[{"month":"12","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"day":"01","intvolume":"        31","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/269005.266637"}],"publication_status":"published","scopus_import":"1","quality_controlled":"1","date_published":"1997-12-01T00:00:00Z","author":[{"first_name":"Jennifer M.","last_name":"Anderson","full_name":"Anderson, Jennifer M."},{"full_name":"Berc, Lance M.","last_name":"Berc","first_name":"Lance M."},{"first_name":"Jeffrey","last_name":"Dean","full_name":"Dean, Jeffrey"},{"first_name":"Sanjay","last_name":"Ghemawat","full_name":"Ghemawat, Sanjay"},{"id":"540c9bbd-f2de-11ec-812d-d04a5be85630","full_name":"Henzinger, Monika H","last_name":"Henzinger","orcid":"0000-0002-5008-6530","first_name":"Monika H"},{"full_name":"Leung, Shun-Tak A.","last_name":"Leung","first_name":"Shun-Tak A."},{"last_name":"Sites","first_name":"Richard L.","full_name":"Sites, Richard L."},{"last_name":"Vandevoorde","first_name":"Mark T.","full_name":"Vandevoorde, Mark T."},{"full_name":"Waldspurger, Carl A.","last_name":"Waldspurger","first_name":"Carl A."},{"last_name":"Weihl","first_name":"William E.","full_name":"Weihl, William E."}],"article_processing_charge":"No","related_material":{"record":[{"id":"11849","status":"public","relation":"earlier_version"}]},"date_updated":"2023-02-21T16:30:27Z","doi":"10.1145/269005.266637","citation":{"chicago":"Anderson, Jennifer M., Lance M. Berc, Jeffrey Dean, Sanjay Ghemawat, Monika H Henzinger, Shun-Tak A. Leung, Richard L. Sites, Mark T. Vandevoorde, Carl A. Waldspurger, and William E. Weihl. “Continuous Profiling: Where Have All the Cycles Gone?” <i>ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review</i>. Association for Computing Machinery, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/269005.266637\">https://doi.org/10.1145/269005.266637</a>.","ieee":"J. M. Anderson <i>et al.</i>, “Continuous profiling: Where have all the cycles gone?,” <i>ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review</i>, vol. 31, no. 5. Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 1–14, 1997.","apa":"Anderson, J. M., Berc, L. M., Dean, J., Ghemawat, S., Henzinger, M. H., Leung, S.-T. A., … Weihl, W. E. (1997). Continuous profiling: Where have all the cycles gone? <i>ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review</i>. Association for Computing Machinery. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/269005.266637\">https://doi.org/10.1145/269005.266637</a>","ama":"Anderson JM, Berc LM, Dean J, et al. Continuous profiling: Where have all the cycles gone? <i>ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review</i>. 1997;31(5):1-14. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/269005.266637\">10.1145/269005.266637</a>","short":"J.M. Anderson, L.M. Berc, J. Dean, S. Ghemawat, M.H. Henzinger, S.-T.A. Leung, R.L. Sites, M.T. Vandevoorde, C.A. Waldspurger, W.E. Weihl, ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review 31 (1997) 1–14.","ista":"Anderson JM, Berc LM, Dean J, Ghemawat S, Henzinger MH, Leung S-TA, Sites RL, Vandevoorde MT, Waldspurger CA, Weihl WE. 1997. Continuous profiling: Where have all the cycles gone? ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review. 31(5), 1–14.","mla":"Anderson, Jennifer M., et al. “Continuous Profiling: Where Have All the Cycles Gone?” <i>ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review</i>, vol. 31, no. 5, Association for Computing Machinery, 1997, pp. 1–14, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1145/269005.266637\">10.1145/269005.266637</a>."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0163-5980"]},"status":"public","oa":1,"issue":"5","article_type":"original","_id":"11849","year":"1997","volume":31,"page":"1-14","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","type":"journal_article","abstract":[{"text":"This paper describes the DIGlTAL Continuous Profiling Infrastmcture, a sampling-based profiling system designed to run continuously on production systems. The system supports multiprocessors, works on unmodified executable& and collects profiles for entire systems, including user programs, shared libraries, and the operating system kernel. Samples are collected at a high rate (over 5200 samples/secper333-MHz processor), yet with low overhead (l-3% slowdown for most workloads). Analysis tools supplied with the profiling system use the sample data to produce an accurate accounting, down to the level of pipeline stalls incurred by individual instructions, of where time is being spent. When instructions incur stalls, the tools identify possible reasons, such as cache misses, branch mispredictions, and functional unit contention. The fine-grained instruction-level analysis guides users and automated optimizers to the causes of performance\r\nproblems and provides important insights for fixing them. ","lang":"eng"}],"extern":"1","date_created":"2022-08-16T07:07:03Z","oa_version":"Published Version","publication":"ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review","title":"Continuous profiling: Where have all the cycles gone?","publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery"},{"publist_id":"2905","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:03:34Z","oa_version":"Published Version","publisher":"Society for Neuroscience","publication":"Journal of Neuroscience","title":"Functional properties of AMPA and NMDA receptors expressed in identified types of basal ganglia neurons","extern":"1","abstract":[{"text":"AMPA- and NMDA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs and NMDARs) mediate excitatory synoptic transmission in the basal ganglia and may contribute to excitotoxic injury. We investigated the functional properties of AMPARs and NMDARs expressed by six main types of basal ganglia neurons in acute rat brain slices (principal neurons and cholinergic interneurons of striatum, GABAergic and dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra, globus pallidus neurons, and subthalamic nucleus neurons) using fast application of glutamate to nucleated and outside-out membrane patches, AMPARs in different types of basal ganglia neurons were functionally distinct. Those expressed in striatal principal neurons exhibited the slowest gating (desensitization time constant τ = 11.5 msec, 1 mM glutamate, 22°C), whereas those in striatal cholinergic interneurons showed the fastest gating (desensitization time constant τ = 3.6 msec). The lowest Ca2+ permeability of AMPARs was observed in nigral dopaminergic neurons (P(CA)/P(NA) = 0.10), whereas the highest Ca2+ permeability was found in subthalamic nucleus neurons (P(Ca)/P(Na) = 1.17). NMDARs of different types of basal ganglia neurons were less variable in their functional properties; those expressed in nigral dopaminergic neurons exhibited the slowest gating (deactivation time constant of predominant fast component τ1 150 msec, 100 μM glutamate), and those of globus pallidus neurons showed the fastest gating (τ1 = 67 msec). The Mg2+ block of NMDARs was similar; the average chord conductance ratio g(+60mv)/g(+40mV) was 0.18-0.22 in 100 μM external Mg2+. Hence, AMPARs expressed in different types of basal ganglia neurons are markedly diverse, whereas NMDARs are less variable in functional properties that are relevant for excitatory synoptic transmission and neuronal vulnerability.","lang":"eng"}],"year":"1997","_id":"3482","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","type":"journal_article","volume":17,"page":"204 - 215","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0270-6474"]},"citation":{"apa":"Götz, T., Kraushaar, U., Geiger, J., Lubke, J., Berger, T., &#38; Jonas, P. M. (1997). Functional properties of AMPA and NMDA receptors expressed in identified types of basal ganglia neurons. <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>. Society for Neuroscience. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00204.1997\">https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00204.1997</a>","ieee":"T. Götz, U. Kraushaar, J. Geiger, J. Lubke, T. Berger, and P. M. Jonas, “Functional properties of AMPA and NMDA receptors expressed in identified types of basal ganglia neurons,” <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>, vol. 17, no. 1. Society for Neuroscience, pp. 204–215, 1997.","chicago":"Götz, Thomas, Udo Kraushaar, Jörg Geiger, Joachim Lubke, Thomas Berger, and Peter M Jonas. “Functional Properties of AMPA and NMDA Receptors Expressed in Identified Types of Basal Ganglia Neurons.” <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>. Society for Neuroscience, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00204.1997\">https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00204.1997</a>.","ista":"Götz T, Kraushaar U, Geiger J, Lubke J, Berger T, Jonas PM. 1997. Functional properties of AMPA and NMDA receptors expressed in identified types of basal ganglia neurons. Journal of Neuroscience. 17(1), 204–215.","short":"T. Götz, U. Kraushaar, J. Geiger, J. Lubke, T. Berger, P.M. Jonas, Journal of Neuroscience 17 (1997) 204–215.","mla":"Götz, Thomas, et al. “Functional Properties of AMPA and NMDA Receptors Expressed in Identified Types of Basal Ganglia Neurons.” <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>, vol. 17, no. 1, Society for Neuroscience, 1997, pp. 204–15, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00204.1997\">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00204.1997</a>.","ama":"Götz T, Kraushaar U, Geiger J, Lubke J, Berger T, Jonas PM. Functional properties of AMPA and NMDA receptors expressed in identified types of basal ganglia neurons. <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>. 1997;17(1):204-215. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00204.1997\">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00204.1997</a>"},"issue":"1","external_id":{"pmid":["8987749"]},"article_type":"original","acknowledgement":"This work was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grant BE1859 to T.B. and SFB505/C5 to P.J. We thank Mrs. B. Plessow-Freudenberg for help with the immunocytochemistry, Dr. M. Ha¨usser for advice concerning the \r\n reparation of midbrain slices, and Drs. J. Bischofberger, G. B. Landwehrmeyer, and M. Martina for critically reading this manuscript.","status":"public","oa":1,"quality_controlled":"1","scopus_import":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00204.1997","date_updated":"2022-08-22T08:48:45Z","date_published":"1997-01-01T00:00:00Z","author":[{"full_name":"Götz, Thomas","first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Götz"},{"full_name":"Kraushaar, Udo","last_name":"Kraushaar","first_name":"Udo"},{"full_name":"Geiger, Jörg","last_name":"Geiger","first_name":"Jörg"},{"full_name":"Lubke, Joachim","last_name":"Lubke","first_name":"Joachim"},{"full_name":"Berger, Thomas","last_name":"Berger","first_name":"Thomas"},{"id":"353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Jonas, Peter M","orcid":"0000-0001-5001-4804","last_name":"Jonas","first_name":"Peter M"}],"publication_status":"published","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6793708/"}],"intvolume":"        17","month":"01","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"day":"01","pmid":1},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"07","pmid":1,"day":"15","intvolume":"        17","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6793821/","open_access":"1"}],"publication_status":"published","scopus_import":"1","quality_controlled":"1","date_published":"1997-07-15T00:00:00Z","author":[{"full_name":"Ceranik, Katya","first_name":"Katya","last_name":"Ceranik"},{"full_name":"Bender, Roland","last_name":"Bender","first_name":"Roland"},{"last_name":"Geiger","first_name":"Jörg","full_name":"Geiger, Jörg"},{"last_name":"Monyer","first_name":"Hannah","full_name":"Monyer, Hannah"},{"first_name":"Peter M","last_name":"Jonas","orcid":"0000-0001-5001-4804","full_name":"Jonas, Peter M","id":"353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Frotscher, Michael","last_name":"Frotscher","first_name":"Michael"},{"last_name":"Lubke","first_name":"Joachim","full_name":"Lubke, Joachim"}],"date_updated":"2022-08-22T08:18:54Z","doi":"10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05380.1997","article_processing_charge":"No","citation":{"short":"K. Ceranik, R. Bender, J. Geiger, H. Monyer, P.M. Jonas, M. Frotscher, J. Lubke, Journal of Neuroscience 17 (1997) 5380–5394.","ista":"Ceranik K, Bender R, Geiger J, Monyer H, Jonas PM, Frotscher M, Lubke J. 1997. A novel type of GABAergic interneuron connecting the input and the output regions of the hippocampus. Journal of Neuroscience. 17(14), 5380–5394.","mla":"Ceranik, Katya, et al. “A Novel Type of GABAergic Interneuron Connecting the Input and the Output Regions of the Hippocampus.” <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>, vol. 17, no. 14, Society for Neuroscience, 1997, pp. 5380–94, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05380.1997\">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05380.1997</a>.","ama":"Ceranik K, Bender R, Geiger J, et al. A novel type of GABAergic interneuron connecting the input and the output regions of the hippocampus. <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>. 1997;17(14):5380-5394. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05380.1997\">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05380.1997</a>","apa":"Ceranik, K., Bender, R., Geiger, J., Monyer, H., Jonas, P. M., Frotscher, M., &#38; Lubke, J. (1997). A novel type of GABAergic interneuron connecting the input and the output regions of the hippocampus. <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>. Society for Neuroscience. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05380.1997\">https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05380.1997</a>","ieee":"K. Ceranik <i>et al.</i>, “A novel type of GABAergic interneuron connecting the input and the output regions of the hippocampus.,” <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>, vol. 17, no. 14. Society for Neuroscience, pp. 5380–5394, 1997.","chicago":"Ceranik, Katya, Roland Bender, Jörg Geiger, Hannah Monyer, Peter M Jonas, Michael Frotscher, and Joachim Lubke. “A Novel Type of GABAergic Interneuron Connecting the Input and the Output Regions of the Hippocampus.” <i>Journal of Neuroscience</i>. Society for Neuroscience, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05380.1997\">https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05380.1997</a>."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0270-6474"]},"oa":1,"acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB 505/A3 and Leibniz program to M.F., SFB 505/C5 to P.J., and DFG 432/3 to H.M.) We thank Drs. H. Scharfman, M. Häusser, and I. Vida for critically reading an earlier version of this manuscript. We are also grateful to B. Joch, S. Nestel, M. Winter, and U. Amtmann for excellent technical assistance.","status":"public","external_id":{"pmid":["9204922"]},"article_type":"original","issue":"14","_id":"3483","year":"1997","page":"5380 - 5394","volume":17,"type":"journal_article","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","abstract":[{"text":"The main excitatory pathway of the hippocampal formation is controlled by a network of morphologically distinct populations of GABAergic interneurons. Here we describe a novel type of GABAergic interneuron located in the outer molecular layer (OML) of the rat dentate gyrus with a long- range forward projection from the dentate gyrus to the subiculum across the hippocampal fissure, OML interneurons were recorded in hippocampal slices by using the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration. During recording, cells were filled with biocytin for subsequent light and electron microscopic analysis. Neurons projecting to the subiculum were distributed throughout the entire OML. They had round or ovoid somata and a multipolar dendritic morphology. Two axonal domains could be distinguished: an extensive, tangential distribution within the OML and a long-range vertical and tangential projection to layer 1 and stratum pyramidale of the subiculum. Symmetric synaptic contacts were established by these interneurons on dendritic shafts in the OML and subiculum. OML interneurons were characterized physiologically by short action potential duration and marked afterhyperpolarization that followed the spike. On sustained current injection, they generated high- frequency (up to 130 Hz, 34°C) trains of action potentials with only little adaptation. In situ hybridization and single-call RT-PCR analysis for GAD67 mRNA confirmed the GABAergic nature of OML interneurons. GABAergic interneurons in the OML projecting to the subiculum connect the input and output regions of the hippocampus. Hence, they could mediate long-range feed- forward inhibition and may participate in an oscillating cross-regional interneuron network that may synchronize the activity of spatially distributed principal neurons in the dentate gyrus and the subiculum.","lang":"eng"}],"extern":"1","oa_version":"Published Version","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:03:34Z","publist_id":"2904","title":"A novel type of GABAergic interneuron connecting the input and the output regions of the hippocampus.","publication":"Journal of Neuroscience","publisher":"Society for Neuroscience"},{"article_processing_charge":"No","date_updated":"2022-08-22T08:41:54Z","doi":"10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80339-6","date_published":"1997-06-01T00:00:00Z","author":[{"full_name":"Geiger, Jörg","last_name":"Geiger","first_name":"Jörg"},{"first_name":"Joachim","last_name":"Lubke","full_name":"Lubke, Joachim"},{"full_name":"Roth, Arnd","first_name":"Arnd","last_name":"Roth"},{"full_name":"Frotscher, Michael","first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Frotscher"},{"full_name":"Jonas, Peter M","id":"353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Peter M","orcid":"0000-0001-5001-4804","last_name":"Jonas"}],"quality_controlled":"1","scopus_import":"1","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        18","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627300803396?via%3Dihub"}],"day":"01","pmid":1,"month":"06","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"Elsevier","publication":"Neuron","title":"Submillisecond AMPA receptor-mediated signaling at a principal neuron-interneuron synapse","publist_id":"2903","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:03:34Z","oa_version":"None","extern":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Glutamatergic transmission at a principal neuroninterneuron synapse was investigated by dual whole-cell patch-clamp recording in rat hippocampal slices combined with morphological analysis. Evoked EPSPs with rapid time course (half duration ≃ 4 ms; 34°C) were generated at multiple synaptic contacts established on the interneuron dendrites close to the soma. The underlying postsynaptic conductance change showed a submillisecond rise and decay, due to the precise timing of glutamate release and the rapid deactivation of the postsynaptic AMPA receptors. Simulations based on a compartmental model of the interneuron indicated that the rapid postsynaptic conductance change determines the shape and the somatodendritic integration of EPSPs, thus enabling interneurons to detect synchronous principal neuron activity."}],"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","type":"journal_article","volume":18,"page":"1009 - 1023","year":"1997","_id":"3484","issue":"6","external_id":{"pmid":["9208867 "]},"article_type":"original","oa":1,"acknowledgement":"We thank Drs. J. Bischofberger, M. Ha¨usser, and I. Vida for critically T.F. reading the manuscript; S. Nestel, B. Joch, M. Winter, B. Freudenberg, and K. Zipfel for excellent technical assistance; and B. Hillers Hestrin, S. for typing. Supported by the DFG (SFB 505/C5 to P. J. and Leibniz program to M. F.)","status":"public","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0896-6273"]},"citation":{"ama":"Geiger J, Lubke J, Roth A, Frotscher M, Jonas PM. Submillisecond AMPA receptor-mediated signaling at a principal neuron-interneuron synapse. <i>Neuron</i>. 1997;18(6):1009-1023. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80339-6\">10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80339-6</a>","short":"J. Geiger, J. Lubke, A. Roth, M. Frotscher, P.M. Jonas, Neuron 18 (1997) 1009–1023.","ista":"Geiger J, Lubke J, Roth A, Frotscher M, Jonas PM. 1997. Submillisecond AMPA receptor-mediated signaling at a principal neuron-interneuron synapse. Neuron. 18(6), 1009–1023.","mla":"Geiger, Jörg, et al. “Submillisecond AMPA Receptor-Mediated Signaling at a Principal Neuron-Interneuron Synapse.” <i>Neuron</i>, vol. 18, no. 6, Elsevier, 1997, pp. 1009–23, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80339-6\">10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80339-6</a>.","chicago":"Geiger, Jörg, Joachim Lubke, Arnd Roth, Michael Frotscher, and Peter M Jonas. “Submillisecond AMPA Receptor-Mediated Signaling at a Principal Neuron-Interneuron Synapse.” <i>Neuron</i>. Elsevier, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80339-6\">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80339-6</a>.","ieee":"J. Geiger, J. Lubke, A. Roth, M. Frotscher, and P. M. Jonas, “Submillisecond AMPA receptor-mediated signaling at a principal neuron-interneuron synapse,” <i>Neuron</i>, vol. 18, no. 6. Elsevier, pp. 1009–1023, 1997.","apa":"Geiger, J., Lubke, J., Roth, A., Frotscher, M., &#38; Jonas, P. M. (1997). Submillisecond AMPA receptor-mediated signaling at a principal neuron-interneuron synapse. <i>Neuron</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80339-6\">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80339-6</a>"}},{"page":"593 - 603","volume":505,"type":"journal_article","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","_id":"3485","year":"1997","oa":1,"acknowledgement":"We thank Drs J. Bischofberger and J. R. P. Geiger for critically reading the manuscript, Mrs B. Plessow-Freudenberg and K. Zipfel for technical assistance, and Mrs B. Hillers for typing. This work was supported by the German Israeli Foundation grant I 0352–073.01/94 to P. J.","status":"public","external_id":{"pmid":["9457638"]},"article_type":"original","issue":"3","citation":{"ista":"Martina M, Jonas PM. 1997. Functional differences in Na+ channel gating between fast-spiking interneurones and principal neurones in rat hippocampus. Journal of Physiology. 505(3), 593–603.","mla":"Martina, Marco, and Peter M. Jonas. “Functional Differences in Na+ Channel Gating between Fast-Spiking Interneurones and Principal Neurones in Rat Hippocampus.” <i>Journal of Physiology</i>, vol. 505, no. 3, Wiley-Blackwell, 1997, pp. 593–603, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.593ba.x\">10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.593ba.x</a>.","short":"M. Martina, P.M. Jonas, Journal of Physiology 505 (1997) 593–603.","ama":"Martina M, Jonas PM. Functional differences in Na+ channel gating between fast-spiking interneurones and principal neurones in rat hippocampus. <i>Journal of Physiology</i>. 1997;505(3):593-603. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.593ba.x\">10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.593ba.x</a>","apa":"Martina, M., &#38; Jonas, P. M. (1997). Functional differences in Na+ channel gating between fast-spiking interneurones and principal neurones in rat hippocampus. <i>Journal of Physiology</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.593ba.x\">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.593ba.x</a>","ieee":"M. Martina and P. M. Jonas, “Functional differences in Na+ channel gating between fast-spiking interneurones and principal neurones in rat hippocampus,” <i>Journal of Physiology</i>, vol. 505, no. 3. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 593–603, 1997.","chicago":"Martina, Marco, and Peter M Jonas. “Functional Differences in Na+ Channel Gating between Fast-Spiking Interneurones and Principal Neurones in Rat Hippocampus.” <i>Journal of Physiology</i>. Wiley-Blackwell, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.593ba.x\">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.593ba.x</a>."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0022-3751"]},"title":"Functional differences in Na+ channel gating between fast-spiking interneurones and principal neurones in rat hippocampus","publication":"Journal of Physiology","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","oa_version":"Published Version","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:03:34Z","publist_id":"2902","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"1. GABAergic interneurones differ from glutamatergic principal neurones in their ability to discharge high-frequency trains of action potentials without adaptation. To examine whether Na+ channel gating contributed to these differences, Na+ currents were recorded in nucleated patches from interneurones (dentate gyrus basket cells, BCs) and principal neurones (CA1 pyramidal cells, PCs) of rat hippocampal slices. 2. The voltage dependence of Na+ channel activation in BCs and PCs was similar. The slope factors of the activation curves, fitted with Boltzmann functions raised to the third power, were 11.5 and 11.8 mV, and the mid-point potentials were -25.1 and -23.9 mV, respectively. 3. Whereas the time course of Na+ channel activation (-30 to +40 mV) was similar, the deactivation kinetics (-100 to -40 mV) were faster in BCs than in PCs (tail current decay time constants, 0.13 and 0.20 ms, respectively, at -40 mV). 4. Na+ channels in BCs and PCs differed in the voltage dependence of inactivation. The slope factors of the steady-state inactivation curves fitted with Boltzmann functions were 6.7 and 10.7 mV, and the mid-point potentials were -58.3 and -62.9 mV, respectively. 5. The onset of Na+ channel inactivation at -55 mV was slower in BC's than in PCs; the inactivation time constants were 18.6 and 9.3 ms, respectively. At more positive potentials the differences in inactivation onset were smaller. 6. The time course of recovery of Na+ channels from inactivation induced by a 30 ms pulse was fast and mono-exponential (τ = 2.0 ms at -120 mV) in BCs, whereas it was slower and biexponential in PCs (τ1 = 2.0 ms and τ2 = 133 ms; amplitude contribution of the slow component, 15%). 7. We conclude that Na+ channels of BCs and PCs differ in gating properties that contribute to the characteristic action potential patterns of the two types of neurones."}],"extern":"1","intvolume":"       505","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1160038/","open_access":"1"}],"publication_status":"published","pmid":1,"day":"15","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"12","author":[{"full_name":"Martina, Marco","last_name":"Martina","first_name":"Marco"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-5001-4804","last_name":"Jonas","first_name":"Peter M","id":"353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Jonas, Peter M"}],"date_published":"1997-12-15T00:00:00Z","date_updated":"2022-08-22T08:25:26Z","doi":"10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.593ba.x","article_processing_charge":"No","scopus_import":"1","quality_controlled":"1"},{"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1159916/"}],"intvolume":"       504","publication_status":"published","pmid":1,"day":"15","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"10","author":[{"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Bischofberger","full_name":"Bischofberger, Joseph"},{"last_name":"Jonas","orcid":"0000-0001-5001-4804","first_name":"Peter M","id":"353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Jonas, Peter M"}],"date_published":"1997-10-15T00:00:00Z","date_updated":"2022-08-19T12:02:21Z","doi":"10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.359be.x","article_processing_charge":"No","quality_controlled":"1","page":"359 - 365","volume":504,"type":"journal_article","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","_id":"3486","year":"1997","status":"public","acknowledgement":"We thank Drs J. R. P. Geiger, M. Martina, and D. Schild for critically reading the manuscript, and Mrs B. Plessow-Freudenberg for technical assistance. This work was supported by DFG grant BI 642/1-1 and German Israeli Foundation grant I 0352-073.01/94.","oa":1,"external_id":{"pmid":["9365910"]},"article_type":"original","issue":"Pt 2","citation":{"mla":"Bischofberger, Joseph, and Peter M. Jonas. “Action Potential Propagation into the Presynaptic Dendrites of Rat Mitral Cells.” <i>Journal of Physiology</i>, vol. 504, no. Pt 2, Wiley-Blackwell, 1997, pp. 359–65, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.359be.x\">10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.359be.x</a>.","ista":"Bischofberger J, Jonas PM. 1997. Action potential propagation into the presynaptic dendrites of rat mitral cells. Journal of Physiology. 504(Pt 2), 359–365.","short":"J. Bischofberger, P.M. Jonas, Journal of Physiology 504 (1997) 359–365.","ama":"Bischofberger J, Jonas PM. Action potential propagation into the presynaptic dendrites of rat mitral cells. <i>Journal of Physiology</i>. 1997;504(Pt 2):359-365. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.359be.x\">10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.359be.x</a>","apa":"Bischofberger, J., &#38; Jonas, P. M. (1997). Action potential propagation into the presynaptic dendrites of rat mitral cells. <i>Journal of Physiology</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.359be.x\">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.359be.x</a>","ieee":"J. Bischofberger and P. M. Jonas, “Action potential propagation into the presynaptic dendrites of rat mitral cells,” <i>Journal of Physiology</i>, vol. 504, no. Pt 2. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 359–365, 1997.","chicago":"Bischofberger, Joseph, and Peter M Jonas. “Action Potential Propagation into the Presynaptic Dendrites of Rat Mitral Cells.” <i>Journal of Physiology</i>. Wiley-Blackwell, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.359be.x\">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.359be.x</a>."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0022-3751"]},"title":"Action potential propagation into the presynaptic dendrites of rat mitral cells","publication":"Journal of Physiology","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","oa_version":"Published Version","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:03:35Z","publist_id":"2901","abstract":[{"text":"1. Dendritic patch-clamp recordings were obtained from mitral cells in rat olfactory bulb slices, up to 350 μm from the soma. Simultaneous dendritic and somatic whole-cell recordings indicated that action potentials (APs) evoked by somatic or dendritic current injection were initiated near the soma. Both the large amplitude (100.7 ± 1.1 mV) and the short duration (1.38 ± 0.07 ms) of the AP were maintained as the AP propagated back into the primary mitral cell dendrites. 2. Outside-out patches isolated from mitral cell dendrites contained voltage-gated Na+ channels (peak conductance density, 90 pS μm-2 at -10 mV). When an AP was used as a somatic voltage-clamp command in the presence of 1 μM tetrodotoxin (TTX), the amplitude of the dendritic potential was attenuated to 48 ± 14 mV. This shows that dendritic Na+ channels support the active back-propagation of APs. 3. Dendritic patches contained voltage-gated K+ channels with high density (conductance density, 513 pS μm-2 at 30 mV. Dendritic K+ currents were reduced to 35% by 1 mM external tetraethylammonium chloride (TEACl). When an AP was used as a somatic voltage clamp command in the presence of TEACl, the dendritic potential was markedly prolonged. This indicates that dendritic K+ channels mediate the fast repolarization of dendritic APs. 4. We conclude that voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels support dendritic APs with large amplitudes and short durations that may trigger fast transmitter release at dendrodendritic synapses in the olfactory bulb.","lang":"eng"}],"extern":"1"},{"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"This paper derives the long-term effective size, Ne, for a general model of population subdivision, allowing for differential deme fitness, variable emigration and immigration rates, extinction, colonization, and correlations across generations in these processes. We show that various long-term measures of Ne are equivalent. The effective size of a metapopulation can be expressed in a variety of ways. At a demographic equilibrium, Ne can be derived from the demography by combining information about the ultimate contribution of each deme to the future genetic make-up of the population and Wright's FST's. The effective size is given by Ne = 1/(1 + var (upsilon) ((1 - FST)/Nin), where n is the number of demes, theta i is the eventual contribution of individuals in deme i to the whole population (scaled such that sigma theta i = n), and &lt; &gt; denotes an average weighted by theta i. This formula is applied to a catastrophic extinction model (where sites are either empty or at carrying capacity) and to a metapopulation model with explicit dynamics, where extinction is caused by demographic stochasticity and by chaos. Contrary to the expectation from the standard island model, the usual effect of population subdivision is to decrease the effective size relative to a panmictic population living on the same resource."}],"extern":"1","title":"The effective size of a subdivided population","publication":"Genetics","publisher":"Genetics Society of America","oa_version":"Published Version","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:04:20Z","publist_id":"2753","status":"public","acknowledgement":"This paper has benefited greatly from the kind efforts oF ARMANDO CABALLERO, PETER KEIGHTLEY, BEATE NÜRNBERCER and SALLY OTTO in reading and discussing the manuscript. We also thank MONTY SLATKIN and three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. One of these reviewers in particular greatly improved this paper. The work reported here was supported by a grant from the Science and Engineering Research Council (U.R) and the Darwin Trust of Edinburgh, as well as by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada).","oa":1,"external_id":{"pmid":["9136031 "]},"article_type":"original","issue":"1","citation":{"ista":"Whitlock M, Barton NH. 1997. The effective size of a subdivided population. Genetics. 146(1), 427–441.","short":"M. Whitlock, N.H. Barton, Genetics 146 (1997) 427–441.","mla":"Whitlock, Michael, and Nicholas H. Barton. “The Effective Size of a Subdivided Population.” <i>Genetics</i>, vol. 146, no. 1, Genetics Society of America, 1997, pp. 427–41, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/146.1.427\">10.1093/genetics/146.1.427</a>.","ama":"Whitlock M, Barton NH. The effective size of a subdivided population. <i>Genetics</i>. 1997;146(1):427-441. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/146.1.427\">10.1093/genetics/146.1.427</a>","apa":"Whitlock, M., &#38; Barton, N. H. (1997). The effective size of a subdivided population. <i>Genetics</i>. Genetics Society of America. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/146.1.427\">https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/146.1.427</a>","ieee":"M. Whitlock and N. H. Barton, “The effective size of a subdivided population,” <i>Genetics</i>, vol. 146, no. 1. Genetics Society of America, pp. 427–441, 1997.","chicago":"Whitlock, Michael, and Nicholas H Barton. “The Effective Size of a Subdivided Population.” <i>Genetics</i>. Genetics Society of America, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/146.1.427\">https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/146.1.427</a>."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0016-6731"]},"page":"427 - 441","volume":146,"type":"journal_article","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","_id":"3630","year":"1997","author":[{"full_name":"Whitlock, Michael","last_name":"Whitlock","first_name":"Michael"},{"first_name":"Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","last_name":"Barton","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"date_published":"1997-05-01T00:00:00Z","doi":"10.1093/genetics/146.1.427","date_updated":"2022-08-19T10:01:10Z","article_processing_charge":"No","scopus_import":"1","quality_controlled":"1","pmid":1,"day":"01","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"05","intvolume":"       146","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/146/1/427/6053913"}],"publication_status":"published"},{"date_published":"1997-05-01T00:00:00Z","author":[{"last_name":"Kawecki","first_name":"Tadeusz","full_name":"Kawecki, Tadeusz"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H"},{"last_name":"Fry","first_name":"James","full_name":"Fry, James"}],"date_updated":"2022-08-19T09:46:51Z","doi":"10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10030407.x","article_processing_charge":"No","scopus_import":"1","quality_controlled":"1","day":"01","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"05","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10030407.x"}],"intvolume":"        10","publication_status":"published","abstract":[{"text":"In spatially heterogeneous environments, natural selection for maintenance of adaptation to habitats that contribute little to the population's reproduction is weak. In this paper we model a mechanism that can result in loss of fitness in such marginal habitats, and thus lead to specialisation on the main habitat. It involves accumulation of mutations that are deleterious in the marginal habitat but neutral or nearly so in the main habitat (mutations deleterious in the main habitat and neutral in the marginal habitat have a negligible influence). If the contribution of the marginal habitat to total reproduction in the absence of the mutations is less than a threshold value, selection is too weak to counter accumulation of such mutations. A positive feedback then results in loss of fitness in the marginal habitat. This mechanism does not require antagonistic pleiotropy in adaptation to different habitats, although antagonistic pleiotropy facilitates the mutational collapse of fitness in the marginal habitat. We suggest that deleterious mutations with habitat-specific expression may play a role in the evolution of ecological specialisation and promote evolutionary conservatism of ecological niches.","lang":"eng"}],"extern":"1","title":"Mutational collapse of fitness in marginal habitats and the evolution of ecological specialisation","publication":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology","publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","oa_version":"Published Version","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:04:20Z","publist_id":"2752","oa":1,"status":"public","article_type":"original","issue":"3","citation":{"ista":"Kawecki T, Barton NH, Fry J. 1997. Mutational collapse of fitness in marginal habitats and the evolution of ecological specialisation. Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 10(3), 407–430.","mla":"Kawecki, Tadeusz, et al. “Mutational Collapse of Fitness in Marginal Habitats and the Evolution of Ecological Specialisation.” <i>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</i>, vol. 10, no. 3, Wiley-Blackwell, 1997, pp. 407–30, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10030407.x\">10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10030407.x</a>.","short":"T. Kawecki, N.H. Barton, J. Fry, Journal of Evolutionary Biology 10 (1997) 407–430.","ama":"Kawecki T, Barton NH, Fry J. Mutational collapse of fitness in marginal habitats and the evolution of ecological specialisation. <i>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</i>. 1997;10(3):407-430. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10030407.x\">10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10030407.x</a>","apa":"Kawecki, T., Barton, N. H., &#38; Fry, J. (1997). Mutational collapse of fitness in marginal habitats and the evolution of ecological specialisation. <i>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10030407.x\">https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10030407.x</a>","ieee":"T. Kawecki, N. H. Barton, and J. Fry, “Mutational collapse of fitness in marginal habitats and the evolution of ecological specialisation,” <i>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</i>, vol. 10, no. 3. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 407–430, 1997.","chicago":"Kawecki, Tadeusz, Nicholas H Barton, and James Fry. “Mutational Collapse of Fitness in Marginal Habitats and the Evolution of Ecological Specialisation.” <i>Journal of Evolutionary Biology</i>. Wiley-Blackwell, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10030407.x\">https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10030407.x</a>."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["1010-061X"]},"page":"407 - 430","volume":10,"type":"journal_article","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","_id":"3631","year":"1997"},{"quality_controlled":"1","scopus_import":"1","doi":"10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282","date_updated":"2022-08-19T09:25:21Z","article_processing_charge":"No","date_published":"1997-02-18T00:00:00Z","author":[{"full_name":"Kirkpatrick, Mark","last_name":"Kirkpatrick","first_name":"Mark"},{"id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","last_name":"Barton","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","first_name":"Nicholas H"}],"publication_status":"published","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://europepmc.org/article/med/9037044","open_access":"1"}],"intvolume":"        94","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"02","day":"18","pmid":1,"publist_id":"2751","oa_version":"Published Version","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:04:21Z","publisher":"National Academy of Sciences","title":"The strength of indirect selection on female mating preferences","publication":"PNAS","extern":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"An important but controversial class of hypotheses concerning the evolution of female preferences for extreme male mating displays involves 'indirect selection.' Even in the absence of direct fitness effects, preference for males with high overall fitness can spread via a genetic correlation that develops between preference alleles and high fitness genotypes. Here we develop a quantitative expression for the force of indirect selection that (i) applies to any female mating behavior, (ii) is relatively insensitive to the underlying genetics, and (iii) is based on measurable quantities. In conjunction with the limited data now available, it suggests that the evolutionary force generated by indirect selection on preferences is weak in absolute terms. This finding raises the possibility that direct selection on preference genes may often be more important than indirect selection, but more data on the quantities identified by our model and on direct selection are needed to decide the question."}],"year":"1997","_id":"3632","type":"journal_article","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","page":"1282 - 1286","volume":94,"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0027-8424"]},"citation":{"ama":"Kirkpatrick M, Barton NH. The strength of indirect selection on female mating preferences. <i>PNAS</i>. 1997;94(4):1282-1286. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282\">10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282</a>","short":"M. Kirkpatrick, N.H. Barton, PNAS 94 (1997) 1282–1286.","mla":"Kirkpatrick, Mark, and Nicholas H. Barton. “The Strength of Indirect Selection on Female Mating Preferences.” <i>PNAS</i>, vol. 94, no. 4, National Academy of Sciences, 1997, pp. 1282–86, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282\">10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282</a>.","ista":"Kirkpatrick M, Barton NH. 1997. The strength of indirect selection on female mating preferences. PNAS. 94(4), 1282–1286.","chicago":"Kirkpatrick, Mark, and Nicholas H Barton. “The Strength of Indirect Selection on Female Mating Preferences.” <i>PNAS</i>. National Academy of Sciences, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282\">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282</a>.","ieee":"M. Kirkpatrick and N. H. Barton, “The strength of indirect selection on female mating preferences,” <i>PNAS</i>, vol. 94, no. 4. National Academy of Sciences, pp. 1282–1286, 1997.","apa":"Kirkpatrick, M., &#38; Barton, N. H. (1997). The strength of indirect selection on female mating preferences. <i>PNAS</i>. National Academy of Sciences. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282\">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282</a>"},"article_type":"original","external_id":{"pmid":["9037044 "]},"issue":"4","acknowledgement":"We thank J. J. Bull, M. J. Ryan, M. Wade, B. Walsh, G. C. Williams, and an anonymous reviewer for discussions and suggestions. This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant DEB94 – 07969, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Grants GRyHy09928 and GRyJy76057, and a travel grant from the Burroughs-Wellcome Fund.","oa":1,"status":"public"},{"page":"343 - 360","volume":7,"type":"journal_article","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","_id":"4021","year":"1997","acknowledgement":"The authors thank Jack Snoeyink for bringing the cartogram problem to their attention, and Michael McAllister for providing pointers to the literature on cartograms. ","status":"public","oa":1,"article_type":"original","issue":"5-6","citation":{"chicago":"Edelsbrunner, Herbert, and Roman Waupotitsch. “A Combinatorial Approach to Cartograms.” <i>Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications</i>. Elsevier, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7721(96)00006-5\">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7721(96)00006-5</a>.","ieee":"H. Edelsbrunner and R. Waupotitsch, “A combinatorial approach to cartograms,” <i>Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications</i>, vol. 7, no. 5–6. Elsevier, pp. 343–360, 1997.","apa":"Edelsbrunner, H., &#38; Waupotitsch, R. (1997). A combinatorial approach to cartograms. <i>Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7721(96)00006-5\">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7721(96)00006-5</a>","ama":"Edelsbrunner H, Waupotitsch R. A combinatorial approach to cartograms. <i>Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications</i>. 1997;7(5-6):343-360. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7721(96)00006-5\">10.1016/S0925-7721(96)00006-5</a>","mla":"Edelsbrunner, Herbert, and Roman Waupotitsch. “A Combinatorial Approach to Cartograms.” <i>Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications</i>, vol. 7, no. 5–6, Elsevier, 1997, pp. 343–60, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7721(96)00006-5\">10.1016/S0925-7721(96)00006-5</a>.","short":"H. Edelsbrunner, R. Waupotitsch, Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications 7 (1997) 343–360.","ista":"Edelsbrunner H, Waupotitsch R. 1997. A combinatorial approach to cartograms. Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications. 7(5–6), 343–360."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0925-7721"]},"title":"A combinatorial approach to cartograms","publication":"Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications","publisher":"Elsevier","oa_version":"Published Version","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:06:29Z","publist_id":"2105","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"A homeomorphism from R-2 to itself distorts metric quantities, such as distance and area. We describe an algorithm that constructs homeomorphisms with prescribed area distortion. Such homeomorphisms can be used to generate cartograms, which are geographic maps purposely distorted so their area distributions reflects a variable different from area, as for example population density. The algorithm generates the homeomorphism through a sequence of local piecewise linear homeomorphic changes. Sample results produced by the preliminary implementation of the method are included."}],"extern":"1","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925772196000065"}],"intvolume":"         7","publication_status":"published","day":"01","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"04","popular_science":"1","date_published":"1997-04-01T00:00:00Z","author":[{"full_name":"Edelsbrunner, Herbert","id":"3FB178DA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Herbert","orcid":"0000-0002-9823-6833","last_name":"Edelsbrunner"},{"full_name":"Waupotitsch, Roman","first_name":"Roman","last_name":"Waupotitsch"}],"doi":"10.1016/S0925-7721(96)00006-5","date_updated":"2022-08-19T08:12:03Z","article_processing_charge":"No"},{"publist_id":"1946","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:07:24Z","oa_version":"Published Version","publisher":"Elsevier","publication":"Neuron","title":"Floating head and masterblind regulate neuronal patterning in the roof of the forebrain","extern":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"The epiphysial region of the dorsal diencephalon is the first site at which neurogenesis occurs in the roof of the zebrafish forebrain. We show that the homeobox containing gene floating head (flh) is required for neurogenesis to proceed in the epiphysis. In flh(-) embryos, the first few epiphysial neurons are generated, but beyond the 18 somite stage, neuronal production ceases. In contrast, in masterblind(-) (mbl(-)) embryos, epiphysial neurons are generated throughout the dorsal forebrain. We show that mbl is required to prevent the expression of flh in dorsal forebrain cells rostral to the epiphysis. Furthermore, epiphysial neurons are not ectopically induced in mbl(-)/flh(-) embryos, demonstrating that the epiphysial phenotype of mbl(-) embryos is mediated by ectopic Flh activity. We propose a role for Flh in linking the signaling pathways that regulate regional patterning to the signaling pathways that regulate neurogenesis."}],"year":"1997","_id":"4174","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","type":"journal_article","volume":18,"page":"43 - 57","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0896-6273"]},"citation":{"chicago":"Masai, Ichiro, Carl-Philipp J Heisenberg, K Anukampa Barth, Rachel Macdonald, Sylwia Adamek, and Stephen Wilson. “Floating Head and Masterblind Regulate Neuronal Patterning in the Roof of the Forebrain.” <i>Neuron</i>. Elsevier, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(01)80045-3\">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(01)80045-3</a>.","ieee":"I. Masai, C.-P. J. Heisenberg, K. A. Barth, R. Macdonald, S. Adamek, and S. Wilson, “Floating head and masterblind regulate neuronal patterning in the roof of the forebrain,” <i>Neuron</i>, vol. 18, no. 1. Elsevier, pp. 43–57, 1997.","apa":"Masai, I., Heisenberg, C.-P. J., Barth, K. A., Macdonald, R., Adamek, S., &#38; Wilson, S. (1997). Floating head and masterblind regulate neuronal patterning in the roof of the forebrain. <i>Neuron</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(01)80045-3\">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(01)80045-3</a>","ama":"Masai I, Heisenberg C-PJ, Barth KA, Macdonald R, Adamek S, Wilson S. Floating head and masterblind regulate neuronal patterning in the roof of the forebrain. <i>Neuron</i>. 1997;18(1):43-57. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(01)80045-3\">10.1016/S0896-6273(01)80045-3</a>","short":"I. Masai, C.-P.J. Heisenberg, K.A. Barth, R. Macdonald, S. Adamek, S. Wilson, Neuron 18 (1997) 43–57.","ista":"Masai I, Heisenberg C-PJ, Barth KA, Macdonald R, Adamek S, Wilson S. 1997. Floating head and masterblind regulate neuronal patterning in the roof of the forebrain. Neuron. 18(1), 43–57.","mla":"Masai, Ichiro, et al. “Floating Head and Masterblind Regulate Neuronal Patterning in the Roof of the Forebrain.” <i>Neuron</i>, vol. 18, no. 1, Elsevier, 1997, pp. 43–57, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(01)80045-3\">10.1016/S0896-6273(01)80045-3</a>."},"issue":"1","article_type":"original","external_id":{"pmid":["9010204"]},"status":"public","acknowledgement":"We thank Igor DaMd. Tom Jessell, David Kimelman. Vladimir Koah, Karen Larison. Ingvild Mikkola, Laurie Molday. and Eric Weinberg for probes and antibod-ies: Alex Schist and Juliet Williams for help with the TUNEL tech-nique; Dominic Delaney for analysis of the fih neural plate: Brian Gashing and Geraldine Millard for fish care; Christian Nusslein Volhard for her support: and Corinne Houart. Nigel Holder, and other members of the DBRC for comments on the manuscript. Electron microscopy of the developing epiphysis cited in this study was carried out with the help of Celeste Malinoski. funded by a grant (EY-00168)awarded to Stephen S. Easter. This study was supported by grants from Welcome Trust to S. W. and Human Frontier Science Program to I. M. S.W. is a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellow. ","oa":1,"quality_controlled":"1","scopus_import":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","doi":"10.1016/S0896-6273(01)80045-3","date_updated":"2022-08-18T14:02:49Z","date_published":"1997-01-01T00:00:00Z","author":[{"full_name":"Masai, Ichiro","last_name":"Masai","first_name":"Ichiro"},{"id":"39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J","orcid":"0000-0002-0912-4566","last_name":"Heisenberg","first_name":"Carl-Philipp J"},{"first_name":"K Anukampa","last_name":"Barth","full_name":"Barth, K Anukampa"},{"last_name":"Macdonald","first_name":"Rachel","full_name":"Macdonald, Rachel"},{"full_name":"Adamek, Sylwia","last_name":"Adamek","first_name":"Sylwia"},{"last_name":"Wilson","first_name":"Stephen","full_name":"Wilson, Stephen"}],"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        18","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627301800453?via%3Dihub"}],"month":"01","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"day":"01","pmid":1},{"volume":184,"page":"85 - 94","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","type":"journal_article","_id":"4201","year":"1997","oa":1,"acknowledgement":"We thank C. Thisse and Q. Xu for the kind gift of hggl and rtk2 cDNA, respectively. We are grateful to S. Wilson and R. Warga for many valuable comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. We also thank R. Geisler, D. Gilmour, M. Granato, I Odenthal, F. Pellegri, S. Schulte-Merker, and F. v. Eeden for critical reading of the manuscript. ","status":"public","issue":"1","external_id":{"pmid":["9142986 "]},"article_type":"original","citation":{"ama":"Heisenberg C-PJ, Nüsslein Volhard C. The function of silberblick in the positioning of the eye anlage in the zebrafish embryo. <i>Developmental Biology</i>. 1997;184(1):85-94. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1997.8511\">10.1006/dbio.1997.8511</a>","ista":"Heisenberg C-PJ, Nüsslein Volhard C. 1997. The function of silberblick in the positioning of the eye anlage in the zebrafish embryo. Developmental Biology. 184(1), 85–94.","mla":"Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J., and Christiane Nüsslein Volhard. “The Function of Silberblick in the Positioning of the Eye Anlage in the Zebrafish Embryo.” <i>Developmental Biology</i>, vol. 184, no. 1, Elsevier, 1997, pp. 85–94, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1997.8511\">10.1006/dbio.1997.8511</a>.","short":"C.-P.J. Heisenberg, C. Nüsslein Volhard, Developmental Biology 184 (1997) 85–94.","ieee":"C.-P. J. Heisenberg and C. Nüsslein Volhard, “The function of silberblick in the positioning of the eye anlage in the zebrafish embryo,” <i>Developmental Biology</i>, vol. 184, no. 1. Elsevier, pp. 85–94, 1997.","chicago":"Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J, and Christiane Nüsslein Volhard. “The Function of Silberblick in the Positioning of the Eye Anlage in the Zebrafish Embryo.” <i>Developmental Biology</i>. Elsevier, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1997.8511\">https://doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1997.8511</a>.","apa":"Heisenberg, C.-P. J., &#38; Nüsslein Volhard, C. (1997). The function of silberblick in the positioning of the eye anlage in the zebrafish embryo. <i>Developmental Biology</i>. Elsevier. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1997.8511\">https://doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1997.8511</a>"},"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["0012-1606"]},"publication":"Developmental Biology","title":"The function of silberblick in the positioning of the eye anlage in the zebrafish embryo","publisher":"Elsevier","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:07:33Z","oa_version":"Published Version","publist_id":"1917","abstract":[{"text":"In zebrafish, as in other vertebrates, an initially singular eye held within the neural plate has to split during morphogenesis to allow the development of two separated eyes. It has been suggested that anterior progression of midline tissue within the neural plate is involved in the bilateralization of the eye held. Mutations in the recently identified silberblick (slb) gene cause an incomplete separation of the eyes. During gastrulation and early somitogenesis, the ventral midline of the central nervous system (CNS) together with the underlying axial mesendoderm is shortened and broadened in slb embryos. While in wild-type embryos the ventral CNS midline extends to the anterior limit of the neural plate at the end of gastrulation, there is a gap between the anterior tip of the ventral CNS midline and the anterior edge of the neural plate in slb. To investigate the cause for the shortening of the ventral CNS midline in slb we determined the fate of labeled ventral CNS midline cells in wild-type and slb embryos at different stages of development. In slb, anterior migration of ventral CNS midline cells is impaired, which indicates that migration of these cells is needed for elongation of the ventral CNS midline. The anterior shortening of the ventral CNS midline in slb leads to medial instead of bilateral induction of optic stalks followed by a partial fusion of the eyes at later developmental stages. The analysis of the sIb phenotype indicates that anterior migration of midline cells within the neural plate is required for proper induction and subsequent bilateralization of an initially singular eye field. These findings may therefore provide a starting point in elucidating the role of neural plate morphogenesis in positioning of the eyes. (C) 1997 Academic Press.","lang":"eng"}],"extern":"1","intvolume":"       184","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012160697985110?via%3Dihub","open_access":"1"}],"publication_status":"published","pmid":1,"day":"01","month":"04","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_published":"1997-04-01T00:00:00Z","author":[{"id":"39427864-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J","orcid":"0000-0002-0912-4566","last_name":"Heisenberg","first_name":"Carl-Philipp J"},{"full_name":"Nüsslein Volhard, Christiane","last_name":"Nüsslein Volhard","first_name":"Christiane"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","date_updated":"2022-08-18T13:54:19Z","doi":"10.1006/dbio.1997.8511","scopus_import":"1","quality_controlled":"1"},{"publication":"Genetics","title":"The evolution of recombination: Removing the limits to natural selection","publisher":"Genetics Society of America","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:08:02Z","oa_version":"Published Version","publist_id":"1796","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"One of the oldest hypotheses for the advantage of recombination is that recombination allo rvs beneficial mutations that arise in different individuals to be placed together on the same chromosome. Unless recombination occurs, one of the beneficial alleles is doomed to extinction, slowing the rate at which adaptive mutations are incorporated within a population. We model the effects of a modifier of recombination on the fixation probability of beneficial mutations when beneficial alleles are segregating at other loci. We find that modifier alleles that increase recombination do increase the fixation probability of beneficial mutants and subsequently hitchhike along as the mutants rise in frequency. The strength of selection favoring a modifier that increases recombination is proportional to lambda(2)S delta r/r when linkage is tight and lambda(2)S(3) delta r/N when linkage is loose, where lambda is the beneficial mutation rate per genome per generation throughout a population of size N, S is the average mutant effect, r is the average recombination rate, and delta ris the amount that recombination is modified. We conclude that selection for recombination will be substantial only if there is tight linkage within the genome or if many loci are subject to directional selection as during periods of rapid evolutionary change."}],"extern":"1","volume":147,"page":"879 - 906","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","type":"journal_article","_id":"4285","year":"1997","oa":1,"status":"public","issue":"2","external_id":{"pmid":["9335621"]},"article_type":"original","citation":{"ista":"Otto S, Barton NH. 1997. The evolution of recombination: Removing the limits to natural selection. Genetics. 147(2), 879–906.","mla":"Otto, Sarah, and Nicholas H. Barton. “The Evolution of Recombination: Removing the Limits to Natural Selection.” <i>Genetics</i>, vol. 147, no. 2, Genetics Society of America, 1997, pp. 879–906, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.2.879\">10.1093/genetics/147.2.879</a>.","short":"S. Otto, N.H. Barton, Genetics 147 (1997) 879–906.","ama":"Otto S, Barton NH. The evolution of recombination: Removing the limits to natural selection. <i>Genetics</i>. 1997;147(2):879-906. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.2.879\">10.1093/genetics/147.2.879</a>","apa":"Otto, S., &#38; Barton, N. H. (1997). The evolution of recombination: Removing the limits to natural selection. <i>Genetics</i>. Genetics Society of America. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.2.879\">https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.2.879</a>","chicago":"Otto, Sarah, and Nicholas H Barton. “The Evolution of Recombination: Removing the Limits to Natural Selection.” <i>Genetics</i>. Genetics Society of America, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.2.879\">https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.2.879</a>.","ieee":"S. Otto and N. H. Barton, “The evolution of recombination: Removing the limits to natural selection,” <i>Genetics</i>, vol. 147, no. 2. Genetics Society of America, pp. 879–906, 1997."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0016-6731"]},"author":[{"first_name":"Sarah","last_name":"Otto","full_name":"Otto, Sarah"},{"first_name":"Nicholas H","last_name":"Barton","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"}],"date_published":"1997-10-01T00:00:00Z","article_processing_charge":"No","doi":"10.1093/genetics/147.2.879","date_updated":"2022-08-18T11:36:10Z","scopus_import":"1","quality_controlled":"1","intvolume":"       147","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/147/2/879/6054161","open_access":"1"}],"publication_status":"published","pmid":1,"day":"01","month":"10","language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"month":"02","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"day":"01","pmid":1,"publication_status":"published","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/145/2/493/6018085"}],"intvolume":"       145","quality_controlled":"1","scopus_import":"1","article_processing_charge":"No","doi":"10.1093/genetics/145.2.493","date_updated":"2022-08-18T12:34:37Z","date_published":"1997-02-01T00:00:00Z","author":[{"first_name":"Jaroslav","last_name":"Piálek","full_name":"Piálek, Jaroslav"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H"}],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0016-6731"]},"citation":{"apa":"Piálek, J., &#38; Barton, N. H. (1997). The spread of an advantageous allele across a barrier: the effects of random drift and selection against heterozygotes. <i>Genetics</i>. Genetics Society of America. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.2.493\">https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.2.493</a>","ieee":"J. Piálek and N. H. Barton, “The spread of an advantageous allele across a barrier: the effects of random drift and selection against heterozygotes,” <i>Genetics</i>, vol. 145, no. 2. Genetics Society of America, pp. 493–504, 1997.","chicago":"Piálek, Jaroslav, and Nicholas H Barton. “The Spread of an Advantageous Allele across a Barrier: The Effects of Random Drift and Selection against Heterozygotes.” <i>Genetics</i>. Genetics Society of America, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.2.493\">https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.2.493</a>.","ista":"Piálek J, Barton NH. 1997. The spread of an advantageous allele across a barrier: the effects of random drift and selection against heterozygotes. Genetics. 145(2), 493–504.","mla":"Piálek, Jaroslav, and Nicholas H. Barton. “The Spread of an Advantageous Allele across a Barrier: The Effects of Random Drift and Selection against Heterozygotes.” <i>Genetics</i>, vol. 145, no. 2, Genetics Society of America, 1997, pp. 493–504, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.2.493\">10.1093/genetics/145.2.493</a>.","short":"J. Piálek, N.H. Barton, Genetics 145 (1997) 493–504.","ama":"Piálek J, Barton NH. The spread of an advantageous allele across a barrier: the effects of random drift and selection against heterozygotes. <i>Genetics</i>. 1997;145(2):493-504. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.2.493\">10.1093/genetics/145.2.493</a>"},"issue":"2","article_type":"original","external_id":{"pmid":["9071602"]},"oa":1,"acknowledgement":"We are specially grateful to H. C. HAUFFE for allowing us to present her unpublished data. B. NURNBERGER, J. B. SEARLE, H. C. HAUFFE, S. BAIRD, L. KRUUK and two anonymous referees gave constructive comments on the manuscript. The work was supported by the European Union (Human Capital and Mobility Contract No. RB4050PL922765.","status":"public","year":"1997","_id":"4286","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","type":"journal_article","volume":145,"page":"493 - 504","extern":"1","abstract":[{"text":"A local barrier to gene flow will delay the spread of an advantageous allele. Exact calculations for the deterministic case show that an allele that is favorable when rare is delayed very little even by a strong barrier; its spread is allowed by a time proportional to log((B/σ)√2S)/S, where B is the barrier strength, σ the dispersal range, and fitnesses are 1:1 + S:1 + 2S. However, when there is selection against heterozytes, such that the allele cannot increase from low frequency, a barrier can cause a much greater delay. If gene flow is reduced below a critical value, spread is entirely prevented. Stochastic simulations show that with additive selection, random drift slows down the spread of the allele, below the deterministic speed of σ√2S. The delay to the advance of an advantageous allele caused by a strong barrier can be substantially increased by random drift and increases with B/(2Sρσ2) in a one-dimensional habitat of density ρ. However, with selection against heterozygotes, drift can facilitate the spread and can free an allele that would otherwise be trapped indefinitely by a strong barrier. We discuss the implications of these results for the evolution of chromosome rearrangements.","lang":"eng"}],"publist_id":"1797","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:08:03Z","oa_version":"Published Version","publisher":"Genetics Society of America","publication":"Genetics","title":"The spread of an advantageous allele across a barrier: the effects of random drift and selection against heterozygotes"},{"extern":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We evaluate Sewall Wright's three-phase \"shifting balance\" theory of evolution, examining both the theoretical issues and the relevant data from nature and the laboratory. We conclude that while phases I and II of Wright's theory (the movement of populations from one \"adaptive peak\" to another via drift and selection) can occur under some conditions, genetic drift is often unnecessary for movement between peaks. Phase III of the shifting balance, in which adaptations spread from particular populations to the entire species, faces two major theoretical obstacles: (1) unlike adaptations favored by simple directional selection, adaptations whose fixation requires some genetic drift are often prevented from spreading by barriers to gene flow; and (2) it is difficult to assemble complex adaptations whose constituent parts arise via peak shifts in different demes. Our review of the data from nature shows that although there is some evidence for individual phases of the shifting balance process, there are few empirical observations explained better by Wright's three-phase mechanism than by simple mass selection. Similarly, artificial selection experiments fail to show that selection in subdivided populations produces greater response than does mass selection in large populations. The complexity of the shifting balance process and the difficulty of establishing that adaptive valleys have been crossed by genetic drift make it impossible to test Wright's claim that adaptations commonly originate by this process. In view of these problems, it seems unreasonable to consider the shifting balance process as an important explanation for the evolution of adaptations. "}],"publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","title":"Perspective: A critique of Sewall Wright's shifting balance theory of evolutionight's shifting balance theory of evolution","publication":"Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution","publist_id":"1791","oa_version":"Published Version","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:08:03Z","article_type":"original","external_id":{"pmid":["28568586"]},"issue":"3","acknowledgement":"We thank the following people for discussion and comments on themanuscript: S.Barrett,J. Bull, B.Charlesworth, D.Charlesworth, P. DeVries, S.Gavrilets, J. H.Gillespie, R.K.Grosberg, W.G. Hill, A. A.Hoffmann, M.Kirkpatrick, C.H.Langley, R.  C.Lewontin, J.B. Mallet, M. Noor, L.Nunney, H. A. Orr, T. Prout, M.Slatkin, J.Spofford, W.Stephan, J.  B.  Walsh,  P. Ward, K. Weber, J. Willis, and M.Zwick. We are especially grateful to D.J. Futuyma and D.Schemskefor  their exhaustive criticism of the manuscript. Needless to say, not all of these reviewers agree with our ideas. This work  was supported by National Institutes of Health grant GM50355 to JAC, National Science Foundation grant DEB9527808 to MT, and grants from the Darwin Trust of Edinburgh and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (GRJI76057,GRIHI09928) to NHB.","oa":1,"status":"public","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0014-3820"]},"citation":{"ama":"Coyne J, Barton NH, Turelli M. Perspective: A critique of Sewall Wright’s shifting balance theory of evolutionight’s shifting balance theory of evolution. <i>Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution</i>. 1997;51(3):643-671. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03650.x\">10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03650.x</a>","short":"J. Coyne, N.H. Barton, M. Turelli, Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 51 (1997) 643–671.","ista":"Coyne J, Barton NH, Turelli M. 1997. Perspective: A critique of Sewall Wright’s shifting balance theory of evolutionight’s shifting balance theory of evolution. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution. 51(3), 643–671.","mla":"Coyne, Jerry, et al. “Perspective: A Critique of Sewall Wright’s Shifting Balance Theory of Evolutionight’s Shifting Balance Theory of Evolution.” <i>Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution</i>, vol. 51, no. 3, Wiley-Blackwell, 1997, pp. 643–71, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03650.x\">10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03650.x</a>.","ieee":"J. Coyne, N. H. Barton, and M. Turelli, “Perspective: A critique of Sewall Wright’s shifting balance theory of evolutionight’s shifting balance theory of evolution,” <i>Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution</i>, vol. 51, no. 3. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 643–671, 1997.","chicago":"Coyne, Jerry, Nicholas H Barton, and Michael Turelli. “Perspective: A Critique of Sewall Wright’s Shifting Balance Theory of Evolutionight’s Shifting Balance Theory of Evolution.” <i>Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution</i>. Wiley-Blackwell, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03650.x\">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03650.x</a>.","apa":"Coyne, J., Barton, N. H., &#38; Turelli, M. (1997). Perspective: A critique of Sewall Wright’s shifting balance theory of evolutionight’s shifting balance theory of evolution. <i>Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03650.x\">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03650.x</a>"},"type":"journal_article","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","page":"643 - 671","volume":51,"year":"1997","_id":"4287","doi":"10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03650.x","date_updated":"2022-08-18T09:48:43Z","article_processing_charge":"No","date_published":"1997-06-01T00:00:00Z","author":[{"first_name":"Jerry","last_name":"Coyne","full_name":"Coyne, Jerry"},{"full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","first_name":"Nicholas H","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","last_name":"Barton"},{"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Turelli","full_name":"Turelli, Michael"}],"quality_controlled":"1","scopus_import":"1","day":"01","pmid":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"06","publication_status":"published","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03650.x","open_access":"1"}],"intvolume":"        51"},{"date_updated":"2022-08-18T11:31:58Z","doi":"10.1098/rspb.1997.0027","article_processing_charge":"No","date_published":"1997-02-22T00:00:00Z","author":[{"first_name":"Kevin","last_name":"Fowler","full_name":"Fowler, Kevin"},{"full_name":"Semple, Colin","last_name":"Semple","first_name":"Colin"},{"orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","last_name":"Barton","first_name":"Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H"},{"full_name":"Partridge, Linda","last_name":"Partridge","first_name":"Linda"}],"quality_controlled":"1","scopus_import":"1","publication_status":"published","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1688253/"}],"intvolume":"       264","day":"22","pmid":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"02","publisher":"The Royal Society","title":"Genetic variation for total fitness in Drosophila melanogaster","publication":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences","publist_id":"1792","oa_version":"Published Version","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:08:03Z","extern":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"We measured the heterozygous effects on net fitness of a sample of 12 wild-type third chromosomes in D. melanogaster. Effects on fitness were assessed by competing the wild-type chromosomes against balancer chromosomes, to prevent the production of recombinants. The measurements were carried out in the population cage environment in which the life history had been evolving, in an undisturbed population with overlapping generations, and replicated measurements were made on each chromosome to control for confounding effects such as mutation accumulation. We found significant variation among the wild type chromosomes in their additive genetic effect on net fitness. The system provides an opportunity to obtain an accurate estimate of the distribution of heterozygous effects on net fitness, the contribution of different fitness components including male mating success, and the role of intra-chromosomal epistasis in fitness variation."}],"type":"journal_article","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","page":"191 - 199","volume":264,"year":"1997","_id":"4288","article_type":"original","external_id":{"pmid":["9061969"]},"issue":"1379","oa":1,"acknowledgement":"We thank John Sved for helpful discussions in the planningstages of the project, Brian Charlesworth, Alexei Kondrashov, Trudy Mackay and Steve Stearns for commentson the manuscript, SERC, BBSRC, the Darwin Trust andthe Royal Society for Financial support, and Ms N. Goorneyfor technical assistance","status":"public","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0962-8452"]},"citation":{"mla":"Fowler, Kevin, et al. “Genetic Variation for Total Fitness in Drosophila Melanogaster.” <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences</i>, vol. 264, no. 1379, The Royal Society, 1997, pp. 191–99, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1997.0027\">10.1098/rspb.1997.0027</a>.","ista":"Fowler K, Semple C, Barton NH, Partridge L. 1997. Genetic variation for total fitness in Drosophila melanogaster. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences. 264(1379), 191–199.","short":"K. Fowler, C. Semple, N.H. Barton, L. Partridge, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences 264 (1997) 191–199.","ama":"Fowler K, Semple C, Barton NH, Partridge L. Genetic variation for total fitness in Drosophila melanogaster. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences</i>. 1997;264(1379):191-199. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1997.0027\">10.1098/rspb.1997.0027</a>","apa":"Fowler, K., Semple, C., Barton, N. H., &#38; Partridge, L. (1997). Genetic variation for total fitness in Drosophila melanogaster. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences</i>. The Royal Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1997.0027\">https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1997.0027</a>","chicago":"Fowler, Kevin, Colin Semple, Nicholas H Barton, and Linda Partridge. “Genetic Variation for Total Fitness in Drosophila Melanogaster.” <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences</i>. The Royal Society, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1997.0027\">https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1997.0027</a>.","ieee":"K. Fowler, C. Semple, N. H. Barton, and L. Partridge, “Genetic variation for total fitness in Drosophila melanogaster,” <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences</i>, vol. 264, no. 1379. The Royal Society, pp. 191–199, 1997."}},{"user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","type":"journal_article","volume":7,"page":"757 - 758","year":"1997","_id":"4289","issue":"12","article_type":"letter_note","oa":1,"status":"public","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0960-9822"]},"citation":{"ama":"Barton NH. Population genetics: A new apportionment of human diversity. <i>Current Biology</i>. 1997;7(12):757-758. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00397-6\">10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00397-6</a>","mla":"Barton, Nicholas H. “Population Genetics: A New Apportionment of Human Diversity.” <i>Current Biology</i>, vol. 7, no. 12, Cell Press, 1997, pp. 757–58, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00397-6\">10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00397-6</a>.","ista":"Barton NH. 1997. Population genetics: A new apportionment of human diversity. Current Biology. 7(12), 757–758.","short":"N.H. Barton, Current Biology 7 (1997) 757–758.","chicago":"Barton, Nicholas H. “Population Genetics: A New Apportionment of Human Diversity.” <i>Current Biology</i>. Cell Press, 1997. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00397-6\">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00397-6</a>.","ieee":"N. H. Barton, “Population genetics: A new apportionment of human diversity,” <i>Current Biology</i>, vol. 7, no. 12. Cell Press, pp. 757–758, 1997.","apa":"Barton, N. H. (1997). Population genetics: A new apportionment of human diversity. <i>Current Biology</i>. Cell Press. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00397-6\">https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00397-6</a>"},"publisher":"Cell Press","publication":"Current Biology","title":"Population genetics: A new apportionment of human diversity","publist_id":"1788","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:08:04Z","oa_version":"Published Version","extern":"1","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"A worldwide survey of polymorphic molecular markers shows that the human population is genetically homogeneous, in close agreement with evidence from quite different genes and traits."}],"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"         7","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982206003976?via%3Dihub","open_access":"1"}],"day":"01","month":"12","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","date_updated":"2022-08-17T13:07:08Z","doi":"10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00397-6","author":[{"last_name":"Barton","orcid":"0000-0002-8548-5240","first_name":"Nicholas H","id":"4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","full_name":"Barton, Nicholas H"}],"date_published":"1997-12-01T00:00:00Z","quality_controlled":"1"},{"_id":"4611","year":"1996","page":"181 - 201","volume":22,"type":"journal_article","user_id":"ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17","citation":{"chicago":"Alur, Rajeev, Thomas A Henzinger, and Pei Ho. “Automatic Symbolic Verification of Embedded Systems.” <i>IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering</i>. IEEE, 1996. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/32.489079\">https://doi.org/10.1109/32.489079</a>.","ieee":"R. Alur, T. A. Henzinger, and P. Ho, “Automatic symbolic verification of embedded systems,” <i>IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering</i>, vol. 22, no. 3. IEEE, pp. 181–201, 1996.","apa":"Alur, R., Henzinger, T. A., &#38; Ho, P. (1996). Automatic symbolic verification of embedded systems. <i>IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering</i>. IEEE. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/32.489079\">https://doi.org/10.1109/32.489079</a>","ama":"Alur R, Henzinger TA, Ho P. Automatic symbolic verification of embedded systems. <i>IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering</i>. 1996;22(3):181-201. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/32.489079\">10.1109/32.489079</a>","mla":"Alur, Rajeev, et al. “Automatic Symbolic Verification of Embedded Systems.” <i>IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering</i>, vol. 22, no. 3, IEEE, 1996, pp. 181–201, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1109/32.489079\">10.1109/32.489079</a>.","ista":"Alur R, Henzinger TA, Ho P. 1996. Automatic symbolic verification of embedded systems. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering. 22(3), 181–201.","short":"R. Alur, T.A. Henzinger, P. Ho, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 22 (1996) 181–201."},"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0018-9162"]},"acknowledgement":"We thank Costas Courcoubetis, Nicolas Halbwachs, Peter Kopke, Joseph Sifakis, and Howard Wong-Toi for helpful\r\ndiscussions and valuable comments. Thomas A. Henzinger's research was supported in part by the U.S. Office of Naval Research Young Investigator award N00014-95-1-0520, by the National Science Foundation CAREER award CCR-9501708, by National Science Foundation grants CCR-9200794 and CCR-9504469, by U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research contract F49620-93-1- 0056, and by Advanced Research Projects Agency grant NAG2-892. ","oa":1,"status":"public","article_type":"original","issue":"3","oa_version":"Published Version","date_created":"2018-12-11T12:09:45Z","publist_id":"96","title":"Automatic symbolic verification of embedded systems","publication":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","publisher":"IEEE","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Presents a model-checking procedure and its implementation for the automatic verification of embedded systems. The system components are described as hybrid automata-communicating machines with finite control and real-valued variables that represent continuous environment parameters such as time, pressure and temperature. The system requirements are specified in a temporal logic with stop-watches, and verified by symbolic fixpoint computation. The verification procedure-implemented in the Cornell Hybrid Technology tool, HyTech-applies to hybrid automata whose continuous dynamics is governed by linear constraints on the variables and their derivatives. We illustrate the method and the tool by checking safety, liveness, time-bounded and duration requirements of digital controllers, schedulers and distributed algorithms"}],"extern":"1","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/7170","open_access":"1"}],"intvolume":"        22","publication_status":"published","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"03","day":"01","scopus_import":"1","quality_controlled":"1","author":[{"last_name":"Alur","first_name":"Rajeev","full_name":"Alur, Rajeev"},{"first_name":"Thomas A","last_name":"Henzinger","orcid":"0000−0002−2985−7724","full_name":"Henzinger, Thomas A","id":"40876CD8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"full_name":"Ho, Pei","last_name":"Ho","first_name":"Pei"}],"date_published":"1996-03-01T00:00:00Z","date_updated":"2022-07-04T12:47:05Z","doi":"10.1109/32.489079","article_processing_charge":"No"},{"date_updated":"2021-01-12T08:06:28Z","date_published":"1996-10-01T00:00:00Z","author":[{"first_name":"Mario","orcid":"0000-0001-8347-0443","last_name":"de Bono","full_name":"de Bono, Mario","id":"4E3FF80E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87"},{"first_name":"J.","last_name":"Hodgkin","full_name":"Hodgkin, J."}],"quality_controlled":"1","keyword":["amino acid sequence","article","caenorhabditis elegans","evolution","genetic variability","nonhuman","priority journal","sex determination","Amino Acid Sequence","Animals","Animals","Genetically Modified","Base Sequence","Caenorhabditis","Caenorhabditis elegans","Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins","DNA","Helminth","DNA-Binding Proteins","Evolution","Molecular","Female","Helminth Proteins","Membrane Proteins","Molecular Sequence Data","Mutagenesis","RNA","Messenger","Sequence Homology","Amino Acid","Sex Determination (Analysis)","Transcription Factors","Transgenes","Turner Syndrome","Animalia","Caenorhabditis","Caenorhabditis briggsae","Caenorhabditis elegans","Nematoda"],"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"       144","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1207552/"}],"day":"01","pmid":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"10","publisher":"Genetics Society of America","title":"Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually high divergence of tra-1 and its functional consequences","publication":"Genetics","oa_version":"Published Version","date_created":"2019-03-21T11:50:37Z","extern":"1","abstract":[{"text":"The tra-1 gene is a terminal regulator of somatic sex in Caenorhabditis elegans: high tra-1 activity elicits female development, low tra-1 activity elicits male development. To investigate the function and evolution of tra- 1, we examined the tra-1 gene from the closely related nematode C. briggsae. Ce-tra-1 and Cb-tra-1 are unusually divergent. Each gene generates two transcripts, but only one of these is present in both species. This common transcript encodes TRA-1A, which shows only 44% amino acid identity between the species, a figure much lower than that for previously compared genes. A Cb-tra-1 transgene rescues many tissues of tra-1(null) mutants of C. elegans but not the somatic gonad or germ line. This transgene also causes nongonadal feminization of XO animals, indicating incorrect sexual regulation. Alignment of Ce-TRA-1A and Cb-TRA-1A defined several conserved regions likely to be important for tra-1 function. The phenotype differences between Ce-tra- 1(null) mutants rescued by Cb-tra-1 transgenes and wild-type C. elegans indicate significant divergence of regulatory regions. These molecular and functional studies suggest that evolution of sex determination in nematodes is rapid and genetically complex.","lang":"eng"}],"type":"journal_article","user_id":"3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","page":"587-595","volume":144,"year":"1996","_id":"6161","external_id":{"pmid":["8889522"]},"issue":"2","status":"public","oa":1,"publication_identifier":{"issn":["00166731"]},"citation":{"ama":"de Bono M, Hodgkin J. Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually high divergence of tra-1 and its functional consequences. <i>Genetics</i>. 1996;144(2):587-595.","ista":"de Bono M, Hodgkin J. 1996. Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually high divergence of tra-1 and its functional consequences. Genetics. 144(2), 587–595.","mla":"de Bono, Mario, and J. Hodgkin. “Evolution of Sex Determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually High Divergence of Tra-1 and Its Functional Consequences.” <i>Genetics</i>, vol. 144, no. 2, Genetics Society of America, 1996, pp. 587–95.","short":"M. de Bono, J. Hodgkin, Genetics 144 (1996) 587–595.","ieee":"M. de Bono and J. Hodgkin, “Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually high divergence of tra-1 and its functional consequences,” <i>Genetics</i>, vol. 144, no. 2. Genetics Society of America, pp. 587–595, 1996.","chicago":"Bono, Mario de, and J. Hodgkin. “Evolution of Sex Determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually High Divergence of Tra-1 and Its Functional Consequences.” <i>Genetics</i>. Genetics Society of America, 1996.","apa":"de Bono, M., &#38; Hodgkin, J. (1996). Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually high divergence of tra-1 and its functional consequences. <i>Genetics</i>. Genetics Society of America."}},{"page":"333 -340","type":"conference","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","_id":"11927","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/313852.314080"}],"publication_status":"published","year":"1996","oa":1,"status":"public","day":"28","citation":{"apa":"Henzinger, M. H., King, V., &#38; Warnow, T. (1996). Constructing a tree from homeomorphic subtrees, with applications to computational evolutionary biology. In <i>7th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms</i> (pp. 333–340). Atlanta, GA, United States: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.","chicago":"Henzinger, Monika H, Valerie King, and Tandy Warnow. “Constructing a Tree from Homeomorphic Subtrees, with Applications to Computational Evolutionary Biology.” In <i>7th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms</i>, 333–40. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1996.","ieee":"M. H. Henzinger, V. King, and T. Warnow, “Constructing a tree from homeomorphic subtrees, with applications to computational evolutionary biology,” in <i>7th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms</i>, Atlanta, GA, United States, 1996, pp. 333–340.","short":"M.H. Henzinger, V. King, T. Warnow, in:, 7th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1996, pp. 333–340.","ista":"Henzinger MH, King V, Warnow T. 1996. Constructing a tree from homeomorphic subtrees, with applications to computational evolutionary biology. 7th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms. SODA: Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, 333–340.","mla":"Henzinger, Monika H., et al. “Constructing a Tree from Homeomorphic Subtrees, with Applications to Computational Evolutionary Biology.” <i>7th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms</i>, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1996, pp. 333–40.","ama":"Henzinger MH, King V, Warnow T. Constructing a tree from homeomorphic subtrees, with applications to computational evolutionary biology. In: <i>7th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms</i>. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics; 1996:333-340."},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication_identifier":{"isbn":["0898713668"]},"month":"01","title":"Constructing a tree from homeomorphic subtrees, with applications to computational evolutionary biology","publication":"7th Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms","publisher":"Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics","oa_version":"Published Version","conference":{"location":"Atlanta, GA, United States","start_date":"1996-01-28","name":"SODA: Symposium on Discrete Algorithms","end_date":"1996-01-30"},"date_created":"2022-08-19T06:57:47Z","date_published":"1996-01-28T00:00:00Z","author":[{"first_name":"Monika H","orcid":"0000-0002-5008-6530","last_name":"Henzinger","full_name":"Henzinger, Monika H","id":"540c9bbd-f2de-11ec-812d-d04a5be85630"},{"last_name":"King","first_name":"Valerie","full_name":"King, Valerie"},{"full_name":"Warnow, Tandy","first_name":"Tandy","last_name":"Warnow"}],"related_material":{"record":[{"relation":"later_version","status":"public","id":"11679"}]},"date_updated":"2023-02-21T16:24:53Z","article_processing_charge":"No","scopus_import":"1","abstract":[{"text":"We are given a set 7 = {Tl , Tz, . . . , Tk} of rooted binary trees, each Ti leaf-labeled by a subset L(x) c {1,2 )...) n}. IfT is a tree on {1,2, . . , n}, we let T]L denote the subtree of T induced by the nodes of L and all their ancestors. The consensus tree problem asks whether there exists a tree T* such that for every I, T’ IC(Ti) is homeomorphic to Ti. We present algorithms which test if a given set of trees has a consensus tree and if so, construct one. The deterministic algorithm takes time min{O(mn’/‘), O(m + n2 logn)}, where m = Ci IZl and uses linear space. The randomized algorithm takes\r\ntime O(m log3 n) and uses linear space. The previous best for this problem was an 1981 O(mn) algorithm by Aho et al. Our faster deterministic algorithm uses a new efficient algorithm for the following interesting dynamic graph problem: Given a graph G with n nodes and m edges and a sequence of b batches of one or more edge deletions, then after each batch, either find a new component that has just been created or determine that there is no such component. For this\r\nproblem, we have a simple algorithm with running time O(n2 log n + be min{ n2, m log n}), where be is the number of batches which do not result in a new component. For our particular application, bc 5 1. If all edges are deleted, then the best previously known deterministic algorithm requires time O(mJ;ii) to solve this problem. computational evolutionary biology. The first application is in the problem of inferring consensus of trees when there can be disagreement[l6]. There have, been several models suggested for this problem[2, 3, 4, 8, ?, 11, 17, 181, of which one is called the Local Consensus Tree[l5]. The local consensus tree model presumes that the user provides a local consensus rule which determines the form of the output tree on (perhaps) each triple of leaves, and the objective is to determine whether a tree exists which is consistent with each of the constraints. We will show that we can construct the local consensus tree of k trees on n species in O(kn3) time, improving on the O(lcn3 + n”) running time if we use the Aho et al algorithm. The second application is a\r\nheuristic for constructing the maximum likelihood tree based upon combining solutions to small subproblems.\r\nThis is a simple and yet potentially significantly interesting approach to the evolutionary tree construction\r\nproblem. ","lang":"eng"}],"extern":"1","quality_controlled":"1"}]