","file_id":"5176","creator":"system","date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:45:50Z","file_size":763731,"date_created":"2018-12-12T10:15:52Z"}],"has_accepted_license":"1","intvolume":"        16","tmp":{"name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)","legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","image":"/images/cc_by.png","short":"CC BY (4.0)"},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The Red Queen hypothesis proposes that coevolving parasites select for outcrossing in the host. Outcrossing relies on males, which often show lower immune investment due to, for example, sexual selection. Here, we demonstrate that such sex differences in immunity interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing. Two independent coevolution experiments with Caenorhabditis elegans and its microparasite Bacillus thuringiensis produced decreased yet stable frequencies of outcrossing male hosts. A subsequent systematic analysis verified that male C. elegans suffered from a direct selective disadvantage under parasite pressure (i.e. lower resistance, decreased sexual activity, increased escape behaviour), which can reduce outcrossing and thus male frequencies. At the same time, males offered an indirect selective benefit, because male-mediated outcrossing increased offspring resistance, thus favouring male persistence in the evolving populations. As sex differences in immunity are widespread, such interference of opposing selective constraints is likely of central importance during host adaptation to a coevolving parasite."}],"file_date_updated":"2020-07-14T12:45:50Z","publication_status":"published","day":"04","scopus_import":"1","author":[{"full_name":"El Masri, Leila","id":"349A6E66-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","last_name":"El Masri","first_name":"Leila"},{"first_name":"Rebecca","last_name":"Schulte","full_name":"Schulte, Rebecca"},{"first_name":"Nadine","last_name":"Timmermeyer","full_name":"Timmermeyer, Nadine"},{"first_name":"Stefanie","full_name":"Thanisch, Stefanie","last_name":"Thanisch"},{"first_name":"Lena","full_name":"Crummenerl, Lena","last_name":"Crummenerl"},{"first_name":"Gunther","last_name":"Jansen","full_name":"Jansen, Gunther"},{"first_name":"Nico","last_name":"Michiels","full_name":"Michiels, Nico"},{"last_name":"Schulenburg","full_name":"Schulenburg, Hinrich","first_name":"Hinrich"}],"title":"Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host-parasite coevolution","oa_version":"Published Version","volume":16,"date_created":"2018-12-11T11:59:54Z","publication":"Ecology Letters","status":"public","extern":"1","date_published":"2013-04-04T00:00:00Z","year":"2013","publist_id":"3948","page":"461 - 468","ddc":["570"],"quality_controlled":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","doi":"10.1111/ele.12068","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","_id":"2846","date_updated":"2022-08-25T14:51:57Z","type":"journal_article"}]