[{"citation":{"mla":"Paszewski, Maciej, et al. “Multilevel Surface Nano- and Microstructuring via Sequential Photoswelling of Dichromated Gelatin.” <i>Langmuir</i>, vol. 23, no. 10, American Chemical Society, 2007, pp. 5419–22, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c\">10.1021/la062982c</a>.","ama":"Paszewski M, Smoukov SK, Klajn R, Grzybowski BA. Multilevel surface nano- and microstructuring via sequential photoswelling of dichromated gelatin. <i>Langmuir</i>. 2007;23(10):5419-5422. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c\">10.1021/la062982c</a>","short":"M. Paszewski, S.K. Smoukov, R. Klajn, B.A. Grzybowski, Langmuir 23 (2007) 5419–5422.","ista":"Paszewski M, Smoukov SK, Klajn R, Grzybowski BA. 2007. Multilevel surface nano- and microstructuring via sequential photoswelling of dichromated gelatin. Langmuir. 23(10), 5419–5422.","ieee":"M. Paszewski, S. K. Smoukov, R. Klajn, and B. A. Grzybowski, “Multilevel surface nano- and microstructuring via sequential photoswelling of dichromated gelatin,” <i>Langmuir</i>, vol. 23, no. 10. American Chemical Society, pp. 5419–5422, 2007.","apa":"Paszewski, M., Smoukov, S. K., Klajn, R., &#38; Grzybowski, B. A. (2007). Multilevel surface nano- and microstructuring via sequential photoswelling of dichromated gelatin. <i>Langmuir</i>. American Chemical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c\">https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c</a>","chicago":"Paszewski, Maciej, Stoyan K. Smoukov, Rafal Klajn, and Bartosz A. Grzybowski. “Multilevel Surface Nano- and Microstructuring via Sequential Photoswelling of Dichromated Gelatin.” <i>Langmuir</i>. American Chemical Society, 2007. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c\">https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c</a>."},"publication_status":"published","author":[{"first_name":"Maciej","last_name":"Paszewski","full_name":"Paszewski, Maciej"},{"full_name":"Smoukov, Stoyan K.","last_name":"Smoukov","first_name":"Stoyan K."},{"last_name":"Klajn","full_name":"Klajn, Rafal","first_name":"Rafal","id":"8e84690e-1e48-11ed-a02b-a1e6fb8bb53b"},{"first_name":"Bartosz A.","full_name":"Grzybowski, Bartosz A.","last_name":"Grzybowski"}],"keyword":["Electrochemistry","Spectroscopy","Surfaces and Interfaces","Condensed Matter Physics","General Materials Science"],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Photoswelling of thin films of dichromated gelatin provides a basis for fabrication of multilevel surface reliefs via sequential UV illumination through different photomasks. The remarkable feature of this simple, benchtop technique is that by adjusting irradiation times, film thickness, or its hydration state the heights of the developed features can be varied from few nanometers to tens of microns. After UV exposure, the surface structures can be replicated faithfully into either soft or hard PDMS stamps."}],"article_processing_charge":"No","date_updated":"2023-08-08T11:26:24Z","volume":23,"oa_version":"None","quality_controlled":"1","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1520-5827"],"issn":["0743-7463"]},"extern":"1","_id":"13426","pmid":1,"year":"2007","doi":"10.1021/la062982c","title":"Multilevel surface nano- and microstructuring via sequential photoswelling of dichromated gelatin","external_id":{"pmid":["17425340"]},"type":"journal_article","day":"11","status":"public","intvolume":"        23","page":"5419-5422","publication":"Langmuir","issue":"10","date_published":"2007-04-11T00:00:00Z","article_type":"original","month":"04","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"scopus_import":"1","publisher":"American Chemical Society","date_created":"2023-08-01T10:31:33Z"},{"issue":"11","publication":"Advanced Materials","page":"1361-1365","day":"24","type":"journal_article","intvolume":"        17","status":"public","date_created":"2023-08-01T10:38:01Z","month":"06","article_type":"original","date_published":"2005-06-24T00:00:00Z","publisher":"Wiley","scopus_import":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2023-08-08T11:53:16Z","volume":17,"article_processing_charge":"No","_id":"13431","pmid":1,"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1521-4095"],"issn":["0935-9648"]},"extern":"1","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","quality_controlled":"1","oa_version":"None","publication_status":"published","citation":{"short":"S.K. Smoukov, K.J.M. Bishop, R. Klajn, C.J. Campbell, B.A. Grzybowski, Advanced Materials 17 (2005) 1361–1365.","ista":"Smoukov SK, Bishop KJM, Klajn R, Campbell CJ, Grzybowski BA. 2005. Cutting into solids with micropatterned gels. Advanced Materials. 17(11), 1361–1365.","ama":"Smoukov SK, Bishop KJM, Klajn R, Campbell CJ, Grzybowski BA. Cutting into solids with micropatterned gels. <i>Advanced Materials</i>. 2005;17(11):1361-1365. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200402086\">10.1002/adma.200402086</a>","mla":"Smoukov, S. K., et al. “Cutting into Solids with Micropatterned Gels.” <i>Advanced Materials</i>, vol. 17, no. 11, Wiley, 2005, pp. 1361–65, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200402086\">10.1002/adma.200402086</a>.","chicago":"Smoukov, S. K., K. J. M. Bishop, Rafal Klajn, C. J. Campbell, and B. A. Grzybowski. “Cutting into Solids with Micropatterned Gels.” <i>Advanced Materials</i>. Wiley, 2005. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200402086\">https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200402086</a>.","ieee":"S. K. Smoukov, K. J. M. Bishop, R. Klajn, C. J. Campbell, and B. A. Grzybowski, “Cutting into solids with micropatterned gels,” <i>Advanced Materials</i>, vol. 17, no. 11. Wiley, pp. 1361–1365, 2005.","apa":"Smoukov, S. K., Bishop, K. J. M., Klajn, R., Campbell, C. J., &#38; Grzybowski, B. A. (2005). Cutting into solids with micropatterned gels. <i>Advanced Materials</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200402086\">https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200402086</a>"},"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Hydrogel stamps can microstructure solid surfaces, i.e., modify the surface topology of metals, glasses, and crystals. It is demonstrated that stamps soaked in an appropriate etchant can remove material with micrometer-scale precision. The Figure shows an array of concentric circles etched in glass using the immersion wet stamping process described (scale bar: 500 μm)."}],"keyword":["Mechanical Engineering","Mechanics of Materials","General Materials Science"],"author":[{"last_name":"Smoukov","full_name":"Smoukov, S. K.","first_name":"S. K."},{"last_name":"Bishop","full_name":"Bishop, K. J. M.","first_name":"K. J. M."},{"id":"8e84690e-1e48-11ed-a02b-a1e6fb8bb53b","full_name":"Klajn, Rafal","last_name":"Klajn","first_name":"Rafal"},{"first_name":"C. J.","full_name":"Campbell, C. J.","last_name":"Campbell"},{"first_name":"B. A.","last_name":"Grzybowski","full_name":"Grzybowski, B. A."}],"year":"2005","doi":"10.1002/adma.200402086","title":"Cutting into solids with micropatterned gels","external_id":{"pmid":["34412440"]}},{"keyword":["Electrochemistry","Spectroscopy","Surfaces and Interfaces","Condensed Matter Physics","General Materials Science"],"author":[{"full_name":"Campbell, Christopher J.","last_name":"Campbell","first_name":"Christopher J."},{"full_name":"Klajn, Rafal","last_name":"Klajn","first_name":"Rafal","id":"8e84690e-1e48-11ed-a02b-a1e6fb8bb53b"},{"first_name":"Marcin","last_name":"Fialkowski","full_name":"Fialkowski, Marcin"},{"full_name":"Grzybowski, Bartosz A.","last_name":"Grzybowski","first_name":"Bartosz A."}],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"A new experimental technique is described that uses reaction−diffusion phenomena as a means of one-step microfabrication of complex, multilevel surface reliefs. Thin films of dry gelatin doped with potassium hexacyanoferrate are chemically micropatterned with a solution of silver nitrate delivered from an agarose stamp. Precipitation reaction between the two salts causes the surface to deform. The mechanism of surface deformation is shown to involve a sequence of reactions, diffusion, and gel swelling/contraction. This mechanism is established experimentally and provides a basis of a theoretical lattice-gas model that allows prediction surface topographies emerging from arbitrary geometries of the stamped features. The usefulness of the technique is demonstrated by using it to rapidly prepare two types of mold for passive microfluidic mixers."}],"citation":{"chicago":"Campbell, Christopher J., Rafal Klajn, Marcin Fialkowski, and Bartosz A. Grzybowski. “One-Step Multilevel Microfabrication by Reaction−diffusion.” <i>Langmuir</i>. American Chemical Society, 2005. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747\">https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747</a>.","apa":"Campbell, C. J., Klajn, R., Fialkowski, M., &#38; Grzybowski, B. A. (2005). One-step multilevel microfabrication by reaction−diffusion. <i>Langmuir</i>. American Chemical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747\">https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747</a>","ieee":"C. J. Campbell, R. Klajn, M. Fialkowski, and B. A. Grzybowski, “One-step multilevel microfabrication by reaction−diffusion,” <i>Langmuir</i>, vol. 21, no. 1. American Chemical Society, pp. 418–423, 2005.","short":"C.J. Campbell, R. Klajn, M. Fialkowski, B.A. Grzybowski, Langmuir 21 (2005) 418–423.","ista":"Campbell CJ, Klajn R, Fialkowski M, Grzybowski BA. 2005. One-step multilevel microfabrication by reaction−diffusion. Langmuir. 21(1), 418–423.","ama":"Campbell CJ, Klajn R, Fialkowski M, Grzybowski BA. One-step multilevel microfabrication by reaction−diffusion. <i>Langmuir</i>. 2005;21(1):418-423. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747\">10.1021/la0487747</a>","mla":"Campbell, Christopher J., et al. “One-Step Multilevel Microfabrication by Reaction−diffusion.” <i>Langmuir</i>, vol. 21, no. 1, American Chemical Society, 2005, pp. 418–23, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747\">10.1021/la0487747</a>."},"publication_status":"published","quality_controlled":"1","oa_version":"None","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1520-5827"],"issn":["0743-7463"]},"extern":"1","pmid":1,"_id":"13432","article_processing_charge":"No","volume":21,"date_updated":"2023-08-08T12:15:48Z","external_id":{"pmid":["15620333"]},"title":"One-step multilevel microfabrication by reaction−diffusion","year":"2005","doi":"10.1021/la0487747","status":"public","intvolume":"        21","type":"journal_article","day":"21","page":"418-423","publication":"Langmuir","issue":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"scopus_import":"1","publisher":"American Chemical Society","article_type":"original","date_published":"2005-01-21T00:00:00Z","month":"01","date_created":"2023-08-01T10:38:29Z"},{"title":"Color micro- and nanopatterning with counter-propagating reaction-diffusion fronts","year":"2004","doi":"10.1002/adma.200400383","author":[{"last_name":"Campbell","full_name":"Campbell, C. J.","first_name":"C. J."},{"first_name":"M.","last_name":"Fialkowski","full_name":"Fialkowski, M."},{"id":"8e84690e-1e48-11ed-a02b-a1e6fb8bb53b","last_name":"Klajn","full_name":"Klajn, Rafal","first_name":"Rafal"},{"full_name":"Bensemann, I. T.","last_name":"Bensemann","first_name":"I. T."},{"full_name":"Grzybowski, B. A.","last_name":"Grzybowski","first_name":"B. A."}],"keyword":["Mechanical Engineering","Mechanics of Materials","General Materials Science"],"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Thin films of ionically doped gelatin have been color-patterned with submicrometer precision using the wet-stamping technique. Inorganic salts are delivered onto the gelatin surface from an agarose stamp, and diffuse into the gelatine layer, producting deeply colored precipitates. Reaction fronts originating from different features of the stamp cease within < 1 μm of each other, leaving sharp, transparent regions in between."}],"publication_status":"published","citation":{"ista":"Campbell CJ, Fialkowski M, Klajn R, Bensemann IT, Grzybowski BA. 2004. Color micro- and nanopatterning with counter-propagating reaction-diffusion fronts. Advanced Materials. 16(21), 1912–1917.","short":"C.J. Campbell, M. Fialkowski, R. Klajn, I.T. Bensemann, B.A. Grzybowski, Advanced Materials 16 (2004) 1912–1917.","mla":"Campbell, C. J., et al. “Color Micro- and Nanopatterning with Counter-Propagating Reaction-Diffusion Fronts.” <i>Advanced Materials</i>, vol. 16, no. 21, Wiley, 2004, pp. 1912–17, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400383\">10.1002/adma.200400383</a>.","ama":"Campbell CJ, Fialkowski M, Klajn R, Bensemann IT, Grzybowski BA. Color micro- and nanopatterning with counter-propagating reaction-diffusion fronts. <i>Advanced Materials</i>. 2004;16(21):1912-1917. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400383\">10.1002/adma.200400383</a>","chicago":"Campbell, C. J., M. Fialkowski, Rafal Klajn, I. T. Bensemann, and B. A. Grzybowski. “Color Micro- and Nanopatterning with Counter-Propagating Reaction-Diffusion Fronts.” <i>Advanced Materials</i>. Wiley, 2004. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400383\">https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400383</a>.","ieee":"C. J. Campbell, M. Fialkowski, R. Klajn, I. T. Bensemann, and B. A. Grzybowski, “Color micro- and nanopatterning with counter-propagating reaction-diffusion fronts,” <i>Advanced Materials</i>, vol. 16, no. 21. Wiley, pp. 1912–1917, 2004.","apa":"Campbell, C. J., Fialkowski, M., Klajn, R., Bensemann, I. T., &#38; Grzybowski, B. A. (2004). Color micro- and nanopatterning with counter-propagating reaction-diffusion fronts. <i>Advanced Materials</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400383\">https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200400383</a>"},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","oa_version":"None","quality_controlled":"1","_id":"13434","extern":"1","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1521-4095"],"issn":["0935-9648"]},"volume":16,"date_updated":"2023-08-08T12:41:23Z","article_processing_charge":"No","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publisher":"Wiley","scopus_import":"1","article_type":"original","date_published":"2004-11-14T00:00:00Z","month":"11","date_created":"2023-08-01T10:39:09Z","status":"public","intvolume":"        16","type":"journal_article","day":"14","page":"1912-1917","issue":"21","publication":"Advanced Materials"},{"year":"2004","doi":"10.1038/nmat1231","external_id":{"pmid":["15378052"]},"title":"Multicolour micropatterning of thin films of dry gels","publication_status":"published","citation":{"apa":"Klajn, R., Fialkowski, M., Bensemann, I. T., Bitner, A., Campbell, C. J., Bishop, K., … Grzybowski, B. A. (2004). Multicolour micropatterning of thin films of dry gels. <i>Nature Materials</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1231\">https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1231</a>","ieee":"R. Klajn <i>et al.</i>, “Multicolour micropatterning of thin films of dry gels,” <i>Nature Materials</i>, vol. 3. Springer Nature, pp. 729–735, 2004.","chicago":"Klajn, Rafal, Marcin Fialkowski, Igor T. Bensemann, Agnieszka Bitner, C. J. Campbell, Kyle Bishop, Stoyan Smoukov, and Bartosz A. Grzybowski. “Multicolour Micropatterning of Thin Films of Dry Gels.” <i>Nature Materials</i>. Springer Nature, 2004. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1231\">https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1231</a>.","mla":"Klajn, Rafal, et al. “Multicolour Micropatterning of Thin Films of Dry Gels.” <i>Nature Materials</i>, vol. 3, Springer Nature, 2004, pp. 729–35, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1231\">10.1038/nmat1231</a>.","ama":"Klajn R, Fialkowski M, Bensemann IT, et al. Multicolour micropatterning of thin films of dry gels. <i>Nature Materials</i>. 2004;3:729-735. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1231\">10.1038/nmat1231</a>","short":"R. Klajn, M. Fialkowski, I.T. Bensemann, A. Bitner, C.J. Campbell, K. Bishop, S. Smoukov, B.A. Grzybowski, Nature Materials 3 (2004) 729–735.","ista":"Klajn R, Fialkowski M, Bensemann IT, Bitner A, Campbell CJ, Bishop K, Smoukov S, Grzybowski BA. 2004. Multicolour micropatterning of thin films of dry gels. Nature Materials. 3, 729–735."},"abstract":[{"text":"Micropatterning of surfaces with several chemicals at different spatial locations usually requires multiple stamping and registration steps. Here, we describe an experimental method based on reaction–diffusion phenomena that allows for simultaneous micropatterning of a substrate with several coloured chemicals. In this method, called wet stamping (WETS), aqueous solutions of two or more inorganic salts are delivered onto a film of dry, ionically doped gelatin from an agarose stamp patterned in bas relief. Once in conformal contact, these salts diffuse into the gelatin, where they react to give deeply coloured precipitates. Separation of colours in the plane of the surface is the consequence of the differences in the diffusion coefficients, the solubility products, and the amounts of different salts delivered from the stamp, and is faithfully reproduced by a theoretical model based on a system of reaction–diffusion partial differential equations. The multicolour micropatterns are useful as non-binary optical elements, and could potentially form the basis of new applications in microseparations and in controlled delivery.","lang":"eng"}],"author":[{"id":"8e84690e-1e48-11ed-a02b-a1e6fb8bb53b","first_name":"Rafal","full_name":"Klajn, Rafal","last_name":"Klajn"},{"full_name":"Fialkowski, Marcin","last_name":"Fialkowski","first_name":"Marcin"},{"last_name":"Bensemann","full_name":"Bensemann, Igor T.","first_name":"Igor T."},{"last_name":"Bitner","full_name":"Bitner, Agnieszka","first_name":"Agnieszka"},{"full_name":"Campbell, C. J.","last_name":"Campbell","first_name":"C. J."},{"full_name":"Bishop, Kyle","last_name":"Bishop","first_name":"Kyle"},{"first_name":"Stoyan","full_name":"Smoukov, Stoyan","last_name":"Smoukov"},{"full_name":"Grzybowski, Bartosz A.","last_name":"Grzybowski","first_name":"Bartosz A."}],"keyword":["Mechanical Engineering","Mechanics of Materials","Condensed Matter Physics","General Materials Science","General Chemistry"],"date_updated":"2023-08-08T12:42:51Z","volume":3,"article_processing_charge":"No","_id":"13435","pmid":1,"extern":"1","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1476-1122"],"eissn":["1476-4660"]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","quality_controlled":"1","oa_version":"None","month":"09","date_published":"2004-09-19T00:00:00Z","article_type":"original","publisher":"Springer Nature","scopus_import":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"date_created":"2023-08-01T10:39:23Z","day":"19","type":"journal_article","intvolume":"         3","status":"public","publication":"Nature Materials","page":"729-735"}]