---
_id: '12515'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Introduction: The olfactory system in most mammals is divided into several
    subsystems based on the anatomical locations of the neuroreceptor cells involved
    and the receptor families that are expressed. In addition to the main olfactory
    system and the vomeronasal system, a range of olfactory subsystems converge onto
    the transition zone located between the main olfactory bulb (MOB) and the accessory
    olfactory bulb (AOB), which has been termed the olfactory limbus (OL). The OL
    contains specialized glomeruli that receive noncanonical sensory afferences and
    which interact with the MOB and AOB. Little is known regarding the olfactory subsystems
    of mammals other than laboratory rodents.\r\nMethods: We have focused on characterizing
    the OL in the red fox by performing general and specific histological stainings
    on serial sections, using both single and double immunohistochemical and lectin-histochemical
    labeling techniques.\r\nResults: As a result, we have been able to determine that
    the OL of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) displays an uncommonly high degree of development
    and complexity.\r\nDiscussion: This makes this species a novel mammalian model,
    the study of which could improve our understanding of the noncanonical pathways
    involved in the processing of chemosensory cues."
acknowledgement: This work was partially supported by a grant from “Consello Social
  Universidade de Santiago de Compostela” 2022-PU004.We would like to show special
  gratitude to Prof. Ludwig Wagner (Medical University, Vienna) for kindly providing
  us with the secretagogin antibody. We thank the Wildlife Recovery Centres of Galicia,
  Dirección Xeral de Patrimonio Natural (Xunta de Galicia, Spain), and Federación
  Galega de Caza for providing the red foxes used in this study.
article_number: '1097467'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Irene
  full_name: Ortiz-Leal, Irene
  last_name: Ortiz-Leal
- first_name: Mateo V.
  full_name: Torres, Mateo V.
  last_name: Torres
- first_name: Victor M
  full_name: Vargas Barroso, Victor M
  id: 2F55A9DE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Vargas Barroso
- first_name: Luis Eusebio
  full_name: Fidalgo, Luis Eusebio
  last_name: Fidalgo
- first_name: Ana María
  full_name: López-Beceiro, Ana María
  last_name: López-Beceiro
- first_name: Jorge A.
  full_name: Larriva-Sahd, Jorge A.
  last_name: Larriva-Sahd
- first_name: Pablo
  full_name: Sánchez-Quinteiro, Pablo
  last_name: Sánchez-Quinteiro
citation:
  ama: Ortiz-Leal I, Torres MV, Vargas Barroso VM, et al. The olfactory limbus of
    the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). New insights regarding a noncanonical olfactory bulb
    pathway. <i>Frontiers in Neuroanatomy</i>. 2023;16. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2022.1097467">10.3389/fnana.2022.1097467</a>
  apa: Ortiz-Leal, I., Torres, M. V., Vargas Barroso, V. M., Fidalgo, L. E., López-Beceiro,
    A. M., Larriva-Sahd, J. A., &#38; Sánchez-Quinteiro, P. (2023). The olfactory
    limbus of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). New insights regarding a noncanonical olfactory
    bulb pathway. <i>Frontiers in Neuroanatomy</i>. Frontiers. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2022.1097467">https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2022.1097467</a>
  chicago: Ortiz-Leal, Irene, Mateo V. Torres, Victor M Vargas Barroso, Luis Eusebio
    Fidalgo, Ana María López-Beceiro, Jorge A. Larriva-Sahd, and Pablo Sánchez-Quinteiro.
    “The Olfactory Limbus of the Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes). New Insights Regarding a
    Noncanonical Olfactory Bulb Pathway.” <i>Frontiers in Neuroanatomy</i>. Frontiers,
    2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2022.1097467">https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2022.1097467</a>.
  ieee: I. Ortiz-Leal <i>et al.</i>, “The olfactory limbus of the red fox (Vulpes
    vulpes). New insights regarding a noncanonical olfactory bulb pathway,” <i>Frontiers
    in Neuroanatomy</i>, vol. 16. Frontiers, 2023.
  ista: Ortiz-Leal I, Torres MV, Vargas Barroso VM, Fidalgo LE, López-Beceiro AM,
    Larriva-Sahd JA, Sánchez-Quinteiro P. 2023. The olfactory limbus of the red fox
    (Vulpes vulpes). New insights regarding a noncanonical olfactory bulb pathway.
    Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 16, 1097467.
  mla: Ortiz-Leal, Irene, et al. “The Olfactory Limbus of the Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes).
    New Insights Regarding a Noncanonical Olfactory Bulb Pathway.” <i>Frontiers in
    Neuroanatomy</i>, vol. 16, 1097467, Frontiers, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2022.1097467">10.3389/fnana.2022.1097467</a>.
  short: I. Ortiz-Leal, M.V. Torres, V.M. Vargas Barroso, L.E. Fidalgo, A.M. López-Beceiro,
    J.A. Larriva-Sahd, P. Sánchez-Quinteiro, Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 16 (2023).
date_created: 2023-02-05T23:01:00Z
date_published: 2023-01-10T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-16T11:37:52Z
day: '10'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: PeJo
doi: 10.3389/fnana.2022.1097467
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000919786900001'
  pmid:
  - '36704406'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 49cd40f3bda6f267079427042e7d15e3
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2023-02-06T07:56:14Z
  date_updated: 2023-02-06T07:56:14Z
  file_id: '12518'
  file_name: 2022_FrontiersNeuroanatomy_OrtizLeal.pdf
  file_size: 21943473
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2023-02-06T07:56:14Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        16'
isi: 1
language:
- iso: eng
month: '01'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
pmid: 1
publication: Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1662-5129
publication_status: published
publisher: Frontiers
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: The olfactory limbus of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). New insights regarding
  a noncanonical olfactory bulb pathway
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 16
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '9438'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Rigorous investigation of synaptic transmission requires analysis of unitary
    synaptic events by simultaneous recording from presynaptic terminals and postsynaptic
    target neurons. However, this has been achieved at only a limited number of model
    synapses, including the squid giant synapse and the mammalian calyx of Held. Cortical
    presynaptic terminals have been largely inaccessible to direct presynaptic recording,
    due to their small size. Here, we describe a protocol for improved subcellular
    patch-clamp recording in rat and mouse brain slices, with the synapse in a largely
    intact environment. Slice preparation takes ~2 h, recording ~3 h and post hoc
    morphological analysis 2 d. Single presynaptic hippocampal mossy fiber terminals
    are stimulated minimally invasively in the bouton-attached configuration, in which
    the cytoplasmic content remains unperturbed, or in the whole-bouton configuration,
    in which the cytoplasmic composition can be precisely controlled. Paired pre–postsynaptic
    recordings can be integrated with biocytin labeling and morphological analysis,
    allowing correlative investigation of synapse structure and function. Paired recordings
    can be obtained from mossy fiber terminals in slices from both rats and mice,
    implying applicability to genetically modified synapses. Paired recordings can
    also be performed together with axon tract stimulation or optogenetic activation,
    allowing comparison of unitary and compound synaptic events in the same target
    cell. Finally, paired recordings can be combined with spontaneous event analysis,
    permitting collection of miniature events generated at a single identified synapse.
    In conclusion, the subcellular patch-clamp techniques detailed here should facilitate
    analysis of biophysics, plasticity and circuit function of cortical synapses in
    the mammalian central nervous system.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: M-Shop
acknowledgement: This project received funding from the European Research Council
  (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
  (grant agreement no. 692692 to P.J.) and the Fond zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen
  Forschung (Z 312-B27, Wittgenstein award to P.J., V 739-B27 to C.B.M.). We are grateful
  to F. Marr and C. Altmutter for excellent technical assistance and cell reconstruction,
  E. Kralli-Beller for manuscript editing, and the Scientific Service Units of IST
  Austria, especially T. Asenov and Miba machine shop, for maximally efficient support.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: David H
  full_name: Vandael, David H
  id: 3AE48E0A-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Vandael
  orcid: 0000-0001-7577-1676
- first_name: Yuji
  full_name: Okamoto, Yuji
  id: 3337E116-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Okamoto
  orcid: 0000-0003-0408-6094
- first_name: Carolina
  full_name: Borges Merjane, Carolina
  id: 4305C450-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Borges Merjane
  orcid: 0000-0003-0005-401X
- first_name: Victor M
  full_name: Vargas Barroso, Victor M
  id: 2F55A9DE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Vargas Barroso
- first_name: Benjamin
  full_name: Suter, Benjamin
  id: 4952F31E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Suter
  orcid: 0000-0002-9885-6936
- first_name: Peter M
  full_name: Jonas, Peter M
  id: 353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Jonas
  orcid: 0000-0001-5001-4804
citation:
  ama: Vandael DH, Okamoto Y, Borges Merjane C, Vargas Barroso VM, Suter B, Jonas
    PM. Subcellular patch-clamp techniques for single-bouton stimulation and simultaneous
    pre- and postsynaptic recording at cortical synapses. <i>Nature Protocols</i>.
    2021;16(6):2947–2967. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-021-00526-0">10.1038/s41596-021-00526-0</a>
  apa: Vandael, D. H., Okamoto, Y., Borges Merjane, C., Vargas Barroso, V. M., Suter,
    B., &#38; Jonas, P. M. (2021). Subcellular patch-clamp techniques for single-bouton
    stimulation and simultaneous pre- and postsynaptic recording at cortical synapses.
    <i>Nature Protocols</i>. Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-021-00526-0">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-021-00526-0</a>
  chicago: Vandael, David H, Yuji Okamoto, Carolina Borges Merjane, Victor M Vargas
    Barroso, Benjamin Suter, and Peter M Jonas. “Subcellular Patch-Clamp Techniques
    for Single-Bouton Stimulation and Simultaneous Pre- and Postsynaptic Recording
    at Cortical Synapses.” <i>Nature Protocols</i>. Springer Nature, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-021-00526-0">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-021-00526-0</a>.
  ieee: D. H. Vandael, Y. Okamoto, C. Borges Merjane, V. M. Vargas Barroso, B. Suter,
    and P. M. Jonas, “Subcellular patch-clamp techniques for single-bouton stimulation
    and simultaneous pre- and postsynaptic recording at cortical synapses,” <i>Nature
    Protocols</i>, vol. 16, no. 6. Springer Nature, pp. 2947–2967, 2021.
  ista: Vandael DH, Okamoto Y, Borges Merjane C, Vargas Barroso VM, Suter B, Jonas
    PM. 2021. Subcellular patch-clamp techniques for single-bouton stimulation and
    simultaneous pre- and postsynaptic recording at cortical synapses. Nature Protocols.
    16(6), 2947–2967.
  mla: Vandael, David H., et al. “Subcellular Patch-Clamp Techniques for Single-Bouton
    Stimulation and Simultaneous Pre- and Postsynaptic Recording at Cortical Synapses.”
    <i>Nature Protocols</i>, vol. 16, no. 6, Springer Nature, 2021, pp. 2947–2967,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-021-00526-0">10.1038/s41596-021-00526-0</a>.
  short: D.H. Vandael, Y. Okamoto, C. Borges Merjane, V.M. Vargas Barroso, B. Suter,
    P.M. Jonas, Nature Protocols 16 (2021) 2947–2967.
date_created: 2021-05-30T22:01:24Z
date_published: 2021-06-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-10T22:30:51Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '570'
department:
- _id: PeJo
doi: 10.1038/s41596-021-00526-0
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000650528700003'
  pmid:
  - '33990799'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 7eb580abd8893cdb0b410cf41bc8c263
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: cziletti
  date_created: 2021-07-08T12:27:55Z
  date_updated: 2021-12-02T23:30:05Z
  embargo: 2021-12-01
  file_id: '9639'
  file_name: VandaeletalAuthorVersion2021.pdf
  file_size: 38574802
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2021-12-02T23:30:05Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        16'
isi: 1
issue: '6'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Submitted Version
page: 2947–2967
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 25B7EB9E-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: H2020
  grant_number: '692692'
  name: Biophysics and circuit function of a giant cortical glumatergic synapse
- _id: 25C5A090-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FWF
  grant_number: Z00312
  name: The Wittgenstein Prize
- _id: 2696E7FE-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FWF
  grant_number: V00739
  name: Structural plasticity at mossy fiber-CA3 synapses
publication: Nature Protocols
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - '17502799'
  issn:
  - '17542189'
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Subcellular patch-clamp techniques for single-bouton stimulation and simultaneous
  pre- and postsynaptic recording at cortical synapses
type: journal_article
user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8
volume: 16
year: '2021'
...