@article{3486, abstract = {1. Dendritic patch-clamp recordings were obtained from mitral cells in rat olfactory bulb slices, up to 350 μm from the soma. Simultaneous dendritic and somatic whole-cell recordings indicated that action potentials (APs) evoked by somatic or dendritic current injection were initiated near the soma. Both the large amplitude (100.7 ± 1.1 mV) and the short duration (1.38 ± 0.07 ms) of the AP were maintained as the AP propagated back into the primary mitral cell dendrites. 2. Outside-out patches isolated from mitral cell dendrites contained voltage-gated Na+ channels (peak conductance density, 90 pS μm-2 at -10 mV). When an AP was used as a somatic voltage-clamp command in the presence of 1 μM tetrodotoxin (TTX), the amplitude of the dendritic potential was attenuated to 48 ± 14 mV. This shows that dendritic Na+ channels support the active back-propagation of APs. 3. Dendritic patches contained voltage-gated K+ channels with high density (conductance density, 513 pS μm-2 at 30 mV. Dendritic K+ currents were reduced to 35% by 1 mM external tetraethylammonium chloride (TEACl). When an AP was used as a somatic voltage clamp command in the presence of TEACl, the dendritic potential was markedly prolonged. This indicates that dendritic K+ channels mediate the fast repolarization of dendritic APs. 4. We conclude that voltage gated Na+ and K+ channels support dendritic APs with large amplitudes and short durations that may trigger fast transmitter release at dendrodendritic synapses in the olfactory bulb.}, author = {Bischofberger, Joseph and Jonas, Peter M}, issn = {0022-3751}, journal = {Journal of Physiology}, number = {Pt 2}, pages = {359 -- 365}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Action potential propagation into the presynaptic dendrites of rat mitral cells}}, doi = {10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.359be.x}, volume = {504}, year = {1997}, } @article{3630, abstract = {This paper derives the long-term effective size, Ne, for a general model of population subdivision, allowing for differential deme fitness, variable emigration and immigration rates, extinction, colonization, and correlations across generations in these processes. We show that various long-term measures of Ne are equivalent. The effective size of a metapopulation can be expressed in a variety of ways. At a demographic equilibrium, Ne can be derived from the demography by combining information about the ultimate contribution of each deme to the future genetic make-up of the population and Wright's FST's. The effective size is given by Ne = 1/(1 + var (upsilon) ((1 - FST)/Nin), where n is the number of demes, theta i is the eventual contribution of individuals in deme i to the whole population (scaled such that sigma theta i = n), and < > denotes an average weighted by theta i. This formula is applied to a catastrophic extinction model (where sites are either empty or at carrying capacity) and to a metapopulation model with explicit dynamics, where extinction is caused by demographic stochasticity and by chaos. Contrary to the expectation from the standard island model, the usual effect of population subdivision is to decrease the effective size relative to a panmictic population living on the same resource.}, author = {Whitlock, Michael and Barton, Nicholas H}, issn = {0016-6731}, journal = {Genetics}, number = {1}, pages = {427 -- 441}, publisher = {Genetics Society of America}, title = {{The effective size of a subdivided population}}, doi = {10.1093/genetics/146.1.427}, volume = {146}, year = {1997}, } @article{3631, abstract = {In spatially heterogeneous environments, natural selection for maintenance of adaptation to habitats that contribute little to the population's reproduction is weak. In this paper we model a mechanism that can result in loss of fitness in such marginal habitats, and thus lead to specialisation on the main habitat. It involves accumulation of mutations that are deleterious in the marginal habitat but neutral or nearly so in the main habitat (mutations deleterious in the main habitat and neutral in the marginal habitat have a negligible influence). If the contribution of the marginal habitat to total reproduction in the absence of the mutations is less than a threshold value, selection is too weak to counter accumulation of such mutations. A positive feedback then results in loss of fitness in the marginal habitat. This mechanism does not require antagonistic pleiotropy in adaptation to different habitats, although antagonistic pleiotropy facilitates the mutational collapse of fitness in the marginal habitat. We suggest that deleterious mutations with habitat-specific expression may play a role in the evolution of ecological specialisation and promote evolutionary conservatism of ecological niches.}, author = {Kawecki, Tadeusz and Barton, Nicholas H and Fry, James}, issn = {1010-061X}, journal = {Journal of Evolutionary Biology}, number = {3}, pages = {407 -- 430}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Mutational collapse of fitness in marginal habitats and the evolution of ecological specialisation}}, doi = {10.1046/j.1420-9101.1997.10030407.x}, volume = {10}, year = {1997}, } @article{3632, abstract = {An important but controversial class of hypotheses concerning the evolution of female preferences for extreme male mating displays involves 'indirect selection.' Even in the absence of direct fitness effects, preference for males with high overall fitness can spread via a genetic correlation that develops between preference alleles and high fitness genotypes. Here we develop a quantitative expression for the force of indirect selection that (i) applies to any female mating behavior, (ii) is relatively insensitive to the underlying genetics, and (iii) is based on measurable quantities. In conjunction with the limited data now available, it suggests that the evolutionary force generated by indirect selection on preferences is weak in absolute terms. This finding raises the possibility that direct selection on preference genes may often be more important than indirect selection, but more data on the quantities identified by our model and on direct selection are needed to decide the question.}, author = {Kirkpatrick, Mark and Barton, Nicholas H}, issn = {0027-8424}, journal = {PNAS}, number = {4}, pages = {1282 -- 1286}, publisher = {National Academy of Sciences}, title = {{The strength of indirect selection on female mating preferences}}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282}, volume = {94}, year = {1997}, } @article{4021, abstract = {A homeomorphism from R-2 to itself distorts metric quantities, such as distance and area. We describe an algorithm that constructs homeomorphisms with prescribed area distortion. Such homeomorphisms can be used to generate cartograms, which are geographic maps purposely distorted so their area distributions reflects a variable different from area, as for example population density. The algorithm generates the homeomorphism through a sequence of local piecewise linear homeomorphic changes. Sample results produced by the preliminary implementation of the method are included.}, author = {Edelsbrunner, Herbert and Waupotitsch, Roman}, issn = {0925-7721}, journal = {Computational Geometry: Theory and Applications}, number = {5-6}, pages = {343 -- 360}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{A combinatorial approach to cartograms}}, doi = {10.1016/S0925-7721(96)00006-5}, volume = {7}, year = {1997}, } @article{4174, abstract = {The epiphysial region of the dorsal diencephalon is the first site at which neurogenesis occurs in the roof of the zebrafish forebrain. We show that the homeobox containing gene floating head (flh) is required for neurogenesis to proceed in the epiphysis. In flh(-) embryos, the first few epiphysial neurons are generated, but beyond the 18 somite stage, neuronal production ceases. In contrast, in masterblind(-) (mbl(-)) embryos, epiphysial neurons are generated throughout the dorsal forebrain. We show that mbl is required to prevent the expression of flh in dorsal forebrain cells rostral to the epiphysis. Furthermore, epiphysial neurons are not ectopically induced in mbl(-)/flh(-) embryos, demonstrating that the epiphysial phenotype of mbl(-) embryos is mediated by ectopic Flh activity. We propose a role for Flh in linking the signaling pathways that regulate regional patterning to the signaling pathways that regulate neurogenesis.}, author = {Masai, Ichiro and Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J and Barth, K Anukampa and Macdonald, Rachel and Adamek, Sylwia and Wilson, Stephen}, issn = {0896-6273}, journal = {Neuron}, number = {1}, pages = {43 -- 57}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Floating head and masterblind regulate neuronal patterning in the roof of the forebrain}}, doi = {10.1016/S0896-6273(01)80045-3}, volume = {18}, year = {1997}, } @article{4201, abstract = {In zebrafish, as in other vertebrates, an initially singular eye held within the neural plate has to split during morphogenesis to allow the development of two separated eyes. It has been suggested that anterior progression of midline tissue within the neural plate is involved in the bilateralization of the eye held. Mutations in the recently identified silberblick (slb) gene cause an incomplete separation of the eyes. During gastrulation and early somitogenesis, the ventral midline of the central nervous system (CNS) together with the underlying axial mesendoderm is shortened and broadened in slb embryos. While in wild-type embryos the ventral CNS midline extends to the anterior limit of the neural plate at the end of gastrulation, there is a gap between the anterior tip of the ventral CNS midline and the anterior edge of the neural plate in slb. To investigate the cause for the shortening of the ventral CNS midline in slb we determined the fate of labeled ventral CNS midline cells in wild-type and slb embryos at different stages of development. In slb, anterior migration of ventral CNS midline cells is impaired, which indicates that migration of these cells is needed for elongation of the ventral CNS midline. The anterior shortening of the ventral CNS midline in slb leads to medial instead of bilateral induction of optic stalks followed by a partial fusion of the eyes at later developmental stages. The analysis of the sIb phenotype indicates that anterior migration of midline cells within the neural plate is required for proper induction and subsequent bilateralization of an initially singular eye field. These findings may therefore provide a starting point in elucidating the role of neural plate morphogenesis in positioning of the eyes. (C) 1997 Academic Press.}, author = {Heisenberg, Carl-Philipp J and Nüsslein Volhard, Christiane}, issn = {0012-1606}, journal = {Developmental Biology}, number = {1}, pages = {85 -- 94}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{The function of silberblick in the positioning of the eye anlage in the zebrafish embryo}}, doi = {10.1006/dbio.1997.8511}, volume = {184}, year = {1997}, } @article{4285, abstract = {One of the oldest hypotheses for the advantage of recombination is that recombination allo rvs beneficial mutations that arise in different individuals to be placed together on the same chromosome. Unless recombination occurs, one of the beneficial alleles is doomed to extinction, slowing the rate at which adaptive mutations are incorporated within a population. We model the effects of a modifier of recombination on the fixation probability of beneficial mutations when beneficial alleles are segregating at other loci. We find that modifier alleles that increase recombination do increase the fixation probability of beneficial mutants and subsequently hitchhike along as the mutants rise in frequency. The strength of selection favoring a modifier that increases recombination is proportional to lambda(2)S delta r/r when linkage is tight and lambda(2)S(3) delta r/N when linkage is loose, where lambda is the beneficial mutation rate per genome per generation throughout a population of size N, S is the average mutant effect, r is the average recombination rate, and delta ris the amount that recombination is modified. We conclude that selection for recombination will be substantial only if there is tight linkage within the genome or if many loci are subject to directional selection as during periods of rapid evolutionary change.}, author = {Otto, Sarah and Barton, Nicholas H}, issn = {0016-6731}, journal = {Genetics}, number = {2}, pages = {879 -- 906}, publisher = {Genetics Society of America}, title = {{The evolution of recombination: Removing the limits to natural selection}}, doi = {10.1093/genetics/147.2.879}, volume = {147}, year = {1997}, } @article{4286, abstract = {A local barrier to gene flow will delay the spread of an advantageous allele. Exact calculations for the deterministic case show that an allele that is favorable when rare is delayed very little even by a strong barrier; its spread is allowed by a time proportional to log((B/σ)√2S)/S, where B is the barrier strength, σ the dispersal range, and fitnesses are 1:1 + S:1 + 2S. However, when there is selection against heterozytes, such that the allele cannot increase from low frequency, a barrier can cause a much greater delay. If gene flow is reduced below a critical value, spread is entirely prevented. Stochastic simulations show that with additive selection, random drift slows down the spread of the allele, below the deterministic speed of σ√2S. The delay to the advance of an advantageous allele caused by a strong barrier can be substantially increased by random drift and increases with B/(2Sρσ2) in a one-dimensional habitat of density ρ. However, with selection against heterozygotes, drift can facilitate the spread and can free an allele that would otherwise be trapped indefinitely by a strong barrier. We discuss the implications of these results for the evolution of chromosome rearrangements.}, author = {Piálek, Jaroslav and Barton, Nicholas H}, issn = {0016-6731}, journal = {Genetics}, number = {2}, pages = {493 -- 504}, publisher = {Genetics Society of America}, title = {{The spread of an advantageous allele across a barrier: the effects of random drift and selection against heterozygotes}}, doi = {10.1093/genetics/145.2.493}, volume = {145}, year = {1997}, } @article{4287, abstract = {We evaluate Sewall Wright's three-phase "shifting balance" theory of evolution, examining both the theoretical issues and the relevant data from nature and the laboratory. We conclude that while phases I and II of Wright's theory (the movement of populations from one "adaptive peak" to another via drift and selection) can occur under some conditions, genetic drift is often unnecessary for movement between peaks. Phase III of the shifting balance, in which adaptations spread from particular populations to the entire species, faces two major theoretical obstacles: (1) unlike adaptations favored by simple directional selection, adaptations whose fixation requires some genetic drift are often prevented from spreading by barriers to gene flow; and (2) it is difficult to assemble complex adaptations whose constituent parts arise via peak shifts in different demes. Our review of the data from nature shows that although there is some evidence for individual phases of the shifting balance process, there are few empirical observations explained better by Wright's three-phase mechanism than by simple mass selection. Similarly, artificial selection experiments fail to show that selection in subdivided populations produces greater response than does mass selection in large populations. The complexity of the shifting balance process and the difficulty of establishing that adaptive valleys have been crossed by genetic drift make it impossible to test Wright's claim that adaptations commonly originate by this process. In view of these problems, it seems unreasonable to consider the shifting balance process as an important explanation for the evolution of adaptations. }, author = {Coyne, Jerry and Barton, Nicholas H and Turelli, Michael}, issn = {0014-3820}, journal = {Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution}, number = {3}, pages = {643 -- 671}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, title = {{Perspective: A critique of Sewall Wright's shifting balance theory of evolutionight's shifting balance theory of evolution}}, doi = {10.1111/j.1558-5646.1997.tb03650.x}, volume = {51}, year = {1997}, } @article{4288, abstract = {We measured the heterozygous effects on net fitness of a sample of 12 wild-type third chromosomes in D. melanogaster. Effects on fitness were assessed by competing the wild-type chromosomes against balancer chromosomes, to prevent the production of recombinants. The measurements were carried out in the population cage environment in which the life history had been evolving, in an undisturbed population with overlapping generations, and replicated measurements were made on each chromosome to control for confounding effects such as mutation accumulation. We found significant variation among the wild type chromosomes in their additive genetic effect on net fitness. The system provides an opportunity to obtain an accurate estimate of the distribution of heterozygous effects on net fitness, the contribution of different fitness components including male mating success, and the role of intra-chromosomal epistasis in fitness variation.}, author = {Fowler, Kevin and Semple, Colin and Barton, Nicholas H and Partridge, Linda}, issn = {0962-8452}, journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences}, number = {1379}, pages = {191 -- 199}, publisher = {The Royal Society}, title = {{Genetic variation for total fitness in Drosophila melanogaster}}, doi = {10.1098/rspb.1997.0027}, volume = {264}, year = {1997}, } @article{4289, abstract = {A worldwide survey of polymorphic molecular markers shows that the human population is genetically homogeneous, in close agreement with evidence from quite different genes and traits.}, author = {Barton, Nicholas H}, issn = {0960-9822}, journal = {Current Biology}, number = {12}, pages = {757 -- 758}, publisher = {Cell Press}, title = {{Population genetics: A new apportionment of human diversity}}, doi = {10.1016/S0960-9822(06)00397-6}, volume = {7}, year = {1997}, } @article{2582, abstract = {Neurotransmission in the hippocampus is modulated variously through presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). To establish the precise localization of presynaptic mGluRs in the rat hippocampus, we used subtype-specific antibodies for eight mGluRs (mGluR1-mGluR8) for immunohistochemistry combined with lesioning of the three major hippocampal pathways: the perforant path, mossy fiber, and Schaffer collateral. Immunoreactivity for group II (mGluR2) and group III (mGluR4a, mGluR7a, mGluR7b, and mGluR8) mGluRs was predominantly localized to presynaptic elements, whereas that for group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and mGluR5) was localized to postsynaptic elements. The medial perforant path was strongly immunoreactive for mGluR2 and mGluR7a throughout the hippocampus, and the lateral perforant path was prominently immunoreactive for mGluR8 in the dentate gyrus and CA3 area. The messy fiber was labeled for mGluR2, mGluR7a, and mGluR7b, whereas the Schaffer collateral was labeled only for mGluR7a. Electron microscopy further revealed the spatial segregation of group II and group III mGluRs within presynaptic elements. Immunolabeling for the group III receptors was predominantly observed in presynaptic active zones of asymmetrical and symmetrical synapses, whereas that for the group II receptor (mGluR2) was found in preterminal rather than terminal portions of axons. Target cell-specific segregation of receptors, first reported for mGluR7a (Shigemoto et al., 1996), was also apparent for the other group III mGluRs, suggesting that transmitter release is differentially regulated by 2-amino- 4-phosphonobutyrate-sensitive mGluRs in individual synapses on single axons according to the identity of postsynaptic neurons.}, author = {Shigemoto, Ryuichi and Kinoshita, Ayae and Wada, Eiki and Nomura, Sakashi and Ohishi, Hitoshi and Takada, Masahiko and Flor, Peter and Neki, Akio and Abe, Takaaki and Nakanishi, Shigetada and Mizuno, Noboru}, issn = {0270-6474}, journal = {Journal of Neuroscience}, number = {19}, pages = {7503 -- 7522}, publisher = {Society for Neuroscience}, title = {{Differential presynaptic localization of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the rat hippocampus}}, doi = {10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-19-07503.1997}, volume = {17}, year = {1997}, } @article{11767, abstract = {We give a linear-time algorithm for single-source shortest paths in planar graphs with nonnegative edge-lengths. Our algorithm also yields a linear-time algorithm for maximum flow in a planar graph with the source and sink on the same face. For the case where negative edge-lengths are allowed, we give an algorithm requiringO(n4/3 log(nL)) time, whereLis the absolute value of the most negative length. This algorithm can be used to obtain similar bounds for computing a feasible flow in a planar network, for finding a perfect matching in a planar bipartite graph, and for finding a maximum flow in a planar graph when the source and sink are not on the same face. We also give parallel and dynamic versions of these algorithms.}, author = {Henzinger, Monika H and Klein, Philip and Rao, Satish and Subramanian, Sairam}, issn = {0022-0000}, journal = {Journal of Computer and System Sciences}, number = {1}, pages = {3--23}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Faster shortest-path algorithms for planar graphs}}, doi = {10.1006/jcss.1997.1493}, volume = {55}, year = {1997}, } @article{11849, abstract = {This paper describes the DIGlTAL Continuous Profiling Infrastmcture, a sampling-based profiling system designed to run continuously on production systems. The system supports multiprocessors, works on unmodified executable& and collects profiles for entire systems, including user programs, shared libraries, and the operating system kernel. Samples are collected at a high rate (over 5200 samples/secper333-MHz processor), yet with low overhead (l-3% slowdown for most workloads). Analysis tools supplied with the profiling system use the sample data to produce an accurate accounting, down to the level of pipeline stalls incurred by individual instructions, of where time is being spent. When instructions incur stalls, the tools identify possible reasons, such as cache misses, branch mispredictions, and functional unit contention. The fine-grained instruction-level analysis guides users and automated optimizers to the causes of performance problems and provides important insights for fixing them. }, author = {Anderson, Jennifer M. and Berc, Lance M. and Dean, Jeffrey and Ghemawat, Sanjay and Henzinger, Monika H and Leung, Shun-Tak A. and Sites, Richard L. and Vandevoorde, Mark T. and Waldspurger, Carl A. and Weihl, William E.}, issn = {0163-5980}, journal = {ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review}, number = {5}, pages = {1--14}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, title = {{Continuous profiling: Where have all the cycles gone?}}, doi = {10.1145/269005.266637}, volume = {31}, year = {1997}, } @article{6161, abstract = {The tra-1 gene is a terminal regulator of somatic sex in Caenorhabditis elegans: high tra-1 activity elicits female development, low tra-1 activity elicits male development. To investigate the function and evolution of tra- 1, we examined the tra-1 gene from the closely related nematode C. briggsae. Ce-tra-1 and Cb-tra-1 are unusually divergent. Each gene generates two transcripts, but only one of these is present in both species. This common transcript encodes TRA-1A, which shows only 44% amino acid identity between the species, a figure much lower than that for previously compared genes. A Cb-tra-1 transgene rescues many tissues of tra-1(null) mutants of C. elegans but not the somatic gonad or germ line. This transgene also causes nongonadal feminization of XO animals, indicating incorrect sexual regulation. Alignment of Ce-TRA-1A and Cb-TRA-1A defined several conserved regions likely to be important for tra-1 function. The phenotype differences between Ce-tra- 1(null) mutants rescued by Cb-tra-1 transgenes and wild-type C. elegans indicate significant divergence of regulatory regions. These molecular and functional studies suggest that evolution of sex determination in nematodes is rapid and genetically complex.}, author = {de Bono, Mario and Hodgkin, J.}, issn = {00166731}, journal = {Genetics}, keywords = {amino acid sequence, article, caenorhabditis elegans, evolution, genetic variability, nonhuman, priority journal, sex determination, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Animals, Genetically Modified, Base Sequence, Caenorhabditis, Caenorhabditis elegans, Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins, DNA, Helminth, DNA-Binding Proteins, Evolution, Molecular, Female, Helminth Proteins, Membrane Proteins, Molecular Sequence Data, Mutagenesis, RNA, Messenger, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Sex Determination (Analysis), Transcription Factors, Transgenes, Turner Syndrome, Animalia, Caenorhabditis, Caenorhabditis briggsae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Nematoda}, number = {2}, pages = {587--595}, publisher = {Genetics Society of America}, title = {{Evolution of sex determination in Caenorhabditis: Unusually high divergence of tra-1 and its functional consequences}}, volume = {144}, year = {1996}, } @article{3756, abstract = {In many eukaryotic cells going through M-phase, a bipolar spindle is formed by microtubules nucleated from centrosomes. These microtubules, in addition to being `'captured” by kinetochores, may be stabilized by chromatin in two different ways: short-range stabilization effects may affect microtubules in close contact with the chromatin, while long-range stabilization effects may `'guide” microtubule growth towards the chromatin (e.g., by introducing a diffusive gradient of an enzymatic activity that affects microtubule assembly). Here, we use both meiotic and mitotic extracts from Xenopus laevis eggs to study microtubule aster formation and microtubule dynamics in the presence of chromatin. In `'low-speed” meiotic extracts, in the presence of salmon sperm chromatin, we find that short-range stabilization effects lead to a strong anisotropy of the microtubule asters. Analysis of the dynamic parameters of microtubule growth shows that this anisotropy arises from a decrease in the catastrophe frequency, an increase in the rescue frequency and a decrease in the growth velocity. In this system we also find evidence for long-range `'guidance” effects, which lead to a weak anisotropy of the asters. Statistically relevant results on these long-range effects are obtained in `'high-speed” mitotic extracts in the presence of artificially constructed chromatin stripes. We find that aster anisotropy is biased in the direction of the chromatin and that the catastrophe frequency is reduced in its vicinity. In this system we also find a surprising dependence of the catastrophe and the rescue frequencies on the length of microtubules nucleated from centrosomes: the catastrophe frequency increases and the rescue frequency decreases with microtubule length.}, author = {Dogterom, Marileen and Felix, M. and Guet, Calin C and Leibler, Stanislas}, issn = {0021-9525}, journal = {Journal of Cell Biology}, number = {1}, pages = {125 -- 140}, publisher = {Rockefeller University Press}, title = {{Influence of M-phase chromatin on the anisotropy of microtubule asters}}, doi = {doi: 10.1083/jcb.133.1.125 }, volume = {133}, year = {1996}, } @article{4025, abstract = {Questions of chemical reactivity can often be cast as questions of molecular geometry. Common geometric models for proteins and other molecules are the space-filling diagram, the solvent accessible surface and the molecular surface. In this paper we present a new approach to triangulating the surface of a molecule under the three models, which is fast, robust, and results in topologically correct triangulations. Our computations are based on a simplicial complex dual to the molecule models. All proposed algorithms are parallelizable.}, author = {Akkiraju, Nataraj and Edelsbrunner, Herbert}, issn = {0166-218X}, journal = {Discrete Applied Mathematics}, number = {1-3}, pages = {5 -- 22}, publisher = {Elsevier}, title = {{Triangulating the surface of a molecule}}, doi = {10.1016/S0166-218X(96)00054-6}, volume = {71}, year = {1996}, } @misc{4030, author = {Liang, Jie and Edelsbrunner, Herbert and Subramaniam, Shankar}, booktitle = {Fortieth Annual Meeting}, number = {2, Part 2}, pages = {A224 -- A224}, publisher = {Cell Press}, title = {{Effects of molecular shape representations on boundary element method for protein electrostatics computations}}, doi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(96)79664-9}, volume = {70}, year = {1996}, } @misc{4031, author = {Liang, Jie and Edelsbrunner, Herbert and Pamidghantam, Sudhakar and Subramaniam, Shankar}, booktitle = {Fortieth Annual Meeting}, number = {2, Part 2}, pages = {A377 -- A377}, publisher = {Cell Press}, title = {{Analytical method for molecular shapes: Area, volume, cavities, interface and pockets}}, doi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(96)79670-4}, volume = {70}, year = {1996}, }