---
_id: '12155'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The growing demand of thermal management in various fields such as miniaturized
    5G chips has motivated researchers to develop new and high-performance solid-state
    refrigeration technologies, typically including multicaloric and thermoelectric
    (TE) cooling. Among them, TE cooling has attracted huge attention owing to its
    advantages of rapid response, large cooling temperature difference, high stability,
    and tunable device size. Bi2Te3-based alloys have long been the only commercialized
    TE cooling materials, while novel systems SnSe and Mg3(Bi,Sb)2 have recently been
    discovered as potential candidates. However, challenges and problems still require
    to be summarized and further resolved for realizing better cooling performance.
    In this review, we systematically investigate TE cooling from its internal mechanism,
    crucial parameters, to device design and applications. Furthermore, we summarize
    the current optimization strategies for existing TE cooling materials, and finally
    provide some personal prospects especially the material-planification concept
    on future research on establishing better TE cooling.
acknowledgement: We acknowledge support from the National Key Research and Development
  Program of China (2018YFA0702100), the National Natural Science Foundation of China
  (51571007, 51772012, 52002011 and 52002042), the Basic Science Center Project of
  National Natural Science Foundation of China (51788104), Beijing Natural Science
  Foundation (JQ18004), 111 Project (B17002), and the National Science Fund for Distinguished
  Young Scholars (51925101).
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Yongxin
  full_name: Qin, Yongxin
  last_name: Qin
- first_name: Bingchao
  full_name: Qin, Bingchao
  last_name: Qin
- first_name: Dongyang
  full_name: Wang, Dongyang
  last_name: Wang
- first_name: Cheng
  full_name: Chang, Cheng
  id: 9E331C2E-9F27-11E9-AE48-5033E6697425
  last_name: Chang
  orcid: 0000-0002-9515-4277
- first_name: Li-Dong
  full_name: Zhao, Li-Dong
  last_name: Zhao
citation:
  ama: 'Qin Y, Qin B, Wang D, Chang C, Zhao L-D. Solid-state cooling: Thermoelectrics.
    <i>Energy &#38; Environmental Science</i>. 2022;15(11):4527-4541. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee02408j">10.1039/d2ee02408j</a>'
  apa: 'Qin, Y., Qin, B., Wang, D., Chang, C., &#38; Zhao, L.-D. (2022). Solid-state
    cooling: Thermoelectrics. <i>Energy &#38; Environmental Science</i>. Royal Society
    of Chemistry. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee02408j">https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee02408j</a>'
  chicago: 'Qin, Yongxin, Bingchao Qin, Dongyang Wang, Cheng Chang, and Li-Dong Zhao.
    “Solid-State Cooling: Thermoelectrics.” <i>Energy &#38; Environmental Science</i>.
    Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee02408j">https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee02408j</a>.'
  ieee: 'Y. Qin, B. Qin, D. Wang, C. Chang, and L.-D. Zhao, “Solid-state cooling:
    Thermoelectrics,” <i>Energy &#38; Environmental Science</i>, vol. 15, no. 11.
    Royal Society of Chemistry, pp. 4527–4541, 2022.'
  ista: 'Qin Y, Qin B, Wang D, Chang C, Zhao L-D. 2022. Solid-state cooling: Thermoelectrics.
    Energy &#38; Environmental Science. 15(11), 4527–4541.'
  mla: 'Qin, Yongxin, et al. “Solid-State Cooling: Thermoelectrics.” <i>Energy &#38;
    Environmental Science</i>, vol. 15, no. 11, Royal Society of Chemistry, 2022,
    pp. 4527–41, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ee02408j">10.1039/d2ee02408j</a>.'
  short: Y. Qin, B. Qin, D. Wang, C. Chang, L.-D. Zhao, Energy &#38; Environmental
    Science 15 (2022) 4527–4541.
date_created: 2023-01-12T12:08:41Z
date_published: 2022-11-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2024-01-22T08:13:43Z
day: '01'
department:
- _id: MaIb
doi: 10.1039/d2ee02408j
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000863642400001'
intvolume: '        15'
isi: 1
issue: '11'
keyword:
- Pollution
- Nuclear Energy and Engineering
- Renewable Energy
- Sustainability and the Environment
- Environmental Chemistry
language:
- iso: eng
month: '11'
oa_version: None
page: 4527-4541
publication: Energy & Environmental Science
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1754-5706
  issn:
  - 1754-5692
publication_status: published
publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - relation: erratum
    url: https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ee90067c
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Solid-state cooling: Thermoelectrics'
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 15
year: '2022'
...