---
_id: '11623'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Brightness variations due to dark spots on the stellar surface encode information
    about stellar surface rotation and magnetic activity. In this work, we analyze
    the Kepler long-cadence data of 26,521 main-sequence stars of spectral types M
    and K in order to measure their surface rotation and photometric activity level.
    Rotation-period estimates are obtained by the combination of a wavelet analysis
    and autocorrelation function of the light curves. Reliable rotation estimates
    are determined by comparing the results from the different rotation diagnostics
    and four data sets. We also measure the photometric activity proxy Sph using the
    amplitude of the flux variations on an appropriate timescale. We report rotation
    periods and photometric activity proxies for about 60% of the sample, including
    4431 targets for which McQuillan et al. did not report a rotation period. For
    the common targets with rotation estimates in this study and in McQuillan et al.,
    our rotation periods agree within 99%. In this work, we also identify potential
    polluters, such as misclassified red giants and classical pulsator candidates.
    Within the parameter range we study, there is a mild tendency for hotter stars
    to have shorter rotation periods. The photometric activity proxy spans a wider
    range of values with increasing effective temperature. The rotation period and
    photometric activity proxy are also related, with Sph being larger for fast rotators.
    Similar to McQuillan et al., we find a bimodal distribution of rotation periods.
acknowledgement: "The authors thank Róbert Szabó Paul G. Beck, Katrien Kolenberg,
  and Isabel L. Colman for helping on the classification of stars. This paper includes
  data collected by the Kepler mission and obtained from the MAST data archive at
  the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). Funding for the Kepler mission is
  provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Science Mission
  Directorate. STScI is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in
  Astronomy, Inc., under NASA contract NAS 5–26555. A.R.G.S. acknowledges the support
  from NASA under grant NNX17AF27G. R.A.G. and L.B. acknowledge the support from PLATO
  and GOLF CNES grants. S.M. acknowledges the support from the Ramon y Cajal fellowship
  number RYC-2015-17697. T.S.M. acknowledges support from a Visiting Fellowship at
  the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research. This research has made use of
  the NASA Exoplanet Archive, which is operated by the California Institute of Technology,
  under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the
  Exoplanet Exploration Program.\r\n\r\nSoftware: KADACS (García et al. 2011), NumPy
  (van der Walt et al. 2011), SciPy (Jones et al. 2001), Matplotlib (Hunter 2007).\r\n\r\nFacilities:
  MAST - , Kepler Eclipsing Binary Catalog - , Exoplanet Archive. -"
article_number: '21'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: A. R. G.
  full_name: Santos, A. R. G.
  last_name: Santos
- first_name: R. A.
  full_name: García, R. A.
  last_name: García
- first_name: S.
  full_name: Mathur, S.
  last_name: Mathur
- first_name: Lisa Annabelle
  full_name: Bugnet, Lisa Annabelle
  id: d9edb345-f866-11ec-9b37-d119b5234501
  last_name: Bugnet
  orcid: 0000-0003-0142-4000
- first_name: J. L.
  full_name: van Saders, J. L.
  last_name: van Saders
- first_name: T. S.
  full_name: Metcalfe, T. S.
  last_name: Metcalfe
- first_name: G. V. A.
  full_name: Simonian, G. V. A.
  last_name: Simonian
- first_name: M. H.
  full_name: Pinsonneault, M. H.
  last_name: Pinsonneault
citation:
  ama: Santos ARG, García RA, Mathur S, et al. Surface rotation and photometric activity
    for Kepler targets. I. M and K main-sequence stars. <i>The Astrophysical Journal
    Supplement Series</i>. 2019;244(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab3b56">10.3847/1538-4365/ab3b56</a>
  apa: Santos, A. R. G., García, R. A., Mathur, S., Bugnet, L. A., van Saders, J.
    L., Metcalfe, T. S., … Pinsonneault, M. H. (2019). Surface rotation and photometric
    activity for Kepler targets. I. M and K main-sequence stars. <i>The Astrophysical
    Journal Supplement Series</i>. IOP Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab3b56">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab3b56</a>
  chicago: Santos, A. R. G., R. A. García, S. Mathur, Lisa Annabelle Bugnet, J. L.
    van Saders, T. S. Metcalfe, G. V. A. Simonian, and M. H. Pinsonneault. “Surface
    Rotation and Photometric Activity for Kepler Targets. I. M and K Main-Sequence
    Stars.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</i>. IOP Publishing, 2019.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab3b56">https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab3b56</a>.
  ieee: A. R. G. Santos <i>et al.</i>, “Surface rotation and photometric activity
    for Kepler targets. I. M and K main-sequence stars,” <i>The Astrophysical Journal
    Supplement Series</i>, vol. 244, no. 1. IOP Publishing, 2019.
  ista: Santos ARG, García RA, Mathur S, Bugnet LA, van Saders JL, Metcalfe TS, Simonian
    GVA, Pinsonneault MH. 2019. Surface rotation and photometric activity for Kepler
    targets. I. M and K main-sequence stars. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement
    Series. 244(1), 21.
  mla: Santos, A. R. G., et al. “Surface Rotation and Photometric Activity for Kepler
    Targets. I. M and K Main-Sequence Stars.” <i>The Astrophysical Journal Supplement
    Series</i>, vol. 244, no. 1, 21, IOP Publishing, 2019, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab3b56">10.3847/1538-4365/ab3b56</a>.
  short: A.R.G. Santos, R.A. García, S. Mathur, L.A. Bugnet, J.L. van Saders, T.S.
    Metcalfe, G.V.A. Simonian, M.H. Pinsonneault, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement
    Series 244 (2019).
date_created: 2022-07-19T09:21:58Z
date_published: 2019-09-19T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-08-22T08:10:38Z
day: '19'
doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/ab3b56
extern: '1'
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '1908.05222'
intvolume: '       244'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- Space and Planetary Science
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- 'methods: data analysis'
- 'stars: activity'
- 'stars: low-mass'
- 'stars: rotation'
- starspots
- 'techniques: photometric'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.05222
month: '09'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
publication: The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0067-0049
publication_status: published
publisher: IOP Publishing
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Surface rotation and photometric activity for Kepler targets. I. M and K main-sequence
  stars
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 244
year: '2019'
...