---
_id: '13426'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Photoswelling of thin films of dichromated gelatin provides a basis for fabrication
    of multilevel surface reliefs via sequential UV illumination through different
    photomasks. The remarkable feature of this simple, benchtop technique is that
    by adjusting irradiation times, film thickness, or its hydration state the heights
    of the developed features can be varied from few nanometers to tens of microns.
    After UV exposure, the surface structures can be replicated faithfully into either
    soft or hard PDMS stamps.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Maciej
  full_name: Paszewski, Maciej
  last_name: Paszewski
- first_name: Stoyan K.
  full_name: Smoukov, Stoyan K.
  last_name: Smoukov
- first_name: Rafal
  full_name: Klajn, Rafal
  id: 8e84690e-1e48-11ed-a02b-a1e6fb8bb53b
  last_name: Klajn
- first_name: Bartosz A.
  full_name: Grzybowski, Bartosz A.
  last_name: Grzybowski
citation:
  ama: Paszewski M, Smoukov SK, Klajn R, Grzybowski BA. Multilevel surface nano- and
    microstructuring via sequential photoswelling of dichromated gelatin. <i>Langmuir</i>.
    2007;23(10):5419-5422. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c">10.1021/la062982c</a>
  apa: Paszewski, M., Smoukov, S. K., Klajn, R., &#38; Grzybowski, B. A. (2007). Multilevel
    surface nano- and microstructuring via sequential photoswelling of dichromated
    gelatin. <i>Langmuir</i>. American Chemical Society. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c">https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c</a>
  chicago: Paszewski, Maciej, Stoyan K. Smoukov, Rafal Klajn, and Bartosz A. Grzybowski.
    “Multilevel Surface Nano- and Microstructuring via Sequential Photoswelling of
    Dichromated Gelatin.” <i>Langmuir</i>. American Chemical Society, 2007. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c">https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c</a>.
  ieee: M. Paszewski, S. K. Smoukov, R. Klajn, and B. A. Grzybowski, “Multilevel surface
    nano- and microstructuring via sequential photoswelling of dichromated gelatin,”
    <i>Langmuir</i>, vol. 23, no. 10. American Chemical Society, pp. 5419–5422, 2007.
  ista: Paszewski M, Smoukov SK, Klajn R, Grzybowski BA. 2007. Multilevel surface
    nano- and microstructuring via sequential photoswelling of dichromated gelatin.
    Langmuir. 23(10), 5419–5422.
  mla: Paszewski, Maciej, et al. “Multilevel Surface Nano- and Microstructuring via
    Sequential Photoswelling of Dichromated Gelatin.” <i>Langmuir</i>, vol. 23, no.
    10, American Chemical Society, 2007, pp. 5419–22, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c">10.1021/la062982c</a>.
  short: M. Paszewski, S.K. Smoukov, R. Klajn, B.A. Grzybowski, Langmuir 23 (2007)
    5419–5422.
date_created: 2023-08-01T10:31:33Z
date_published: 2007-04-11T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-08T11:26:24Z
day: '11'
doi: 10.1021/la062982c
extern: '1'
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '17425340'
intvolume: '        23'
issue: '10'
keyword:
- Electrochemistry
- Spectroscopy
- Surfaces and Interfaces
- Condensed Matter Physics
- General Materials Science
language:
- iso: eng
month: '04'
oa_version: None
page: 5419-5422
pmid: 1
publication: Langmuir
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1520-5827
  issn:
  - 0743-7463
publication_status: published
publisher: American Chemical Society
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Multilevel surface nano- and microstructuring via sequential photoswelling
  of dichromated gelatin
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 23
year: '2007'
...
---
_id: '13431'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Hydrogel stamps can microstructure solid surfaces, i.e., modify the surface
    topology of metals, glasses, and crystals. It is demonstrated that stamps soaked
    in an appropriate etchant can remove material with micrometer-scale precision.
    The Figure shows an array of concentric circles etched in glass using the immersion
    wet stamping process described (scale bar: 500 μm).'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: S. K.
  full_name: Smoukov, S. K.
  last_name: Smoukov
- first_name: K. J. M.
  full_name: Bishop, K. J. M.
  last_name: Bishop
- first_name: Rafal
  full_name: Klajn, Rafal
  id: 8e84690e-1e48-11ed-a02b-a1e6fb8bb53b
  last_name: Klajn
- first_name: C. J.
  full_name: Campbell, C. J.
  last_name: Campbell
- first_name: B. A.
  full_name: Grzybowski, B. A.
  last_name: Grzybowski
citation:
  ama: Smoukov SK, Bishop KJM, Klajn R, Campbell CJ, Grzybowski BA. Cutting into solids
    with micropatterned gels. <i>Advanced Materials</i>. 2005;17(11):1361-1365. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200402086">10.1002/adma.200402086</a>
  apa: Smoukov, S. K., Bishop, K. J. M., Klajn, R., Campbell, C. J., &#38; Grzybowski,
    B. A. (2005). Cutting into solids with micropatterned gels. <i>Advanced Materials</i>.
    Wiley. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200402086">https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200402086</a>
  chicago: Smoukov, S. K., K. J. M. Bishop, Rafal Klajn, C. J. Campbell, and B. A.
    Grzybowski. “Cutting into Solids with Micropatterned Gels.” <i>Advanced Materials</i>.
    Wiley, 2005. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200402086">https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200402086</a>.
  ieee: S. K. Smoukov, K. J. M. Bishop, R. Klajn, C. J. Campbell, and B. A. Grzybowski,
    “Cutting into solids with micropatterned gels,” <i>Advanced Materials</i>, vol.
    17, no. 11. Wiley, pp. 1361–1365, 2005.
  ista: Smoukov SK, Bishop KJM, Klajn R, Campbell CJ, Grzybowski BA. 2005. Cutting
    into solids with micropatterned gels. Advanced Materials. 17(11), 1361–1365.
  mla: Smoukov, S. K., et al. “Cutting into Solids with Micropatterned Gels.” <i>Advanced
    Materials</i>, vol. 17, no. 11, Wiley, 2005, pp. 1361–65, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200402086">10.1002/adma.200402086</a>.
  short: S.K. Smoukov, K.J.M. Bishop, R. Klajn, C.J. Campbell, B.A. Grzybowski, Advanced
    Materials 17 (2005) 1361–1365.
date_created: 2023-08-01T10:38:01Z
date_published: 2005-06-24T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-08T11:53:16Z
day: '24'
doi: 10.1002/adma.200402086
extern: '1'
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '34412440'
intvolume: '        17'
issue: '11'
keyword:
- Mechanical Engineering
- Mechanics of Materials
- General Materials Science
language:
- iso: eng
month: '06'
oa_version: None
page: 1361-1365
pmid: 1
publication: Advanced Materials
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1521-4095
  issn:
  - 0935-9648
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Cutting into solids with micropatterned gels
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 17
year: '2005'
...
---
_id: '13432'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: A new experimental technique is described that uses reaction−diffusion phenomena
    as a means of one-step microfabrication of complex, multilevel surface reliefs.
    Thin films of dry gelatin doped with potassium hexacyanoferrate are chemically
    micropatterned with a solution of silver nitrate delivered from an agarose stamp.
    Precipitation reaction between the two salts causes the surface to deform. The
    mechanism of surface deformation is shown to involve a sequence of reactions,
    diffusion, and gel swelling/contraction. This mechanism is established experimentally
    and provides a basis of a theoretical lattice-gas model that allows prediction
    surface topographies emerging from arbitrary geometries of the stamped features.
    The usefulness of the technique is demonstrated by using it to rapidly prepare
    two types of mold for passive microfluidic mixers.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Christopher J.
  full_name: Campbell, Christopher J.
  last_name: Campbell
- first_name: Rafal
  full_name: Klajn, Rafal
  id: 8e84690e-1e48-11ed-a02b-a1e6fb8bb53b
  last_name: Klajn
- first_name: Marcin
  full_name: Fialkowski, Marcin
  last_name: Fialkowski
- first_name: Bartosz A.
  full_name: Grzybowski, Bartosz A.
  last_name: Grzybowski
citation:
  ama: Campbell CJ, Klajn R, Fialkowski M, Grzybowski BA. One-step multilevel microfabrication
    by reaction−diffusion. <i>Langmuir</i>. 2005;21(1):418-423. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747">10.1021/la0487747</a>
  apa: Campbell, C. J., Klajn, R., Fialkowski, M., &#38; Grzybowski, B. A. (2005).
    One-step multilevel microfabrication by reaction−diffusion. <i>Langmuir</i>. American
    Chemical Society. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747">https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747</a>
  chicago: Campbell, Christopher J., Rafal Klajn, Marcin Fialkowski, and Bartosz A.
    Grzybowski. “One-Step Multilevel Microfabrication by Reaction−diffusion.” <i>Langmuir</i>.
    American Chemical Society, 2005. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747">https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747</a>.
  ieee: C. J. Campbell, R. Klajn, M. Fialkowski, and B. A. Grzybowski, “One-step multilevel
    microfabrication by reaction−diffusion,” <i>Langmuir</i>, vol. 21, no. 1. American
    Chemical Society, pp. 418–423, 2005.
  ista: Campbell CJ, Klajn R, Fialkowski M, Grzybowski BA. 2005. One-step multilevel
    microfabrication by reaction−diffusion. Langmuir. 21(1), 418–423.
  mla: Campbell, Christopher J., et al. “One-Step Multilevel Microfabrication by Reaction−diffusion.”
    <i>Langmuir</i>, vol. 21, no. 1, American Chemical Society, 2005, pp. 418–23,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747">10.1021/la0487747</a>.
  short: C.J. Campbell, R. Klajn, M. Fialkowski, B.A. Grzybowski, Langmuir 21 (2005)
    418–423.
date_created: 2023-08-01T10:38:29Z
date_published: 2005-01-21T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-08T12:15:48Z
day: '21'
doi: 10.1021/la0487747
extern: '1'
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '15620333'
intvolume: '        21'
issue: '1'
keyword:
- Electrochemistry
- Spectroscopy
- Surfaces and Interfaces
- Condensed Matter Physics
- General Materials Science
language:
- iso: eng
month: '01'
oa_version: None
page: 418-423
pmid: 1
publication: Langmuir
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1520-5827
  issn:
  - 0743-7463
publication_status: published
publisher: American Chemical Society
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: One-step multilevel microfabrication by reaction−diffusion
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 21
year: '2005'
...
---
_id: '13434'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Thin films of ionically doped gelatin have been color-patterned with submicrometer
    precision using the wet-stamping technique. Inorganic salts are delivered onto
    the gelatin surface from an agarose stamp, and diffuse into the gelatine layer,
    producting deeply colored precipitates. Reaction fronts originating from different
    features of the stamp cease within < 1 μm of each other, leaving sharp, transparent
    regions in between.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: C. J.
  full_name: Campbell, C. J.
  last_name: Campbell
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Fialkowski, M.
  last_name: Fialkowski
- first_name: Rafal
  full_name: Klajn, Rafal
  id: 8e84690e-1e48-11ed-a02b-a1e6fb8bb53b
  last_name: Klajn
- first_name: I. T.
  full_name: Bensemann, I. T.
  last_name: Bensemann
- first_name: B. A.
  full_name: Grzybowski, B. A.
  last_name: Grzybowski
citation:
  ama: Campbell CJ, Fialkowski M, Klajn R, Bensemann IT, Grzybowski BA. Color micro-
    and nanopatterning with counter-propagating reaction-diffusion fronts. <i>Advanced
    Materials</i>. 2004;16(21):1912-1917. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400383">10.1002/adma.200400383</a>
  apa: Campbell, C. J., Fialkowski, M., Klajn, R., Bensemann, I. T., &#38; Grzybowski,
    B. A. (2004). Color micro- and nanopatterning with counter-propagating reaction-diffusion
    fronts. <i>Advanced Materials</i>. Wiley. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400383">https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400383</a>
  chicago: Campbell, C. J., M. Fialkowski, Rafal Klajn, I. T. Bensemann, and B. A.
    Grzybowski. “Color Micro- and Nanopatterning with Counter-Propagating Reaction-Diffusion
    Fronts.” <i>Advanced Materials</i>. Wiley, 2004. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400383">https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400383</a>.
  ieee: C. J. Campbell, M. Fialkowski, R. Klajn, I. T. Bensemann, and B. A. Grzybowski,
    “Color micro- and nanopatterning with counter-propagating reaction-diffusion fronts,”
    <i>Advanced Materials</i>, vol. 16, no. 21. Wiley, pp. 1912–1917, 2004.
  ista: Campbell CJ, Fialkowski M, Klajn R, Bensemann IT, Grzybowski BA. 2004. Color
    micro- and nanopatterning with counter-propagating reaction-diffusion fronts.
    Advanced Materials. 16(21), 1912–1917.
  mla: Campbell, C. J., et al. “Color Micro- and Nanopatterning with Counter-Propagating
    Reaction-Diffusion Fronts.” <i>Advanced Materials</i>, vol. 16, no. 21, Wiley,
    2004, pp. 1912–17, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400383">10.1002/adma.200400383</a>.
  short: C.J. Campbell, M. Fialkowski, R. Klajn, I.T. Bensemann, B.A. Grzybowski,
    Advanced Materials 16 (2004) 1912–1917.
date_created: 2023-08-01T10:39:09Z
date_published: 2004-11-14T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-08T12:41:23Z
day: '14'
doi: 10.1002/adma.200400383
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        16'
issue: '21'
keyword:
- Mechanical Engineering
- Mechanics of Materials
- General Materials Science
language:
- iso: eng
month: '11'
oa_version: None
page: 1912-1917
publication: Advanced Materials
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1521-4095
  issn:
  - 0935-9648
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Color micro- and nanopatterning with counter-propagating reaction-diffusion
  fronts
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 16
year: '2004'
...
---
_id: '13435'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Micropatterning of surfaces with several chemicals at different spatial locations
    usually requires multiple stamping and registration steps. Here, we describe an
    experimental method based on reaction–diffusion phenomena that allows for simultaneous
    micropatterning of a substrate with several coloured chemicals. In this method,
    called wet stamping (WETS), aqueous solutions of two or more inorganic salts are
    delivered onto a film of dry, ionically doped gelatin from an agarose stamp patterned
    in bas relief. Once in conformal contact, these salts diffuse into the gelatin,
    where they react to give deeply coloured precipitates. Separation of colours in
    the plane of the surface is the consequence of the differences in the diffusion
    coefficients, the solubility products, and the amounts of different salts delivered
    from the stamp, and is faithfully reproduced by a theoretical model based on a
    system of reaction–diffusion partial differential equations. The multicolour micropatterns
    are useful as non-binary optical elements, and could potentially form the basis
    of new applications in microseparations and in controlled delivery.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Rafal
  full_name: Klajn, Rafal
  id: 8e84690e-1e48-11ed-a02b-a1e6fb8bb53b
  last_name: Klajn
- first_name: Marcin
  full_name: Fialkowski, Marcin
  last_name: Fialkowski
- first_name: Igor T.
  full_name: Bensemann, Igor T.
  last_name: Bensemann
- first_name: Agnieszka
  full_name: Bitner, Agnieszka
  last_name: Bitner
- first_name: C. J.
  full_name: Campbell, C. J.
  last_name: Campbell
- first_name: Kyle
  full_name: Bishop, Kyle
  last_name: Bishop
- first_name: Stoyan
  full_name: Smoukov, Stoyan
  last_name: Smoukov
- first_name: Bartosz A.
  full_name: Grzybowski, Bartosz A.
  last_name: Grzybowski
citation:
  ama: Klajn R, Fialkowski M, Bensemann IT, et al. Multicolour micropatterning of
    thin films of dry gels. <i>Nature Materials</i>. 2004;3:729-735. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1231">10.1038/nmat1231</a>
  apa: Klajn, R., Fialkowski, M., Bensemann, I. T., Bitner, A., Campbell, C. J., Bishop,
    K., … Grzybowski, B. A. (2004). Multicolour micropatterning of thin films of dry
    gels. <i>Nature Materials</i>. Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1231">https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1231</a>
  chicago: Klajn, Rafal, Marcin Fialkowski, Igor T. Bensemann, Agnieszka Bitner, C.
    J. Campbell, Kyle Bishop, Stoyan Smoukov, and Bartosz A. Grzybowski. “Multicolour
    Micropatterning of Thin Films of Dry Gels.” <i>Nature Materials</i>. Springer
    Nature, 2004. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1231">https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1231</a>.
  ieee: R. Klajn <i>et al.</i>, “Multicolour micropatterning of thin films of dry
    gels,” <i>Nature Materials</i>, vol. 3. Springer Nature, pp. 729–735, 2004.
  ista: Klajn R, Fialkowski M, Bensemann IT, Bitner A, Campbell CJ, Bishop K, Smoukov
    S, Grzybowski BA. 2004. Multicolour micropatterning of thin films of dry gels.
    Nature Materials. 3, 729–735.
  mla: Klajn, Rafal, et al. “Multicolour Micropatterning of Thin Films of Dry Gels.”
    <i>Nature Materials</i>, vol. 3, Springer Nature, 2004, pp. 729–35, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1231">10.1038/nmat1231</a>.
  short: R. Klajn, M. Fialkowski, I.T. Bensemann, A. Bitner, C.J. Campbell, K. Bishop,
    S. Smoukov, B.A. Grzybowski, Nature Materials 3 (2004) 729–735.
date_created: 2023-08-01T10:39:23Z
date_published: 2004-09-19T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-08T12:42:51Z
day: '19'
doi: 10.1038/nmat1231
extern: '1'
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '15378052'
intvolume: '         3'
keyword:
- Mechanical Engineering
- Mechanics of Materials
- Condensed Matter Physics
- General Materials Science
- General Chemistry
language:
- iso: eng
month: '09'
oa_version: None
page: 729-735
pmid: 1
publication: Nature Materials
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1476-4660
  issn:
  - 1476-1122
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Multicolour micropatterning of thin films of dry gels
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 3
year: '2004'
...