---
_id: '9152'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Previous numerical studies of the dissipation of internal tides in idealized
    settings suggest the existence of a critical latitude (~29°) where dissipation
    is enhanced. But observations only indicate a modest enhancement at this latitude.
    To resolve this difference between observational and numerical results, the authors
    study the latitudinal dependence of internal tides’ dissipation in more realistic
    conditions. In particular, the ocean is not a quiescent medium; the presence of
    large-scale currents or mesoscale eddies can impact the propagation and dissipation
    of internal tides. This paper investigates the impact of a weak background mean
    current in numerical simulations. The authors focus on the local dissipation of
    high spatial mode internal waves near their generation site. The vertical profile
    of dissipation and its variation with latitude without the mean current are consistent
    with earlier studies. But adding a weak mean current has a major impact on the
    latitudinal distribution of dissipation. The peak at the critical latitude disappears,
    and the dissipation is closer to a constant, albeit with two weak peaks at ~25°
    and ~35° latitude. This disappearance results from the Doppler shift of the internal
    tides’ frequency, which hinders the nonlinear transfer of energy to small-scale
    secondary waves via the parametric subharmonic instability (PSI). The new two
    weak peaks correspond to the Doppler-shifted critical latitudes of the left- and
    right-propagating waves. The results are confirmed in simulations with simple
    sinusoidal topography. Thus, although nonlinear transfers via PSI are efficient
    at dissipating internal tides, the exact location of the dissipation is sensitive
    to large-scale oceanic conditions.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: O.
  full_name: Richet, O.
  last_name: Richet
- first_name: Caroline J
  full_name: Muller, Caroline J
  id: f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b
  last_name: Muller
  orcid: 0000-0001-5836-5350
- first_name: J.-M.
  full_name: Chomaz, J.-M.
  last_name: Chomaz
citation:
  ama: Richet O, Muller CJ, Chomaz J-M. Impact of a mean current on the internal tide
    energy dissipation at the critical latitude. <i>Journal of Physical Oceanography</i>.
    2017;47(6):1457-1472. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0197.1">10.1175/jpo-d-16-0197.1</a>
  apa: Richet, O., Muller, C. J., &#38; Chomaz, J.-M. (2017). Impact of a mean current
    on the internal tide energy dissipation at the critical latitude. <i>Journal of
    Physical Oceanography</i>. American Meteorological Society. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0197.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0197.1</a>
  chicago: Richet, O., Caroline J Muller, and J.-M. Chomaz. “Impact of a Mean Current
    on the Internal Tide Energy Dissipation at the Critical Latitude.” <i>Journal
    of Physical Oceanography</i>. American Meteorological Society, 2017. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0197.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0197.1</a>.
  ieee: O. Richet, C. J. Muller, and J.-M. Chomaz, “Impact of a mean current on the
    internal tide energy dissipation at the critical latitude,” <i>Journal of Physical
    Oceanography</i>, vol. 47, no. 6. American Meteorological Society, pp. 1457–1472,
    2017.
  ista: Richet O, Muller CJ, Chomaz J-M. 2017. Impact of a mean current on the internal
    tide energy dissipation at the critical latitude. Journal of Physical Oceanography.
    47(6), 1457–1472.
  mla: Richet, O., et al. “Impact of a Mean Current on the Internal Tide Energy Dissipation
    at the Critical Latitude.” <i>Journal of Physical Oceanography</i>, vol. 47, no.
    6, American Meteorological Society, 2017, pp. 1457–72, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-16-0197.1">10.1175/jpo-d-16-0197.1</a>.
  short: O. Richet, C.J. Muller, J.-M. Chomaz, Journal of Physical Oceanography 47
    (2017) 1457–1472.
date_created: 2021-02-15T15:11:04Z
date_published: 2017-06-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-01-24T13:36:31Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1175/jpo-d-16-0197.1
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        47'
issue: '6'
keyword:
- Oceanography
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1175/JPO-D-16-0197.1
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 1457-1472
publication: Journal of Physical Oceanography
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0022-3670
  - 1520-0485
publication_status: published
publisher: American Meteorological Society
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Impact of a mean current on the internal tide energy dissipation at the critical
  latitude
type: journal_article
user_id: 8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9
volume: 47
year: '2017'
...
---
_id: '12648'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Distributed glacier melt models generally assume that the glacier surface
    consists of bare exposed ice and snow. In reality, many glaciers are wholly or
    partially covered in layers of debris that tend to suppress ablation rates. In
    this paper, an existing physically based point model for the ablation of debris-covered
    ice is incorporated in a distributed melt model and applied to Haut Glacier d'Arolla,
    Switzerland, which has three large patches of debris cover on its surface. The
    model is based on a 10 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the area;
    each glacier pixel in the DEM is defined as either bare or debris-covered ice,
    and may be covered in snow that must be melted off before ice ablation is assumed
    to occur. Each debris-covered pixel is assigned a debris thickness value using
    probability distributions based on over 1000 manual thickness measurements. Locally
    observed meteorological data are used to run energy balance calculations in every
    pixel, using an approach suitable for snow, bare ice or debris-covered ice as
    appropriate. The use of the debris model significantly reduces the total ablation
    in the debris-covered areas, however the precise reduction is sensitive to the
    temperature extrapolation used in the model distribution because air near the
    debris surface tends to be slightly warmer than over bare ice. Overall results
    suggest that the debris patches, which cover 10% of the glacierized area, reduce
    total runoff from the glacierized part of the basin by up to 7%.
article_number: D18105
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: T. D.
  full_name: Reid, T. D.
  last_name: Reid
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Carenzo, M.
  last_name: Carenzo
- first_name: Francesca
  full_name: Pellicciotti, Francesca
  id: b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70
  last_name: Pellicciotti
- first_name: B. W.
  full_name: Brock, B. W.
  last_name: Brock
citation:
  ama: 'Reid TD, Carenzo M, Pellicciotti F, Brock BW. Including debris cover effects
    in a distributed model of glacier ablation. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research:
    Atmospheres</i>. 2012;117(D18). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795">10.1029/2012jd017795</a>'
  apa: 'Reid, T. D., Carenzo, M., Pellicciotti, F., &#38; Brock, B. W. (2012). Including
    debris cover effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation. <i>Journal of
    Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795">https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795</a>'
  chicago: 'Reid, T. D., M. Carenzo, Francesca Pellicciotti, and B. W. Brock. “Including
    Debris Cover Effects in a Distributed Model of Glacier Ablation.” <i>Journal of
    Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2012. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795">https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795</a>.'
  ieee: 'T. D. Reid, M. Carenzo, F. Pellicciotti, and B. W. Brock, “Including debris
    cover effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation,” <i>Journal of Geophysical
    Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 117, no. D18. American Geophysical Union, 2012.'
  ista: 'Reid TD, Carenzo M, Pellicciotti F, Brock BW. 2012. Including debris cover
    effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation. Journal of Geophysical Research:
    Atmospheres. 117(D18), D18105.'
  mla: 'Reid, T. D., et al. “Including Debris Cover Effects in a Distributed Model
    of Glacier Ablation.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol.
    117, no. D18, D18105, American Geophysical Union, 2012, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795">10.1029/2012jd017795</a>.'
  short: 'T.D. Reid, M. Carenzo, F. Pellicciotti, B.W. Brock, Journal of Geophysical
    Research: Atmospheres 117 (2012).'
date_created: 2023-02-20T08:17:57Z
date_published: 2012-09-27T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-02-20T10:57:31Z
day: '27'
doi: 10.1029/2012jd017795
extern: '1'
intvolume: '       117'
issue: D18
keyword:
- Paleontology
- Space and Planetary Science
- Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)
- Atmospheric Science
- Earth-Surface Processes
- Geochemistry and Petrology
- Soil Science
- Water Science and Technology
- Ecology
- Aquatic Science
- Forestry
- Oceanography
- Geophysics
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017795
month: '09'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: 'Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0148-0227
publication_status: published
publisher: American Geophysical Union
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Including debris cover effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 117
year: '2012'
...
---
_id: '12651'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Temperature data from three Automatic Weather Stations and twelve Temperature
    Loggers are used to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of temperature
    over a glacier, its main atmospheric controls, the suitability of extrapolation
    techniques and their effect on melt modeling. We use data collected on Juncal
    Norte Glacier, central Chile, during one ablation season. We examine temporal
    and spatial variability in lapse rates (LRs), together with alternative statistical
    interpolation methods. The main control over the glacier thermal regime is the
    development of a katabatic boundary layer (KBL). Katabatic wind occurs at night
    and in the morning and is eroded in the afternoon. LRs reveal strong diurnal variability,
    with steeper LRs during the day when the katabatic wind weakens and shallower
    LRs during the night and morning. We suggest that temporally variable LRs should
    be used to account for the observed change. They tend to be steeper than equivalent
    constant LRs, and therefore result in a reduction in simulated melt compared to
    use of constant LRs when extrapolating from lower to higher elevations. In addition
    to the temporal variability, the temperature-elevation relationship varies also
    in space. Differences are evident between local LRs and including such variability
    in melt modeling affects melt simulations. Extrapolation methods based on the
    spatial variability of the observations after removal of the elevation trend,
    such as Inverse Distance Weighting or Kriging, do not seem necessary for simulations
    of gridded temperature data over a glacier.
article_number: D23109
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: L.
  full_name: Petersen, L.
  last_name: Petersen
- first_name: Francesca
  full_name: Pellicciotti, Francesca
  id: b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70
  last_name: Pellicciotti
citation:
  ama: 'Petersen L, Pellicciotti F. Spatial and temporal variability of air temperature
    on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods and their effect
    on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research:
    Atmospheres</i>. 2011;116(D23). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842">10.1029/2011jd015842</a>'
  apa: 'Petersen, L., &#38; Pellicciotti, F. (2011). Spatial and temporal variability
    of air temperature on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods
    and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile. <i>Journal of
    Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842">https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842</a>'
  chicago: 'Petersen, L., and Francesca Pellicciotti. “Spatial and Temporal Variability
    of Air Temperature on a Melting Glacier: Atmospheric Controls, Extrapolation Methods
    and Their Effect on Melt Modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile.” <i>Journal of
    Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2011. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842">https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842</a>.'
  ieee: 'L. Petersen and F. Pellicciotti, “Spatial and temporal variability of air
    temperature on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods
    and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile,” <i>Journal of
    Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 116, no. D23. American Geophysical
    Union, 2011.'
  ista: 'Petersen L, Pellicciotti F. 2011. Spatial and temporal variability of air
    temperature on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods
    and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile. Journal of Geophysical
    Research: Atmospheres. 116(D23), D23109.'
  mla: 'Petersen, L., and Francesca Pellicciotti. “Spatial and Temporal Variability
    of Air Temperature on a Melting Glacier: Atmospheric Controls, Extrapolation Methods
    and Their Effect on Melt Modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile.” <i>Journal of
    Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 116, no. D23, D23109, American Geophysical
    Union, 2011, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842">10.1029/2011jd015842</a>.'
  short: 'L. Petersen, F. Pellicciotti, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
    116 (2011).'
date_created: 2023-02-20T08:18:14Z
date_published: 2011-12-16T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-02-20T10:29:44Z
day: '16'
doi: 10.1029/2011jd015842
extern: '1'
intvolume: '       116'
issue: D23
keyword:
- Paleontology
- Space and Planetary Science
- Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)
- Atmospheric Science
- Earth-Surface Processes
- Geochemistry and Petrology
- Soil Science
- Water Science and Technology
- Ecology
- Aquatic Science
- Forestry
- Oceanography
- Geophysics
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD01584
month: '12'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: 'Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0148-0227
publication_status: published
publisher: American Geophysical Union
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Spatial and temporal variability of air temperature on a melting glacier:
  Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal
  Norte Glacier, Chile'
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 116
year: '2011'
...
---
_id: '9145'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "We have found a new way to express the solutions of the RSM (Reynolds Stress
    Model) equations that allows us to present the turbulent diffusivities for heat,
    salt and momentum in a way that is considerably simpler and thus easier to implement
    than in previous work. The RSM provides the dimensionless mixing efficiencies
    Γα (α stands for heat, salt and momentum). However, to compute the diffusivities,
    one needs additional information, specifically, the dissipation ε. Since a dynamic
    equation for the latter that includes the physical processes relevant to the ocean
    is still not available, one must resort to different sources of information outside
    the RSM to obtain a complete Mixing Scheme usable in OGCMs.\r\nAs for the RSM
    results, we show that the Γα’s are functions of both Ri and Rρ (Richardson number
    and density ratio representing double diffusion, DD); the Γα are different for
    heat, salt and momentum; in the case of heat, the traditional value Γh = 0.2 is
    valid only in the presence of strong shear (when DD is inoperative) while when
    shear subsides, NATRE data show that Γh can be three times as large, a result
    that we reproduce. The salt Γs is given in terms of Γh. The momentum Γm has thus
    far been guessed with different prescriptions while the RSM provides a well defined
    expression for Γm(Ri, Rρ). Having tested Γh, we then test the momentum Γm by showing
    that the turbulent Prandtl number Γm/Γh vs. Ri reproduces the available data quite
    well.\r\n\r\nAs for the dissipation ε, we use different representations, one for
    the mixed layer (ML), one for the thermocline and one for the ocean’s bottom.
    For the ML, we adopt a procedure analogous to the one successfully used in PB
    (planetary boundary layer) studies; for the thermocline, we employ an expression
    for the variable εN−2 from studies of the internal gravity waves spectra which
    includes a latitude dependence; for the ocean bottom, we adopt the enhanced bottom
    diffusivity expression used by previous authors but with a state of the art internal
    tidal energy formulation and replace the fixed Γα = 0.2 with the RSM result that
    brings into the problem the Ri, Rρ dependence of the Γα; the unresolved bottom
    drag, which has thus far been either ignored or modeled with heuristic relations,
    is modeled using a formalism we previously developed and tested in PBL studies.\r\nWe
    carried out several tests without an OGCM. Prandtl and flux Richardson numbers
    vs. Ri. The RSM model reproduces both types of data satisfactorily. DD and Mixing
    efficiency Γh(Ri, Rρ). The RSM model reproduces well the NATRE data. Bimodal ε-distribution.
    NATRE data show that ε(Ri < 1) ≈ 10ε(Ri > 1), which our model reproduces. Heat
    to salt flux ratio. In the Ri ≫ 1 regime, the RSM predictions reproduce the data
    satisfactorily. NATRE mass diffusivity. The z-profile of the mass diffusivity
    reproduces well the measurements at NATRE. The local form of the mixing scheme
    is algebraic with one cubic equation to solve."
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: V.M.
  full_name: Canuto, V.M.
  last_name: Canuto
- first_name: A.M.
  full_name: Howard, A.M.
  last_name: Howard
- first_name: Y.
  full_name: Cheng, Y.
  last_name: Cheng
- first_name: Caroline J
  full_name: Muller, Caroline J
  id: f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b
  last_name: Muller
  orcid: 0000-0001-5836-5350
- first_name: A.
  full_name: Leboissetier, A.
  last_name: Leboissetier
- first_name: S.R.
  full_name: Jayne, S.R.
  last_name: Jayne
citation:
  ama: 'Canuto VM, Howard AM, Cheng Y, Muller CJ, Leboissetier A, Jayne SR. Ocean
    turbulence, III: New GISS vertical mixing scheme. <i>Ocean Modelling</i>. 2010;34(3-4):70-91.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006">10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006</a>'
  apa: 'Canuto, V. M., Howard, A. M., Cheng, Y., Muller, C. J., Leboissetier, A.,
    &#38; Jayne, S. R. (2010). Ocean turbulence, III: New GISS vertical mixing scheme.
    <i>Ocean Modelling</i>. Elsevier. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006</a>'
  chicago: 'Canuto, V.M., A.M. Howard, Y. Cheng, Caroline J Muller, A. Leboissetier,
    and S.R. Jayne. “Ocean Turbulence, III: New GISS Vertical Mixing Scheme.” <i>Ocean
    Modelling</i>. Elsevier, 2010. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006</a>.'
  ieee: 'V. M. Canuto, A. M. Howard, Y. Cheng, C. J. Muller, A. Leboissetier, and
    S. R. Jayne, “Ocean turbulence, III: New GISS vertical mixing scheme,” <i>Ocean
    Modelling</i>, vol. 34, no. 3–4. Elsevier, pp. 70–91, 2010.'
  ista: 'Canuto VM, Howard AM, Cheng Y, Muller CJ, Leboissetier A, Jayne SR. 2010.
    Ocean turbulence, III: New GISS vertical mixing scheme. Ocean Modelling. 34(3–4),
    70–91.'
  mla: 'Canuto, V. M., et al. “Ocean Turbulence, III: New GISS Vertical Mixing Scheme.”
    <i>Ocean Modelling</i>, vol. 34, no. 3–4, Elsevier, 2010, pp. 70–91, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006">10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006</a>.'
  short: V.M. Canuto, A.M. Howard, Y. Cheng, C.J. Muller, A. Leboissetier, S.R. Jayne,
    Ocean Modelling 34 (2010) 70–91.
date_created: 2021-02-15T14:40:19Z
date_published: 2010-05-12T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-01-24T13:51:35Z
day: '12'
doi: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.04.006
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        34'
issue: 3-4
keyword:
- Computer Science (miscellaneous)
- Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
- Atmospheric Science
- Oceanography
language:
- iso: eng
month: '05'
oa_version: None
page: 70-91
publication: Ocean Modelling
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1463-5003
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: 'Ocean turbulence, III: New GISS vertical mixing scheme'
type: journal_article
user_id: 8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9
volume: 34
year: '2010'
...
---
_id: '9147'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: As part of an ongoing effort to develop a parameterization of wave-induced
    abyssal mixing, the authors derive an heuristic model for nonlinear wave breaking
    and energy dissipation associated with internal tides. Then the saturation and
    dissipation of internal tides for idealized and observed topography samples are
    investigated. One of the main results is that the wave-induced mixing could be
    more intense and more confined to the bottom than previously assumed in numerical
    models. Furthermore, in this model wave breaking and mixing clearly depend on
    the small scales of the topography below 10 km or so, which is below the current
    resolution of global bathymetry. This motivates the use of a statistical approach
    to represent the unresolved topography when addressing the role of internal tides
    in mixing the deep ocean.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Caroline J
  full_name: Muller, Caroline J
  id: f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b
  last_name: Muller
  orcid: 0000-0001-5836-5350
- first_name: Oliver
  full_name: Bühler, Oliver
  last_name: Bühler
citation:
  ama: Muller CJ, Bühler O. Saturation of the internal tides and induced mixing in
    the abyssal ocean. <i>Journal of Physical Oceanography</i>. 2009;39(9):2077-2096.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4141.1">10.1175/2009jpo4141.1</a>
  apa: Muller, C. J., &#38; Bühler, O. (2009). Saturation of the internal tides and
    induced mixing in the abyssal ocean. <i>Journal of Physical Oceanography</i>.
    American Meteorological Society. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4141.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4141.1</a>
  chicago: Muller, Caroline J, and Oliver Bühler. “Saturation of the Internal Tides
    and Induced Mixing in the Abyssal Ocean.” <i>Journal of Physical Oceanography</i>.
    American Meteorological Society, 2009. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4141.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4141.1</a>.
  ieee: C. J. Muller and O. Bühler, “Saturation of the internal tides and induced
    mixing in the abyssal ocean,” <i>Journal of Physical Oceanography</i>, vol. 39,
    no. 9. American Meteorological Society, pp. 2077–2096, 2009.
  ista: Muller CJ, Bühler O. 2009. Saturation of the internal tides and induced mixing
    in the abyssal ocean. Journal of Physical Oceanography. 39(9), 2077–2096.
  mla: Muller, Caroline J., and Oliver Bühler. “Saturation of the Internal Tides and
    Induced Mixing in the Abyssal Ocean.” <i>Journal of Physical Oceanography</i>,
    vol. 39, no. 9, American Meteorological Society, 2009, pp. 2077–96, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/2009jpo4141.1">10.1175/2009jpo4141.1</a>.
  short: C.J. Muller, O. Bühler, Journal of Physical Oceanography 39 (2009) 2077–2096.
date_created: 2021-02-15T14:41:08Z
date_published: 2009-09-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-01-24T13:50:37Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1175/2009jpo4141.1
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        39'
issue: '9'
keyword:
- Oceanography
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1175/2009JPO4141.1
month: '09'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 2077-2096
publication: Journal of Physical Oceanography
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1520-0485
  - 0022-3670
publication_status: published
publisher: American Meteorological Society
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Saturation of the internal tides and induced mixing in the abyssal ocean
type: journal_article
user_id: 8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9
volume: 39
year: '2009'
...
---
_id: '12658'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: '[1] During the ablation period 2001 a glaciometeorological experiment was
    carried out on Haut Glacier d''Arolla, Switzerland. Five meteorological stations
    were installed on the glacier, and one permanent automatic weather station in
    the glacier foreland. The altitudes of the stations ranged between 2500 and 3000
    m a.s.l., and they were in operation from end of May to beginning of September
    2001. The spatial arrangement of the stations and temporal duration of the measurements
    generated a unique data set enabling the analysis of the spatial and temporal
    variability of the meteorological variables across an alpine glacier. All measurements
    were taken at a nominal height of 2 m, and hourly averages were derived for the
    analysis. The wind regime was dominated by the glacier wind (mean value 2.8 m
    s−1) but due to erosion by the synoptic gradient wind, occasionally the wind would
    blow up the valley. A slight decrease in mean 2 m air temperatures with altitude
    was found, however the 2 m air temperature gradient varied greatly and frequently
    changed its sign. Mean relative humidity was 71% and exhibited limited spatial
    variation. Mean incoming shortwave radiation and albedo both generally increased
    with elevation. The different components of shortwave radiation are quantified
    with a parameterization scheme. Resulting spatial variations are mainly due to
    horizon obstruction and reflections from surrounding slopes, i.e., topography.
    The effect of clouds accounts for a loss of 30% of the extraterrestrial flux.
    Albedos derived from a Landsat TM image of 30 July show remarkably constant values,
    in the range 0.49 to 0.50, across snow covered parts of the glacier, while albedo
    is highly spatially variable below the zone of continuous snow cover. These results
    are verified with ground measurements and compared with parameterized albedo.
    Mean longwave radiative fluxes decreased with elevation due to lower air temperatures
    and the effect of upper hemisphere slopes. It is shown through parameterization
    that this effect would even be more pronounced without the effect of clouds. Results
    are discussed with respect to a similar study which has been carried out on Pasterze
    Glacier (Austria). The presented algorithms for interpolating, parameterizing
    and simulating variables and parameters in alpine regions are integrated in the
    software package AMUNDSEN which is freely available to be adapted and further
    developed by the community.'
article_number: D03103
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Ulrich
  full_name: Strasser, Ulrich
  last_name: Strasser
- first_name: Javier
  full_name: Corripio, Javier
  last_name: Corripio
- first_name: Francesca
  full_name: Pellicciotti, Francesca
  id: b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70
  last_name: Pellicciotti
- first_name: Paolo
  full_name: Burlando, Paolo
  last_name: Burlando
- first_name: Ben
  full_name: Brock, Ben
  last_name: Brock
- first_name: Martin
  full_name: Funk, Martin
  last_name: Funk
citation:
  ama: 'Strasser U, Corripio J, Pellicciotti F, Burlando P, Brock B, Funk M. Spatial
    and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla
    (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations. <i>Journal
    of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. 2004;109(D3). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973">10.1029/2003jd003973</a>'
  apa: 'Strasser, U., Corripio, J., Pellicciotti, F., Burlando, P., Brock, B., &#38;
    Funk, M. (2004). Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables
    at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements
    and simulations. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American
    Geophysical Union. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973">https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973</a>'
  chicago: 'Strasser, Ulrich, Javier Corripio, Francesca Pellicciotti, Paolo Burlando,
    Ben Brock, and Martin Funk. “Spatial and Temporal Variability of Meteorological
    Variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the Ablation Season 2001:
    Measurements and Simulations.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>.
    American Geophysical Union, 2004. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973">https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973</a>.'
  ieee: 'U. Strasser, J. Corripio, F. Pellicciotti, P. Burlando, B. Brock, and M.
    Funk, “Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier
    d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations,”
    <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 109, no. D3. American
    Geophysical Union, 2004.'
  ista: 'Strasser U, Corripio J, Pellicciotti F, Burlando P, Brock B, Funk M. 2004.
    Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla
    (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations. Journal
    of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 109(D3), D03103.'
  mla: 'Strasser, Ulrich, et al. “Spatial and Temporal Variability of Meteorological
    Variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the Ablation Season 2001:
    Measurements and Simulations.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>,
    vol. 109, no. D3, D03103, American Geophysical Union, 2004, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973">10.1029/2003jd003973</a>.'
  short: 'U. Strasser, J. Corripio, F. Pellicciotti, P. Burlando, B. Brock, M. Funk,
    Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 109 (2004).'
date_created: 2023-02-20T08:18:57Z
date_published: 2004-02-16T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-02-20T08:40:21Z
day: '16'
doi: 10.1029/2003jd003973
extern: '1'
intvolume: '       109'
issue: D3
keyword:
- Paleontology
- Space and Planetary Science
- Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)
- Atmospheric Science
- Earth-Surface Processes
- Geochemistry and Petrology
- Soil Science
- Water Science and Technology
- Ecology
- Aquatic Science
- Forestry
- Oceanography
- Geophysics
language:
- iso: eng
month: '02'
oa_version: None
publication: 'Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres'
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0148-0227
publication_status: published
publisher: American Geophysical Union
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier
  d''Arolla (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations'
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 109
year: '2004'
...