[{"keyword":["General Earth and Planetary Sciences","Geophysics"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","article_number":"e2023GL103043","month":"06","has_accepted_license":"1","publication":"Geophysical Research Letters","file":[{"date_created":"2024-01-16T08:35:02Z","file_size":2529327,"checksum":"391a3005c95340a0ae129ce4fbdf2bae","date_updated":"2024-01-16T08:35:02Z","content_type":"application/pdf","file_name":"2023_GeophysicalResearchLetter_Shaw.pdf","access_level":"open_access","success":1,"relation":"main_file","file_id":"14805","creator":"dernst"}],"status":"public","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0094-8276"],"eissn":["1944-8007"]},"oa":1,"tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"type":"journal_article","date_published":"2023-06-16T00:00:00Z","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","article_type":"original","quality_controlled":"1","file_date_updated":"2024-01-16T08:35:02Z","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2024-01-10T09:28:34Z","department":[{"_id":"FrPe"}],"publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        50","title":"The decaying near‐surface boundary layer of a retreating alpine glacier","_id":"14779","issue":"11","author":[{"first_name":"Thomas E.","last_name":"Shaw","full_name":"Shaw, Thomas E."},{"last_name":"Buri","first_name":"Pascal","full_name":"Buri, Pascal"},{"full_name":"McCarthy, Michael","last_name":"McCarthy","first_name":"Michael"},{"full_name":"Miles, Evan S.","last_name":"Miles","first_name":"Evan S."},{"full_name":"Ayala, Álvaro","last_name":"Ayala","first_name":"Álvaro"},{"id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","last_name":"Pellicciotti","first_name":"Francesca","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca","orcid":"0000-0002-5554-8087"}],"acknowledgement":"This work was funded by the EU Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Grant 101026058. The authors acknowl-edge the dedicated collection of field data by many parties since 2001, including those acknowledged for the cited works on Arolla Glacier. The authors would like to thank Fabienne Meier, Alice Zaugg, Raphael Willi, Maria Grundmann, and Marta Corrà for assistance in the field for the summers of 2021 and 2022. Off-glacier data provided by Grand Dixence SA (Arolla) and MeteoSwiss are kindly acknowledged. Simone Fatichi is thanked for the provision and support in the use of the Tethys-Chloris model. We thank Editor Mathieu Morlighem and two anonymous reviewers whose comments have helped to improve the quality of the manuscript.","volume":50,"ddc":["550"],"day":"16","doi":"10.1029/2023gl103043","abstract":[{"text":"The presence of a developed boundary layer decouples a glacier's response from ambient conditions, suggesting that sensitivity to climate change is increased by glacier retreat. To test this hypothesis, we explore six years of distributed meteorological data on a small Swiss glacier in the period 2001–2022. Large glacier fragmentation has occurred since 2001 (−35% area change up to 2022) coinciding with notable frontal retreat, an observed switch from down‐glacier katabatic to up‐glacier valley winds and an increased sensitivity (ratio) of on‐glacier to off‐glacier temperature. As the glacier ceases to develop density‐driven katabatic winds, sensible heat fluxes on the glacier are increasingly determined by the conditions occurring outside the boundary layer of the glacier, sealing the glacier's demise as the climate continues to warm and experience an increased frequency of extreme summers.","lang":"eng"}],"year":"2023","citation":{"ama":"Shaw TE, Buri P, McCarthy M, Miles ES, Ayala Á, Pellicciotti F. The decaying near‐surface boundary layer of a retreating alpine glacier. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. 2023;50(11). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl103043\">10.1029/2023gl103043</a>","apa":"Shaw, T. E., Buri, P., McCarthy, M., Miles, E. S., Ayala, Á., &#38; Pellicciotti, F. (2023). The decaying near‐surface boundary layer of a retreating alpine glacier. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl103043\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl103043</a>","chicago":"Shaw, Thomas E., Pascal Buri, Michael McCarthy, Evan S. Miles, Álvaro Ayala, and Francesca Pellicciotti. “The Decaying Near‐surface Boundary Layer of a Retreating Alpine Glacier.” <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl103043\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl103043</a>.","ieee":"T. E. Shaw, P. Buri, M. McCarthy, E. S. Miles, Á. Ayala, and F. Pellicciotti, “The decaying near‐surface boundary layer of a retreating alpine glacier,” <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>, vol. 50, no. 11. American Geophysical Union, 2023.","short":"T.E. Shaw, P. Buri, M. McCarthy, E.S. Miles, Á. Ayala, F. Pellicciotti, Geophysical Research Letters 50 (2023).","mla":"Shaw, Thomas E., et al. “The Decaying Near‐surface Boundary Layer of a Retreating Alpine Glacier.” <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>, vol. 50, no. 11, e2023GL103043, American Geophysical Union, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023gl103043\">10.1029/2023gl103043</a>.","ista":"Shaw TE, Buri P, McCarthy M, Miles ES, Ayala Á, Pellicciotti F. 2023. The decaying near‐surface boundary layer of a retreating alpine glacier. Geophysical Research Letters. 50(11), e2023GL103043."},"date_updated":"2024-01-16T08:42:36Z","external_id":{"isi":["000999436400001"]},"isi":1},{"publication":"Earth Surface Dynamics","month":"01","oa_version":"Published Version","keyword":["Earth-Surface Processes","Geophysics"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"type":"journal_article","date_published":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","oa":1,"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2196-632X"]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-23-2022"}],"issue":"1","author":[{"last_name":"Zhong","first_name":"Yan","full_name":"Zhong, Yan"},{"full_name":"Liu, Qiao","last_name":"Liu","first_name":"Qiao"},{"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Westoby","full_name":"Westoby, Matthew"},{"last_name":"Nie","first_name":"Yong","full_name":"Nie, Yong"},{"id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca","first_name":"Francesca","last_name":"Pellicciotti"},{"first_name":"Bo","last_name":"Zhang","full_name":"Zhang, Bo"},{"first_name":"Jialun","last_name":"Cai","full_name":"Cai, Jialun"},{"full_name":"Liu, Guoxiang","last_name":"Liu","first_name":"Guoxiang"},{"first_name":"Haijun","last_name":"Liao","full_name":"Liao, Haijun"},{"full_name":"Lu, Xuyang","first_name":"Xuyang","last_name":"Lu"}],"scopus_import":"1","_id":"12581","intvolume":"        10","title":"Intensified paraglacial slope failures due to accelerating downwasting of a temperate glacier in Mt. Gongga, southeastern Tibetan Plateau","date_created":"2023-02-20T08:10:30Z","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_status":"published","quality_controlled":"1","page":"23-42","article_type":"original","publisher":"Copernicus Publications","citation":{"apa":"Zhong, Y., Liu, Q., Westoby, M., Nie, Y., Pellicciotti, F., Zhang, B., … Lu, X. (2022). Intensified paraglacial slope failures due to accelerating downwasting of a temperate glacier in Mt. Gongga, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. <i>Earth Surface Dynamics</i>. Copernicus Publications. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-23-2022\">https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-23-2022</a>","ama":"Zhong Y, Liu Q, Westoby M, et al. Intensified paraglacial slope failures due to accelerating downwasting of a temperate glacier in Mt. Gongga, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. <i>Earth Surface Dynamics</i>. 2022;10(1):23-42. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-23-2022\">10.5194/esurf-10-23-2022</a>","chicago":"Zhong, Yan, Qiao Liu, Matthew Westoby, Yong Nie, Francesca Pellicciotti, Bo Zhang, Jialun Cai, Guoxiang Liu, Haijun Liao, and Xuyang Lu. “Intensified Paraglacial Slope Failures Due to Accelerating Downwasting of a Temperate Glacier in Mt. Gongga, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau.” <i>Earth Surface Dynamics</i>. Copernicus Publications, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-23-2022\">https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-23-2022</a>.","ieee":"Y. Zhong <i>et al.</i>, “Intensified paraglacial slope failures due to accelerating downwasting of a temperate glacier in Mt. Gongga, southeastern Tibetan Plateau,” <i>Earth Surface Dynamics</i>, vol. 10, no. 1. Copernicus Publications, pp. 23–42, 2022.","short":"Y. Zhong, Q. Liu, M. Westoby, Y. Nie, F. Pellicciotti, B. Zhang, J. Cai, G. Liu, H. Liao, X. Lu, Earth Surface Dynamics 10 (2022) 23–42.","mla":"Zhong, Yan, et al. “Intensified Paraglacial Slope Failures Due to Accelerating Downwasting of a Temperate Glacier in Mt. Gongga, Southeastern Tibetan Plateau.” <i>Earth Surface Dynamics</i>, vol. 10, no. 1, Copernicus Publications, 2022, pp. 23–42, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-23-2022\">10.5194/esurf-10-23-2022</a>.","ista":"Zhong Y, Liu Q, Westoby M, Nie Y, Pellicciotti F, Zhang B, Cai J, Liu G, Liao H, Lu X. 2022. Intensified paraglacial slope failures due to accelerating downwasting of a temperate glacier in Mt. Gongga, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Earth Surface Dynamics. 10(1), 23–42."},"year":"2022","date_updated":"2023-02-28T13:38:27Z","abstract":[{"text":"Topographic development via paraglacial slope failure (PSF) represents a complex interplay between geological structure, climate, and glacial denudation. Southeastern Tibet has experienced amongst the highest rates of ice mass loss in High Mountain Asia in recent decades, but few studies have focused on the implications of this mass loss on the stability of paraglacial slopes. We used repeat satellite- and unpiloted aerial vehicle (UAV)-derived imagery between 1990 and 2020 as the basis for mapping PSFs from slopes adjacent to Hailuogou Glacier (HLG), a 5 km long monsoon temperate valley glacier in the Mt. Gongga region. We observed recent lowering of the glacier tongue surface at rates of up to 0.88 m a−1 in the period 2000 to 2016, whilst overall paraglacial bare ground area (PBGA) on glacier-adjacent slopes increased from 0.31 ± 0.27 km2 in 1990 to 1.38 ± 0.06 km2 in 2020. Decadal PBGA expansion rates were ∼ 0.01 km2 a−1, 0.02 km2 a−1, and 0.08 km2 in the periods 1990–2000, 2000–2011, and 2011–2020 respectively, indicating an increasing rate of expansion of PBGA. Three types of PSFs, including rockfalls, sediment-mantled slope slides, and headward gully erosion, were mapped, with a total area of 0.75 ± 0.03 km2 in 2020. South-facing valley slopes (true left of the glacier) exhibited more destabilization (56 % of the total PSF area) than north-facing (true right) valley slopes (44 % of the total PSF area). Deformation of sediment-mantled moraine slopes (mean 1.65–2.63 ± 0.04 cm d−1) and an increase in erosion activity in ice-marginal tributary valleys caused by a drop in local base level (gully headward erosion rates are 0.76–3.39 cm d−1) have occurred in tandem with recent glacier downwasting. We also observe deformation of glacier ice, possibly driven by destabilization of lateral moraine, as has been reported in other deglaciating mountain glacier catchments. The formation, evolution, and future trajectory of PSFs at HLG (as well as other monsoon-dominated deglaciating mountain areas) are related to glacial history, including recent rapid downwasting leading to the exposure of steep, unstable bedrock and moraine slopes, and climatic conditions that promote slope instability, such as very high seasonal precipitation and seasonal temperature fluctuations that are conducive to freeze–thaw and ice segregation processes.","lang":"eng"}],"day":"11","doi":"10.5194/esurf-10-23-2022","extern":"1","volume":10},{"quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","article_type":"original","scopus_import":"1","_id":"12583","issue":"23","author":[{"full_name":"Fyffe, Catriona L.","first_name":"Catriona L.","last_name":"Fyffe"},{"first_name":"Emily","last_name":"Potter","full_name":"Potter, Emily"},{"first_name":"Stefan","last_name":"Fugger","full_name":"Fugger, Stefan"},{"last_name":"Orr","first_name":"Andrew","full_name":"Orr, Andrew"},{"full_name":"Fatichi, Simone","last_name":"Fatichi","first_name":"Simone"},{"full_name":"Loarte, Edwin","last_name":"Loarte","first_name":"Edwin"},{"full_name":"Medina, Katy","first_name":"Katy","last_name":"Medina"},{"full_name":"Hellström, Robert Å.","first_name":"Robert Å.","last_name":"Hellström"},{"last_name":"Bernat","first_name":"Maud","full_name":"Bernat, Maud"},{"first_name":"Caroline","last_name":"Aubry‐Wake","full_name":"Aubry‐Wake, Caroline"},{"last_name":"Gurgiser","first_name":"Wolfgang","full_name":"Gurgiser, Wolfgang"},{"full_name":"Perry, L. Baker","first_name":"L. Baker","last_name":"Perry"},{"full_name":"Suarez, Wilson","first_name":"Wilson","last_name":"Suarez"},{"first_name":"Duncan J.","last_name":"Quincey","full_name":"Quincey, Duncan J."},{"id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","first_name":"Francesca","last_name":"Pellicciotti","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2023-02-20T08:10:43Z","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"       126","title":"The energy and mass balance of Peruvian Glaciers","volume":126,"extern":"1","citation":{"apa":"Fyffe, C. L., Potter, E., Fugger, S., Orr, A., Fatichi, S., Loarte, E., … Pellicciotti, F. (2021). The energy and mass balance of Peruvian Glaciers. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd034911\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd034911</a>","ama":"Fyffe CL, Potter E, Fugger S, et al. The energy and mass balance of Peruvian Glaciers. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. 2021;126(23). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd034911\">10.1029/2021jd034911</a>","ieee":"C. L. Fyffe <i>et al.</i>, “The energy and mass balance of Peruvian Glaciers,” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 126, no. 23. American Geophysical Union, 2021.","chicago":"Fyffe, Catriona L., Emily Potter, Stefan Fugger, Andrew Orr, Simone Fatichi, Edwin Loarte, Katy Medina, et al. “The Energy and Mass Balance of Peruvian Glaciers.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd034911\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd034911</a>.","short":"C.L. Fyffe, E. Potter, S. Fugger, A. Orr, S. Fatichi, E. Loarte, K. Medina, R.Å. Hellström, M. Bernat, C. Aubry‐Wake, W. Gurgiser, L.B. Perry, W. Suarez, D.J. Quincey, F. Pellicciotti, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 126 (2021).","mla":"Fyffe, Catriona L., et al. “The Energy and Mass Balance of Peruvian Glaciers.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 126, no. 23, e2021JD034911, American Geophysical Union, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd034911\">10.1029/2021jd034911</a>.","ista":"Fyffe CL, Potter E, Fugger S, Orr A, Fatichi S, Loarte E, Medina K, Hellström RÅ, Bernat M, Aubry‐Wake C, Gurgiser W, Perry LB, Suarez W, Quincey DJ, Pellicciotti F. 2021. The energy and mass balance of Peruvian Glaciers. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 126(23), e2021JD034911."},"year":"2021","date_updated":"2023-02-28T13:31:08Z","day":"16","doi":"10.1029/2021jd034911","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Peruvian glaciers are important contributors to dry season runoff for agriculture and hydropower, but they are at risk of disappearing due to climate change. We applied a physically based, energy balance melt model at five on-glacier sites within the Peruvian Cordilleras Blanca and Vilcanota. Net shortwave radiation dominates the energy balance, and despite this flux being higher in the dry season, melt rates are lower due to losses from net longwave radiation and the latent heat flux. The sensible heat flux is a relatively small contributor to melt energy. At three of the sites the wet season snowpack was discontinuous, forming and melting within a daily to weekly timescale, and resulting in highly variable melt rates closely related to precipitation dynamics. Cold air temperatures due to a strong La Niña year at Shallap Glacier (Cordillera Blanca) resulted in a continuous wet season snowpack, significantly reducing wet season ablation. Sublimation was most important at the highest site in the accumulation zone of the Quelccaya Ice Cap (Cordillera Vilcanota), accounting for 81% of ablation, compared to 2%–4% for the other sites. Air temperature and precipitation inputs were perturbed to investigate the climate sensitivity of the five glaciers. At the lower sites warmer air temperatures resulted in a switch from snowfall to rain, so that ablation was increased via the decrease in albedo and increase in net shortwave radiation. At the top of Quelccaya Ice Cap warming caused melting to replace sublimation so that ablation increased nonlinearly with air temperature."}],"keyword":["Space and Planetary Science","Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)","Atmospheric Science","Geophysics"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","oa_version":"Published Version","article_number":"e2021JD034911","month":"12","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD034911","open_access":"1"}],"status":"public","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","type":"journal_article","date_published":"2021-12-16T00:00:00Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2169-897X"],"eissn":["2169-8996"]},"oa":1},{"volume":126,"extern":"1","day":"01","doi":"10.1029/2021jf006179","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Ice cliffs are common on debris-covered glaciers and have relatively high melt rates due to their direct exposure to incoming radiation. Previous studies have shown that their number and relative area can change considerably from year to year, but this variability has not been explored, in part because available cliff observations are irregular. Here, we systematically mapped and tracked ice cliffs across four debris-covered glaciers in High Mountain Asia for every late ablation season from 2009 to 2019 using high-resolution multi-spectral satellite imagery. We then quantified the processes occurring at the feature scale to train a stochastic birth-death model to represent the cliff population dynamics. Our results show that while the cliff relative area can change by up to 20% from year to year, the natural long-term variability is constrained, thus defining a glacier-specific cliff carrying capacity. In a subsequent step, the inclusion of external drivers related to climate, glacier dynamics, and hydrology highlights the influence of these variables on the cliff population dynamics, which is usually not a direct one due to the complexity and interdependence of the processes taking place at the glacier surface. In some extreme cases (here, a glacier surge), these external drivers may lead to a reorganization of the cliffs at the glacier surface and a change in the natural variability. These results have implications for the melt of debris-covered glaciers, in addition to showing the high rate of changes at their surface and highlighting some of the links between cliff population and glacier state."}],"citation":{"ama":"Kneib M, Miles ES, Buri P, et al. Interannual dynamics of ice cliff populations on debris‐covered glaciers from remote sensing observations and stochastic modeling. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface</i>. 2021;126(10). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jf006179\">10.1029/2021jf006179</a>","apa":"Kneib, M., Miles, E. S., Buri, P., Molnar, P., McCarthy, M., Fugger, S., &#38; Pellicciotti, F. (2021). Interannual dynamics of ice cliff populations on debris‐covered glaciers from remote sensing observations and stochastic modeling. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jf006179\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jf006179</a>","ieee":"M. Kneib <i>et al.</i>, “Interannual dynamics of ice cliff populations on debris‐covered glaciers from remote sensing observations and stochastic modeling,” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface</i>, vol. 126, no. 10. American Geophysical Union, 2021.","chicago":"Kneib, M., E. S. Miles, P. Buri, P. Molnar, M. McCarthy, S. Fugger, and Francesca Pellicciotti. “Interannual Dynamics of Ice Cliff Populations on Debris‐covered Glaciers from Remote Sensing Observations and Stochastic Modeling.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jf006179\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jf006179</a>.","short":"M. Kneib, E.S. Miles, P. Buri, P. Molnar, M. McCarthy, S. Fugger, F. Pellicciotti, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 126 (2021).","mla":"Kneib, M., et al. “Interannual Dynamics of Ice Cliff Populations on Debris‐covered Glaciers from Remote Sensing Observations and Stochastic Modeling.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface</i>, vol. 126, no. 10, e2021JF006179, American Geophysical Union, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jf006179\">10.1029/2021jf006179</a>.","ista":"Kneib M, Miles ES, Buri P, Molnar P, McCarthy M, Fugger S, Pellicciotti F. 2021. Interannual dynamics of ice cliff populations on debris‐covered glaciers from remote sensing observations and stochastic modeling. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. 126(10), e2021JF006179."},"year":"2021","date_updated":"2023-02-28T13:18:26Z","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","article_type":"original","quality_controlled":"1","date_created":"2023-02-20T08:11:36Z","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"       126","title":"Interannual dynamics of ice cliff populations on debris‐covered glaciers from remote sensing observations and stochastic modeling","scopus_import":"1","_id":"12586","issue":"10","author":[{"full_name":"Kneib, M.","last_name":"Kneib","first_name":"M."},{"first_name":"E. S.","last_name":"Miles","full_name":"Miles, E. S."},{"first_name":"P.","last_name":"Buri","full_name":"Buri, P."},{"last_name":"Molnar","first_name":"P.","full_name":"Molnar, P."},{"full_name":"McCarthy, M.","first_name":"M.","last_name":"McCarthy"},{"full_name":"Fugger, S.","first_name":"S.","last_name":"Fugger"},{"id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","last_name":"Pellicciotti","first_name":"Francesca","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca"}],"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006179","open_access":"1"}],"status":"public","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","publication_identifier":{"issn":["2169-9003","2169-9011"]},"oa":1,"type":"journal_article","date_published":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","keyword":["Earth-Surface Processes","Geophysics"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","article_number":"e2021JF006179","month":"10","publication":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface"},{"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL092150","open_access":"1"}],"oa":1,"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1944-8007"],"issn":["0094-8276"]},"date_published":"2021-03-28T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["General Earth and Planetary Sciences","Geophysics"],"month":"03","article_number":"e2020GL092150","oa_version":"Published Version","publication":"Geophysical Research Letters","extern":"1","volume":48,"abstract":[{"text":"The thinning patterns of debris-covered glaciers in High Mountain Asia are not well understood. Here we calculate the effect of supraglacial ice cliffs on the mass balance of all glaciers in a Himalayan catchment, using a process-based ice cliff melt model. We show that ice cliffs are responsible for higher than expected thinning rates of debris-covered glacier tongues, leading to an underestimation of their ice mass loss of 17% ± 4% in the catchment if not considered. We also show that cliffs do enhance melt where other processes would suppress it, that is, at high elevations, or where debris is thick, and that they contribute relatively more to glacier mass loss if oriented north. Our approach provides a key contribution to our understanding of the mass losses of debris-covered glaciers, and a new quantification of their catchment wide melt and mass balance.","lang":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1029/2020gl092150","day":"28","date_updated":"2023-02-28T13:01:31Z","citation":{"ama":"Buri P, Miles ES, Steiner JF, Ragettli S, Pellicciotti F. Supraglacial ice cliffs can substantially increase the mass loss of debris‐covered glaciers. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. 2021;48(6). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl092150\">10.1029/2020gl092150</a>","apa":"Buri, P., Miles, E. S., Steiner, J. F., Ragettli, S., &#38; Pellicciotti, F. (2021). Supraglacial ice cliffs can substantially increase the mass loss of debris‐covered glaciers. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl092150\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl092150</a>","ieee":"P. Buri, E. S. Miles, J. F. Steiner, S. Ragettli, and F. Pellicciotti, “Supraglacial ice cliffs can substantially increase the mass loss of debris‐covered glaciers,” <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>, vol. 48, no. 6. American Geophysical Union, 2021.","chicago":"Buri, Pascal, Evan S. Miles, Jakob F. Steiner, Silvan Ragettli, and Francesca Pellicciotti. “Supraglacial Ice Cliffs Can Substantially Increase the Mass Loss of Debris‐covered Glaciers.” <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl092150\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl092150</a>.","short":"P. Buri, E.S. Miles, J.F. Steiner, S. Ragettli, F. Pellicciotti, Geophysical Research Letters 48 (2021).","mla":"Buri, Pascal, et al. “Supraglacial Ice Cliffs Can Substantially Increase the Mass Loss of Debris‐covered Glaciers.” <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>, vol. 48, no. 6, e2020GL092150, American Geophysical Union, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl092150\">10.1029/2020gl092150</a>.","ista":"Buri P, Miles ES, Steiner JF, Ragettli S, Pellicciotti F. 2021. Supraglacial ice cliffs can substantially increase the mass loss of debris‐covered glaciers. Geophysical Research Letters. 48(6), e2020GL092150."},"year":"2021","article_type":"letter_note","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Supraglacial ice cliffs can substantially increase the mass loss of debris‐covered glaciers","intvolume":"        48","publication_status":"published","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2023-02-20T08:11:49Z","author":[{"full_name":"Buri, Pascal","last_name":"Buri","first_name":"Pascal"},{"first_name":"Evan S.","last_name":"Miles","full_name":"Miles, Evan S."},{"first_name":"Jakob F.","last_name":"Steiner","full_name":"Steiner, Jakob F."},{"full_name":"Ragettli, Silvan","last_name":"Ragettli","first_name":"Silvan"},{"id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","first_name":"Francesca","last_name":"Pellicciotti","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca"}],"issue":"6","_id":"12588","scopus_import":"1"},{"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL079678","open_access":"1"}],"oa":1,"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0094-8276"],"eissn":["1944-8007"]},"date_published":"2018-10-18T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["General Earth and Planetary Sciences","Geophysics"],"month":"10","oa_version":"Published Version","publication":"Geophysical Research Letters","extern":"1","volume":45,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Glaciers in the high mountains of Asia provide an important water resource for millions of people. Many of these glaciers are partially covered by rocky debris, which protects the ice from solar radiation and warm air. However, studies have found that the surface of these debris-covered glaciers is actually lowering as fast as glaciers without debris. Water ponded on the surface of the glaciers may be partially responsible, as water can absorb atmospheric energy very efficiently. However, the overall effect of these ponds has not been thoroughly assessed yet. We study a valley in Nepal for which we have extensive weather measurements, and we use a numerical model to calculate the energy absorbed by ponds on the surface of the glaciers over 6 months. As we have not observed each individual pond thoroughly, we run the model 5,000 times with different setups. We find that ponds are extremely important for glacier melt and absorb energy 14 times as quickly as the debris-covered ice. Although the ponds account for 1% of the glacier area covered by rocks, and only 0.3% of the total glacier area, they absorb enough energy to account for one eighth of the whole valley's ice loss."}],"doi":"10.1029/2018gl079678","day":"18","date_updated":"2023-02-28T11:46:48Z","year":"2018","citation":{"ama":"Miles ES, Willis I, Buri P, Steiner JF, Arnold NS, Pellicciotti F. Surface pond energy absorption across four Himalayan Glaciers accounts for 1/8 of total catchment ice loss. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. 2018;45(19):10464-10473. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl079678\">10.1029/2018gl079678</a>","apa":"Miles, E. S., Willis, I., Buri, P., Steiner, J. F., Arnold, N. S., &#38; Pellicciotti, F. (2018). Surface pond energy absorption across four Himalayan Glaciers accounts for 1/8 of total catchment ice loss. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl079678\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl079678</a>","ieee":"E. S. Miles, I. Willis, P. Buri, J. F. Steiner, N. S. Arnold, and F. Pellicciotti, “Surface pond energy absorption across four Himalayan Glaciers accounts for 1/8 of total catchment ice loss,” <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>, vol. 45, no. 19. American Geophysical Union, pp. 10464–10473, 2018.","chicago":"Miles, Evan S., Ian Willis, Pascal Buri, Jakob F. Steiner, Neil S. Arnold, and Francesca Pellicciotti. “Surface Pond Energy Absorption across Four Himalayan Glaciers Accounts for 1/8 of Total Catchment Ice Loss.” <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2018. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl079678\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl079678</a>.","mla":"Miles, Evan S., et al. “Surface Pond Energy Absorption across Four Himalayan Glaciers Accounts for 1/8 of Total Catchment Ice Loss.” <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>, vol. 45, no. 19, American Geophysical Union, 2018, pp. 10464–73, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl079678\">10.1029/2018gl079678</a>.","short":"E.S. Miles, I. Willis, P. Buri, J.F. Steiner, N.S. Arnold, F. Pellicciotti, Geophysical Research Letters 45 (2018) 10464–10473.","ista":"Miles ES, Willis I, Buri P, Steiner JF, Arnold NS, Pellicciotti F. 2018. Surface pond energy absorption across four Himalayan Glaciers accounts for 1/8 of total catchment ice loss. Geophysical Research Letters. 45(19), 10464–10473."},"article_type":"letter_note","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","page":"10464-10473","quality_controlled":"1","title":"Surface pond energy absorption across four Himalayan Glaciers accounts for 1/8 of total catchment ice loss","intvolume":"        45","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2023-02-20T08:13:18Z","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"full_name":"Miles, Evan S.","last_name":"Miles","first_name":"Evan S."},{"last_name":"Willis","first_name":"Ian","full_name":"Willis, Ian"},{"full_name":"Buri, Pascal","first_name":"Pascal","last_name":"Buri"},{"full_name":"Steiner, Jakob F.","first_name":"Jakob F.","last_name":"Steiner"},{"first_name":"Neil S.","last_name":"Arnold","full_name":"Arnold, Neil S."},{"id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca","first_name":"Francesca","last_name":"Pellicciotti"}],"issue":"19","_id":"12604","scopus_import":"1"},{"volume":38,"extern":"1","day":"14","doi":"10.1007/s10712-017-9447-x","abstract":[{"text":"Pools of air cooled by partial rain evaporation span up to several hundreds of kilometers in nature and typically last less than 1 day, ultimately losing their identity to the large-scale flow. These fundamentally differ in character from the radiatively-driven dry pools defining convective aggregation. Advancement in remote sensing and in computer capabilities has promoted exploration of how precipitation-induced cold pool processes modify the convective spectrum and life cycle. This contribution surveys current understanding of such cold pools over the tropical and subtropical oceans. In shallow convection with low rain rates, the cold pools moisten, preserving the near-surface equivalent potential temperature or increasing it if the surface moisture fluxes cannot ventilate beyond the new surface layer; both conditions indicate downdraft origin air from within the boundary layer. When rain rates exceed ∼ 2 mm h−1, convective-scale downdrafts can bring down drier air of lower equivalent potential temperature from above the boundary layer. The resulting density currents facilitate the lifting of locally thermodynamically favorable air and can impose an arc-shaped mesoscale cloud organization. This organization allows clouds capable of reaching 4–5 km within otherwise dry environments. These are more commonly observed in the northern hemisphere trade wind regime, where the flow to the intertropical convergence zone is unimpeded by the equator. Their near-surface air properties share much with those shown from cold pools sampled in the equatorial Indian Ocean. Cold pools are most effective at influencing the mesoscale organization when the atmosphere is moist in the lower free troposphere and dry above, suggesting an optimal range of water vapor paths. Outstanding questions on the relationship between cold pools, their accompanying moisture distribution and cloud cover are detailed further. Near-surface water vapor rings are documented in one model inside but near the cold pool edge; these are not consistent with observations, but do improve with smaller horizontal grid spacings.","lang":"eng"}],"year":"2017","citation":{"apa":"Zuidema, P., Torri, G., Muller, C. J., &#38; Chandra, A. (2017). A survey of precipitation-induced atmospheric cold pools over oceans and their interactions with the larger-scale environment. <i>Surveys in Geophysics</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9447-x\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9447-x</a>","ama":"Zuidema P, Torri G, Muller CJ, Chandra A. A survey of precipitation-induced atmospheric cold pools over oceans and their interactions with the larger-scale environment. <i>Surveys in Geophysics</i>. 2017;38(6):1283-1305. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9447-x\">10.1007/s10712-017-9447-x</a>","chicago":"Zuidema, Paquita, Giuseppe Torri, Caroline J Muller, and Arunchandra Chandra. “A Survey of Precipitation-Induced Atmospheric Cold Pools over Oceans and Their Interactions with the Larger-Scale Environment.” <i>Surveys in Geophysics</i>. Springer Nature, 2017. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9447-x\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9447-x</a>.","ieee":"P. Zuidema, G. Torri, C. J. Muller, and A. Chandra, “A survey of precipitation-induced atmospheric cold pools over oceans and their interactions with the larger-scale environment,” <i>Surveys in Geophysics</i>, vol. 38, no. 6. Springer Nature, pp. 1283–1305, 2017.","short":"P. Zuidema, G. Torri, C.J. Muller, A. Chandra, Surveys in Geophysics 38 (2017) 1283–1305.","mla":"Zuidema, Paquita, et al. “A Survey of Precipitation-Induced Atmospheric Cold Pools over Oceans and Their Interactions with the Larger-Scale Environment.” <i>Surveys in Geophysics</i>, vol. 38, no. 6, Springer Nature, 2017, pp. 1283–305, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9447-x\">10.1007/s10712-017-9447-x</a>.","ista":"Zuidema P, Torri G, Muller CJ, Chandra A. 2017. A survey of precipitation-induced atmospheric cold pools over oceans and their interactions with the larger-scale environment. Surveys in Geophysics. 38(6), 1283–1305."},"date_updated":"2022-01-24T12:41:45Z","publisher":"Springer Nature","article_type":"original","quality_controlled":"1","page":"1283-1305","date_created":"2021-02-15T14:20:07Z","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        38","title":"A survey of precipitation-induced atmospheric cold pools over oceans and their interactions with the larger-scale environment","_id":"9137","issue":"6","author":[{"first_name":"Paquita","last_name":"Zuidema","full_name":"Zuidema, Paquita"},{"first_name":"Giuseppe","last_name":"Torri","full_name":"Torri, Giuseppe"},{"orcid":"0000-0001-5836-5350","full_name":"Muller, Caroline J","first_name":"Caroline J","last_name":"Muller","id":"f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b"},{"full_name":"Chandra, Arunchandra","first_name":"Arunchandra","last_name":"Chandra"}],"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9447-x"}],"status":"public","user_id":"8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0169-3298","1573-0956"]},"oa":1,"type":"journal_article","date_published":"2017-11-14T00:00:00Z","keyword":["Geochemistry and Petrology","Geophysics"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"Published Version","month":"11","publication":"Surveys in Geophysics"},{"extern":"1","volume":38,"abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Convective self-aggregation, the spontaneous organization of initially scattered convection into isolated convective clusters despite spatially homogeneous boundary conditions and forcing, was first recognized and studied in idealized numerical simulations. While there is a rich history of observational work on convective clustering and organization, there have been only a few studies that have analyzed observations to look specifically for processes related to self-aggregation in models. Here we review observational work in both of these categories and motivate the need for more of this work. We acknowledge that self-aggregation may appear to be far-removed from observed convective organization in terms of time scales, initial conditions, initiation processes, and mean state extremes, but we argue that these differences vary greatly across the diverse range of model simulations in the literature and that these comparisons are already offering important insights into real tropical phenomena. Some preliminary new findings are presented, including results showing that a self-aggregation simulation with square geometry has too broad distribution of humidity and is too dry in the driest regions when compared with radiosonde records from Nauru, while an elongated channel simulation has realistic representations of atmospheric humidity and its variability. We discuss recent work increasing our understanding of how organized convection and climate change may interact, and how model discrepancies related to this question are prompting interest in observational comparisons. We also propose possible future directions for observational work related to convective aggregation, including novel satellite approaches and a ground-based observational network."}],"day":"01","doi":"10.1007/s10712-017-9419-1","citation":{"chicago":"Holloway, Christopher E., Allison A. Wing, Sandrine Bony, Caroline J Muller, Hirohiko Masunaga, Tristan S. L’Ecuyer, David D. Turner, and Paquita Zuidema. “Observing Convective Aggregation.” <i>Surveys in Geophysics</i>. Springer Nature, 2017. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9419-1\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9419-1</a>.","ieee":"C. E. Holloway <i>et al.</i>, “Observing convective aggregation,” <i>Surveys in Geophysics</i>, vol. 38, no. 6. Springer Nature, pp. 1199–1236, 2017.","apa":"Holloway, C. E., Wing, A. A., Bony, S., Muller, C. J., Masunaga, H., L’Ecuyer, T. S., … Zuidema, P. (2017). Observing convective aggregation. <i>Surveys in Geophysics</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9419-1\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9419-1</a>","ama":"Holloway CE, Wing AA, Bony S, et al. Observing convective aggregation. <i>Surveys in Geophysics</i>. 2017;38(6):1199-1236. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9419-1\">10.1007/s10712-017-9419-1</a>","ista":"Holloway CE, Wing AA, Bony S, Muller CJ, Masunaga H, L’Ecuyer TS, Turner DD, Zuidema P. 2017. Observing convective aggregation. Surveys in Geophysics. 38(6), 1199–1236.","mla":"Holloway, Christopher E., et al. “Observing Convective Aggregation.” <i>Surveys in Geophysics</i>, vol. 38, no. 6, Springer Nature, 2017, pp. 1199–236, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9419-1\">10.1007/s10712-017-9419-1</a>.","short":"C.E. Holloway, A.A. Wing, S. Bony, C.J. Muller, H. Masunaga, T.S. L’Ecuyer, D.D. Turner, P. Zuidema, Surveys in Geophysics 38 (2017) 1199–1236."},"year":"2017","date_updated":"2022-01-24T12:43:13Z","article_type":"original","publisher":"Springer Nature","quality_controlled":"1","page":"1199-1236","intvolume":"        38","title":"Observing convective aggregation","date_created":"2021-02-15T14:20:38Z","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_status":"published","issue":"6","author":[{"first_name":"Christopher E.","last_name":"Holloway","full_name":"Holloway, Christopher E."},{"full_name":"Wing, Allison A.","last_name":"Wing","first_name":"Allison A."},{"first_name":"Sandrine","last_name":"Bony","full_name":"Bony, Sandrine"},{"id":"f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b","first_name":"Caroline J","last_name":"Muller","orcid":"0000-0001-5836-5350","full_name":"Muller, Caroline J"},{"full_name":"Masunaga, Hirohiko","first_name":"Hirohiko","last_name":"Masunaga"},{"full_name":"L’Ecuyer, Tristan S.","first_name":"Tristan S.","last_name":"L’Ecuyer"},{"full_name":"Turner, David D.","last_name":"Turner","first_name":"David D."},{"first_name":"Paquita","last_name":"Zuidema","full_name":"Zuidema, Paquita"}],"_id":"9138","user_id":"8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9419-1","open_access":"1"}],"oa":1,"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0169-3298","1573-0956"]},"type":"journal_article","date_published":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","keyword":["Geochemistry and Petrology","Geophysics"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"11","oa_version":"Published Version","publication":"Surveys in Geophysics"},{"page":"1173-1197","quality_controlled":"1","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Geochemistry and Petrology","Geophysics"],"publisher":"Springer Nature","article_type":"original","publication":"Surveys in Geophysics","_id":"9139","author":[{"full_name":"Wing, Allison A.","first_name":"Allison A.","last_name":"Wing"},{"full_name":"Emanuel, Kerry","first_name":"Kerry","last_name":"Emanuel"},{"first_name":"Christopher E.","last_name":"Holloway","full_name":"Holloway, Christopher E."},{"orcid":"0000-0001-5836-5350","full_name":"Muller, Caroline J","first_name":"Caroline J","last_name":"Muller","id":"f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b"}],"issue":"6","publication_status":"published","oa_version":"None","date_created":"2021-02-15T14:20:56Z","article_processing_charge":"No","month":"11","title":"Convective self-aggregation in numerical simulations: A review","intvolume":"        38","volume":38,"extern":"1","user_id":"8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9","status":"public","date_updated":"2022-01-24T12:42:36Z","year":"2017","citation":{"mla":"Wing, Allison A., et al. “Convective Self-Aggregation in Numerical Simulations: A Review.” <i>Surveys in Geophysics</i>, vol. 38, no. 6, Springer Nature, 2017, pp. 1173–97, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9408-4\">10.1007/s10712-017-9408-4</a>.","short":"A.A. Wing, K. Emanuel, C.E. Holloway, C.J. Muller, Surveys in Geophysics 38 (2017) 1173–1197.","ista":"Wing AA, Emanuel K, Holloway CE, Muller CJ. 2017. Convective self-aggregation in numerical simulations: A review. Surveys in Geophysics. 38(6), 1173–1197.","apa":"Wing, A. A., Emanuel, K., Holloway, C. E., &#38; Muller, C. J. (2017). Convective self-aggregation in numerical simulations: A review. <i>Surveys in Geophysics</i>. Springer Nature. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9408-4\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9408-4</a>","ama":"Wing AA, Emanuel K, Holloway CE, Muller CJ. Convective self-aggregation in numerical simulations: A review. <i>Surveys in Geophysics</i>. 2017;38(6):1173-1197. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9408-4\">10.1007/s10712-017-9408-4</a>","chicago":"Wing, Allison A., Kerry Emanuel, Christopher E. Holloway, and Caroline J Muller. “Convective Self-Aggregation in Numerical Simulations: A Review.” <i>Surveys in Geophysics</i>. Springer Nature, 2017. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9408-4\">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-017-9408-4</a>.","ieee":"A. A. Wing, K. Emanuel, C. E. Holloway, and C. J. Muller, “Convective self-aggregation in numerical simulations: A review,” <i>Surveys in Geophysics</i>, vol. 38, no. 6. Springer Nature, pp. 1173–1197, 2017."},"date_published":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","doi":"10.1007/s10712-017-9408-4","day":"01","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0169-3298","1573-0956"]},"abstract":[{"text":"Organized convection in the tropics occurs across a range of spatial and temporal scales and strongly influences cloud cover and humidity. One mode of organization found is “self-aggregation,” in which moist convection spontaneously organizes into one or several isolated clusters despite spatially homogeneous boundary conditions and forcing. Self-aggregation is driven by interactions between clouds, moisture, radiation, surface fluxes, and circulation, and occurs in a wide variety of idealized simulations of radiative–convective equilibrium. Here we provide a review of convective self-aggregation in numerical simulations, including its character, causes, and effects. We describe the evolution of self-aggregation including its time and length scales and the physical mechanisms leading to its triggering and maintenance, and we also discuss possible links to climate and climate change.","lang":"eng"}]},{"article_type":"original","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","page":"2471-2493","quality_controlled":"1","title":"A physically based 3‐D model of ice cliff evolution over debris‐covered glaciers","intvolume":"       121","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2023-02-20T08:14:28Z","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"last_name":"Buri","first_name":"Pascal","full_name":"Buri, Pascal"},{"full_name":"Miles, Evan S.","last_name":"Miles","first_name":"Evan S."},{"last_name":"Steiner","first_name":"Jakob F.","full_name":"Steiner, Jakob F."},{"last_name":"Immerzeel","first_name":"Walter W.","full_name":"Immerzeel, Walter W."},{"last_name":"Wagnon","first_name":"Patrick","full_name":"Wagnon, Patrick"},{"id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","last_name":"Pellicciotti","first_name":"Francesca","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca"}],"issue":"12","_id":"12613","scopus_import":"1","extern":"1","volume":121,"abstract":[{"text":"We use high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys to document the evolution of four ice cliffs on the debris-covered tongue of Lirung Glacier, Nepal, over one ablation season. Observations show that out of four cliffs, three different patterns of evolution emerge: (i) reclining cliffs that flatten during the ablation season; (ii) stable cliffs that maintain a self-similar geometry; and (iii) growing cliffs, expanding laterally. We use the insights from this unique data set to develop a 3-D model of cliff backwasting and evolution that is validated against observations and an independent data set of volume losses. The model includes ablation at the cliff surface driven by energy exchange with the atmosphere, reburial of cliff cells by surrounding debris, and the effect of adjacent ponds. The cliff geometry is updated monthly to account for the modifications induced by each of those processes. Model results indicate that a major factor affecting the survival of steep cliffs is the coupling with ponded water at its base, which prevents progressive flattening and possible disappearance of a cliff. The radial growth observed at one cliff is explained by higher receipts of longwave and shortwave radiation, calculated taking into account atmospheric fluxes, shading, and the emission of longwave radiation from debris surfaces. The model is a clear step forward compared to existing static approaches that calculate atmospheric melt over an invariant cliff geometry and can be used for long-term simulations of cliff evolution and to test existing hypotheses about cliffs' survival.","lang":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1002/2016jf004039","day":"22","date_updated":"2023-02-24T11:34:54Z","year":"2016","citation":{"chicago":"Buri, Pascal, Evan S. Miles, Jakob F. Steiner, Walter W. Immerzeel, Patrick Wagnon, and Francesca Pellicciotti. “A Physically Based 3‐D Model of Ice Cliff Evolution over Debris‐covered Glaciers.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2016. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jf004039\">https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jf004039</a>.","ieee":"P. Buri, E. S. Miles, J. F. Steiner, W. W. Immerzeel, P. Wagnon, and F. Pellicciotti, “A physically based 3‐D model of ice cliff evolution over debris‐covered glaciers,” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface</i>, vol. 121, no. 12. American Geophysical Union, pp. 2471–2493, 2016.","apa":"Buri, P., Miles, E. S., Steiner, J. F., Immerzeel, W. W., Wagnon, P., &#38; Pellicciotti, F. (2016). A physically based 3‐D model of ice cliff evolution over debris‐covered glaciers. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jf004039\">https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jf004039</a>","ama":"Buri P, Miles ES, Steiner JF, Immerzeel WW, Wagnon P, Pellicciotti F. A physically based 3‐D model of ice cliff evolution over debris‐covered glaciers. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface</i>. 2016;121(12):2471-2493. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jf004039\">10.1002/2016jf004039</a>","ista":"Buri P, Miles ES, Steiner JF, Immerzeel WW, Wagnon P, Pellicciotti F. 2016. A physically based 3‐D model of ice cliff evolution over debris‐covered glaciers. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. 121(12), 2471–2493.","mla":"Buri, Pascal, et al. “A Physically Based 3‐D Model of Ice Cliff Evolution over Debris‐covered Glaciers.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface</i>, vol. 121, no. 12, American Geophysical Union, 2016, pp. 2471–93, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016jf004039\">10.1002/2016jf004039</a>.","short":"P. Buri, E.S. Miles, J.F. Steiner, W.W. Immerzeel, P. Wagnon, F. Pellicciotti, Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 121 (2016) 2471–2493."},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Earth-Surface Processes","Geophysics"],"month":"11","oa_version":"Published Version","publication":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JF004039","open_access":"1"}],"oa":1,"publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2169-9011"],"issn":["2169-9003"]},"date_published":"2016-11-22T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article"},{"title":"Modeling 2 m air temperatures over mountain glaciers: Exploring the influence of katabatic cooling and external warming","intvolume":"       120","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2023-02-20T08:16:28Z","article_processing_charge":"No","author":[{"full_name":"Ayala, A.","last_name":"Ayala","first_name":"A."},{"id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca","last_name":"Pellicciotti","first_name":"Francesca"},{"first_name":"J. M.","last_name":"Shea","full_name":"Shea, J. M."}],"issue":"8","_id":"12631","scopus_import":"1","article_type":"original","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","page":"3139-3157","quality_controlled":"1","abstract":[{"text":"Air temperature is one of the most relevant input variables for snow and ice melt calculations. However, local meteorological conditions, complex topography, and logistical concerns in glacierized regions make the measuring and modeling of air temperature a difficult task. In this study, we investigate the spatial distribution of 2 m air temperature over mountain glaciers and propose a modification to an existing model to improve its representation. Spatially distributed meteorological data from Haut Glacier d'Arolla (Switzerland), Place (Canada), and Juncal Norte (Chile) Glaciers are used to examine approximate flow line temperatures during their respective ablation seasons. During warm conditions (off-glacier temperatures well above 0°C), observed air temperatures in the upper reaches of Place Glacier and Haut Glacier d'Arolla decrease down glacier along the approximate flow line. At Juncal Norte and Haut Glacier d'Arolla, an increase in air temperature is observed over the glacier tongue. While the temperature behavior over the upper part can be explained by the cooling effect of the glacier surface, the temperature increase over the glacier tongue may be caused by several processes induced by the surrounding warm atmosphere. In order to capture the latter effect, we add an additional term to the Greuell and Böhm (GB) thermodynamic glacier wind model. For high off-glacier temperatures, the modified GB model reduces root-mean-square error up to 32% and provides a new approach for distributing air temperature over mountain glaciers as a function of off-glacier temperatures and approximate glacier flow lines.","lang":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1002/2015jd023137","day":"18","date_updated":"2023-02-24T09:16:26Z","year":"2015","citation":{"ista":"Ayala A, Pellicciotti F, Shea JM. 2015. Modeling 2 m air temperatures over mountain glaciers: Exploring the influence of katabatic cooling and external warming. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 120(8), 3139–3157.","short":"A. Ayala, F. Pellicciotti, J.M. Shea, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 120 (2015) 3139–3157.","mla":"Ayala, A., et al. “Modeling 2 m Air Temperatures over Mountain Glaciers: Exploring the Influence of Katabatic Cooling and External Warming.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 120, no. 8, American Geophysical Union, 2015, pp. 3139–57, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023137\">10.1002/2015jd023137</a>.","chicago":"Ayala, A., Francesca Pellicciotti, and J. M. Shea. “Modeling 2 m Air Temperatures over Mountain Glaciers: Exploring the Influence of Katabatic Cooling and External Warming.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2015. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023137\">https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023137</a>.","ieee":"A. Ayala, F. Pellicciotti, and J. M. Shea, “Modeling 2 m air temperatures over mountain glaciers: Exploring the influence of katabatic cooling and external warming,” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 120, no. 8. American Geophysical Union, pp. 3139–3157, 2015.","apa":"Ayala, A., Pellicciotti, F., &#38; Shea, J. M. (2015). Modeling 2 m air temperatures over mountain glaciers: Exploring the influence of katabatic cooling and external warming. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023137\">https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023137</a>","ama":"Ayala A, Pellicciotti F, Shea JM. Modeling 2 m air temperatures over mountain glaciers: Exploring the influence of katabatic cooling and external warming. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. 2015;120(8):3139-3157. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd023137\">10.1002/2015jd023137</a>"},"extern":"1","volume":120,"month":"04","oa_version":"Published Version","publication":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Space and Planetary Science","Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)","Atmospheric Science","Geophysics"],"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2169-897X"],"eissn":["2169-8996"]},"date_published":"2015-04-18T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public"},{"extern":"1","volume":118,"date_updated":"2023-02-21T10:10:46Z","year":"2013","citation":{"ieee":"I. Juszak and F. Pellicciotti, “A comparison of parameterizations of incoming longwave radiation over melting glaciers: Model robustness and seasonal variability,” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 118, no. 8. American Geophysical Union, pp. 3066–3084, 2013.","chicago":"Juszak, I., and Francesca Pellicciotti. “A Comparison of Parameterizations of Incoming Longwave Radiation over Melting Glaciers: Model Robustness and Seasonal Variability.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2013. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50277\">https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50277</a>.","apa":"Juszak, I., &#38; Pellicciotti, F. (2013). A comparison of parameterizations of incoming longwave radiation over melting glaciers: Model robustness and seasonal variability. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50277\">https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50277</a>","ama":"Juszak I, Pellicciotti F. A comparison of parameterizations of incoming longwave radiation over melting glaciers: Model robustness and seasonal variability. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. 2013;118(8):3066-3084. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50277\">10.1002/jgrd.50277</a>","ista":"Juszak I, Pellicciotti F. 2013. A comparison of parameterizations of incoming longwave radiation over melting glaciers: Model robustness and seasonal variability. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 118(8), 3066–3084.","mla":"Juszak, I., and Francesca Pellicciotti. “A Comparison of Parameterizations of Incoming Longwave Radiation over Melting Glaciers: Model Robustness and Seasonal Variability.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 118, no. 8, American Geophysical Union, 2013, pp. 3066–84, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50277\">10.1002/jgrd.50277</a>.","short":"I. Juszak, F. Pellicciotti, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 118 (2013) 3066–3084."},"abstract":[{"text":"Parameterizations of incoming longwave radiation are increasingly receiving attention for both low and high elevation glacierized sites. In this paper, we test 13 clear-sky parameterizations combined with seven cloud corrections for all-sky atmospheric emissivity at one location on Haut Glacier d'Arolla. We also analyze the four seasons separately and conduct a cross-validation to test the parameters’ robustness. The best parameterization is the one by Dilley and O'Brien, B for clear-sky conditions combined with Unsworth and Monteith cloud correction. This model is also the most robust when tested in cross-validation. When validated at different sites in the southern Alps of Switzerland and north-western Italian Alps, all parameterizations show a substantial decrease in performance, except for one site, thus suggesting that it is important to recalibrate parameterizations of incoming longwave radiation for different locations. We argue that this is due to differences in the structure of the atmosphere at the sites. We also quantify the effect that the incoming longwave radiation parameterizations have on energy-balance melt modeling, and show that recalibration of model parameters is needed. Using parameters from other sites leads to a significant underestimation of melt and to an error that is larger than that associated with using different parameterizations. Once recalibrated, however, the parameters of most models seem to be stable over seasons and years at the location on Haut Glacier d'Arolla.","lang":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1002/jgrd.50277","day":"27","page":"3066-3084","quality_controlled":"1","article_type":"original","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","author":[{"first_name":"I.","last_name":"Juszak","full_name":"Juszak, I."},{"id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","last_name":"Pellicciotti","first_name":"Francesca","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca"}],"issue":"8","_id":"12643","scopus_import":"1","title":"A comparison of parameterizations of incoming longwave radiation over melting glaciers: Model robustness and seasonal variability","intvolume":"       118","publication_status":"published","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2023-02-20T08:17:34Z","status":"public","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50277"}],"date_published":"2013-04-27T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","oa":1,"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2169-897X"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Space and Planetary Science","Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)","Atmospheric Science","Geophysics"],"publication":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","month":"04","oa_version":"Published Version"},{"publication_identifier":{"issn":["0148-0227"]},"oa":1,"date_published":"2012-09-27T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017795"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","oa_version":"Published Version","month":"09","article_number":"D18105","publication":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Paleontology","Space and Planetary Science","Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)","Atmospheric Science","Earth-Surface Processes","Geochemistry and Petrology","Soil Science","Water Science and Technology","Ecology","Aquatic Science","Forestry","Oceanography","Geophysics"],"doi":"10.1029/2012jd017795","day":"27","abstract":[{"text":"Distributed glacier melt models generally assume that the glacier surface consists of bare exposed ice and snow. In reality, many glaciers are wholly or partially covered in layers of debris that tend to suppress ablation rates. In this paper, an existing physically based point model for the ablation of debris-covered ice is incorporated in a distributed melt model and applied to Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, which has three large patches of debris cover on its surface. The model is based on a 10 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the area; each glacier pixel in the DEM is defined as either bare or debris-covered ice, and may be covered in snow that must be melted off before ice ablation is assumed to occur. Each debris-covered pixel is assigned a debris thickness value using probability distributions based on over 1000 manual thickness measurements. Locally observed meteorological data are used to run energy balance calculations in every pixel, using an approach suitable for snow, bare ice or debris-covered ice as appropriate. The use of the debris model significantly reduces the total ablation in the debris-covered areas, however the precise reduction is sensitive to the temperature extrapolation used in the model distribution because air near the debris surface tends to be slightly warmer than over bare ice. Overall results suggest that the debris patches, which cover 10% of the glacierized area, reduce total runoff from the glacierized part of the basin by up to 7%.","lang":"eng"}],"date_updated":"2023-02-20T10:57:31Z","citation":{"ama":"Reid TD, Carenzo M, Pellicciotti F, Brock BW. Including debris cover effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. 2012;117(D18). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795\">10.1029/2012jd017795</a>","apa":"Reid, T. D., Carenzo, M., Pellicciotti, F., &#38; Brock, B. W. (2012). Including debris cover effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795</a>","ieee":"T. D. Reid, M. Carenzo, F. Pellicciotti, and B. W. Brock, “Including debris cover effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation,” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 117, no. D18. American Geophysical Union, 2012.","chicago":"Reid, T. D., M. Carenzo, Francesca Pellicciotti, and B. W. Brock. “Including Debris Cover Effects in a Distributed Model of Glacier Ablation.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2012. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795</a>.","short":"T.D. Reid, M. Carenzo, F. Pellicciotti, B.W. Brock, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 117 (2012).","mla":"Reid, T. D., et al. “Including Debris Cover Effects in a Distributed Model of Glacier Ablation.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 117, no. D18, D18105, American Geophysical Union, 2012, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795\">10.1029/2012jd017795</a>.","ista":"Reid TD, Carenzo M, Pellicciotti F, Brock BW. 2012. Including debris cover effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 117(D18), D18105."},"year":"2012","volume":117,"extern":"1","publication_status":"published","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2023-02-20T08:17:57Z","title":"Including debris cover effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation","intvolume":"       117","_id":"12648","scopus_import":"1","author":[{"full_name":"Reid, T. D.","last_name":"Reid","first_name":"T. D."},{"first_name":"M.","last_name":"Carenzo","full_name":"Carenzo, M."},{"id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca","first_name":"Francesca","last_name":"Pellicciotti"},{"last_name":"Brock","first_name":"B. W.","full_name":"Brock, B. W."}],"issue":"D18","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","article_type":"original","quality_controlled":"1"},{"_id":"12651","scopus_import":"1","author":[{"full_name":"Petersen, L.","first_name":"L.","last_name":"Petersen"},{"id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca","first_name":"Francesca","last_name":"Pellicciotti"}],"issue":"D23","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2023-02-20T08:18:14Z","article_processing_charge":"No","title":"Spatial and temporal variability of air temperature on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile","intvolume":"       116","quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","article_type":"original","date_updated":"2023-02-20T10:29:44Z","year":"2011","citation":{"mla":"Petersen, L., and Francesca Pellicciotti. “Spatial and Temporal Variability of Air Temperature on a Melting Glacier: Atmospheric Controls, Extrapolation Methods and Their Effect on Melt Modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 116, no. D23, D23109, American Geophysical Union, 2011, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842\">10.1029/2011jd015842</a>.","short":"L. Petersen, F. Pellicciotti, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 116 (2011).","ista":"Petersen L, Pellicciotti F. 2011. Spatial and temporal variability of air temperature on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 116(D23), D23109.","apa":"Petersen, L., &#38; Pellicciotti, F. (2011). Spatial and temporal variability of air temperature on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842</a>","ama":"Petersen L, Pellicciotti F. Spatial and temporal variability of air temperature on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. 2011;116(D23). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842\">10.1029/2011jd015842</a>","ieee":"L. Petersen and F. Pellicciotti, “Spatial and temporal variability of air temperature on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile,” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 116, no. D23. American Geophysical Union, 2011.","chicago":"Petersen, L., and Francesca Pellicciotti. “Spatial and Temporal Variability of Air Temperature on a Melting Glacier: Atmospheric Controls, Extrapolation Methods and Their Effect on Melt Modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2011. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842</a>."},"doi":"10.1029/2011jd015842","day":"16","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Temperature data from three Automatic Weather Stations and twelve Temperature Loggers are used to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of temperature over a glacier, its main atmospheric controls, the suitability of extrapolation techniques and their effect on melt modeling. We use data collected on Juncal Norte Glacier, central Chile, during one ablation season. We examine temporal and spatial variability in lapse rates (LRs), together with alternative statistical interpolation methods. The main control over the glacier thermal regime is the development of a katabatic boundary layer (KBL). Katabatic wind occurs at night and in the morning and is eroded in the afternoon. LRs reveal strong diurnal variability, with steeper LRs during the day when the katabatic wind weakens and shallower LRs during the night and morning. We suggest that temporally variable LRs should be used to account for the observed change. They tend to be steeper than equivalent constant LRs, and therefore result in a reduction in simulated melt compared to use of constant LRs when extrapolating from lower to higher elevations. In addition to the temporal variability, the temperature-elevation relationship varies also in space. Differences are evident between local LRs and including such variability in melt modeling affects melt simulations. Extrapolation methods based on the spatial variability of the observations after removal of the elevation trend, such as Inverse Distance Weighting or Kriging, do not seem necessary for simulations of gridded temperature data over a glacier."}],"volume":116,"extern":"1","publication":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","oa_version":"Published Version","month":"12","article_number":"D23109","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Paleontology","Space and Planetary Science","Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)","Atmospheric Science","Earth-Surface Processes","Geochemistry and Petrology","Soil Science","Water Science and Technology","Ecology","Aquatic Science","Forestry","Oceanography","Geophysics"],"date_published":"2011-12-16T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0148-0227"]},"oa":1,"main_file_link":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD01584","open_access":"1"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public"},{"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL039667"}],"user_id":"8b945eb4-e2f2-11eb-945a-df72226e66a9","status":"public","date_published":"2009-08-25T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0094-8276"]},"oa":1,"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["General Earth and Planetary Sciences","Geophysics"],"publication":"Geophysical Research Letters","oa_version":"Published Version","month":"08","article_number":"L16804","volume":36,"extern":"1","date_updated":"2022-01-24T13:50:15Z","citation":{"ista":"Muller CJ, Back LE, O’Gorman PA, Emanuel KA. 2009. A model for the relationship between tropical precipitation and column water vapor. Geophysical Research Letters. 36(16), L16804.","mla":"Muller, Caroline J., et al. “A Model for the Relationship between Tropical Precipitation and Column Water Vapor.” <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>, vol. 36, no. 16, L16804, American Geophysical Union, 2009, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039667\">10.1029/2009gl039667</a>.","short":"C.J. Muller, L.E. Back, P.A. O’Gorman, K.A. Emanuel, Geophysical Research Letters 36 (2009).","chicago":"Muller, Caroline J, Larissa E. Back, Paul A. O’Gorman, and Kerry A. Emanuel. “A Model for the Relationship between Tropical Precipitation and Column Water Vapor.” <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2009. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039667\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039667</a>.","ieee":"C. J. Muller, L. E. Back, P. A. O’Gorman, and K. A. Emanuel, “A model for the relationship between tropical precipitation and column water vapor,” <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>, vol. 36, no. 16. American Geophysical Union, 2009.","ama":"Muller CJ, Back LE, O’Gorman PA, Emanuel KA. A model for the relationship between tropical precipitation and column water vapor. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. 2009;36(16). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039667\">10.1029/2009gl039667</a>","apa":"Muller, C. J., Back, L. E., O’Gorman, P. A., &#38; Emanuel, K. A. (2009). A model for the relationship between tropical precipitation and column water vapor. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039667\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2009gl039667</a>"},"year":"2009","doi":"10.1029/2009gl039667","day":"25","abstract":[{"text":"Several observational studies have shown a tight relationship between tropical precipitation and column‐integrated water vapor. We show that the observed relationship in the tropics between column‐integrated water vapor, precipitation, and its variance can be qualitatively reproduced by a simple and physically motivated two‐layer model. It has previously been argued that features of this relationship could be explained by analogy with the theory of continuous phase transitions. Instead, our model explicitly assumes that the onset of precipitation is governed by a stability threshold involving boundary‐layer water vapor. This allows us to explain the precipitation‐humidity relationship over a broader range of water vapor values, and may explain the observed temperature dependence of the relationship.","lang":"eng"}],"quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","article_type":"original","_id":"9148","author":[{"full_name":"Muller, Caroline J","orcid":"0000-0001-5836-5350","last_name":"Muller","first_name":"Caroline J","id":"f978ccb0-3f7f-11eb-b193-b0e2bd13182b"},{"first_name":"Larissa E.","last_name":"Back","full_name":"Back, Larissa E."},{"full_name":"O'Gorman, Paul A.","first_name":"Paul A.","last_name":"O'Gorman"},{"last_name":"Emanuel","first_name":"Kerry A.","full_name":"Emanuel, Kerry A."}],"issue":"16","publication_status":"published","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2021-02-15T14:41:28Z","title":"A model for the relationship between tropical precipitation and column water vapor","intvolume":"        36"},{"extern":"1","volume":109,"year":"2004","citation":{"ista":"Strasser U, Corripio J, Pellicciotti F, Burlando P, Brock B, Funk M. 2004. Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 109(D3), D03103.","mla":"Strasser, Ulrich, et al. “Spatial and Temporal Variability of Meteorological Variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the Ablation Season 2001: Measurements and Simulations.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 109, no. D3, D03103, American Geophysical Union, 2004, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973\">10.1029/2003jd003973</a>.","short":"U. Strasser, J. Corripio, F. Pellicciotti, P. Burlando, B. Brock, M. Funk, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 109 (2004).","chicago":"Strasser, Ulrich, Javier Corripio, Francesca Pellicciotti, Paolo Burlando, Ben Brock, and Martin Funk. “Spatial and Temporal Variability of Meteorological Variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the Ablation Season 2001: Measurements and Simulations.” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union, 2004. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973</a>.","ieee":"U. Strasser, J. Corripio, F. Pellicciotti, P. Burlando, B. Brock, and M. Funk, “Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations,” <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>, vol. 109, no. D3. American Geophysical Union, 2004.","apa":"Strasser, U., Corripio, J., Pellicciotti, F., Burlando, P., Brock, B., &#38; Funk, M. (2004). Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. American Geophysical Union. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973\">https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973</a>","ama":"Strasser U, Corripio J, Pellicciotti F, Burlando P, Brock B, Funk M. Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres</i>. 2004;109(D3). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973\">10.1029/2003jd003973</a>"},"date_updated":"2023-02-20T08:40:21Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"[1] During the ablation period 2001 a glaciometeorological experiment was carried out on Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland. Five meteorological stations were installed on the glacier, and one permanent automatic weather station in the glacier foreland. The altitudes of the stations ranged between 2500 and 3000 m a.s.l., and they were in operation from end of May to beginning of September 2001. The spatial arrangement of the stations and temporal duration of the measurements generated a unique data set enabling the analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of the meteorological variables across an alpine glacier. All measurements were taken at a nominal height of 2 m, and hourly averages were derived for the analysis. The wind regime was dominated by the glacier wind (mean value 2.8 m s−1) but due to erosion by the synoptic gradient wind, occasionally the wind would blow up the valley. A slight decrease in mean 2 m air temperatures with altitude was found, however the 2 m air temperature gradient varied greatly and frequently changed its sign. Mean relative humidity was 71% and exhibited limited spatial variation. Mean incoming shortwave radiation and albedo both generally increased with elevation. The different components of shortwave radiation are quantified with a parameterization scheme. Resulting spatial variations are mainly due to horizon obstruction and reflections from surrounding slopes, i.e., topography. The effect of clouds accounts for a loss of 30% of the extraterrestrial flux. Albedos derived from a Landsat TM image of 30 July show remarkably constant values, in the range 0.49 to 0.50, across snow covered parts of the glacier, while albedo is highly spatially variable below the zone of continuous snow cover. These results are verified with ground measurements and compared with parameterized albedo. Mean longwave radiative fluxes decreased with elevation due to lower air temperatures and the effect of upper hemisphere slopes. It is shown through parameterization that this effect would even be more pronounced without the effect of clouds. Results are discussed with respect to a similar study which has been carried out on Pasterze Glacier (Austria). The presented algorithms for interpolating, parameterizing and simulating variables and parameters in alpine regions are integrated in the software package AMUNDSEN which is freely available to be adapted and further developed by the community."}],"day":"16","doi":"10.1029/2003jd003973","quality_controlled":"1","article_type":"original","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","issue":"D3","author":[{"last_name":"Strasser","first_name":"Ulrich","full_name":"Strasser, Ulrich"},{"first_name":"Javier","last_name":"Corripio","full_name":"Corripio, Javier"},{"id":"b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70","full_name":"Pellicciotti, Francesca","last_name":"Pellicciotti","first_name":"Francesca"},{"full_name":"Burlando, Paolo","first_name":"Paolo","last_name":"Burlando"},{"full_name":"Brock, Ben","last_name":"Brock","first_name":"Ben"},{"first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Funk","full_name":"Funk, Martin"}],"scopus_import":"1","_id":"12658","intvolume":"       109","title":"Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier d'Arolla (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2023-02-20T08:18:57Z","publication_status":"published","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","type":"journal_article","date_published":"2004-02-16T00:00:00Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0148-0227"]},"keyword":["Paleontology","Space and Planetary Science","Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous)","Atmospheric Science","Earth-Surface Processes","Geochemistry and Petrology","Soil Science","Water Science and Technology","Ecology","Aquatic Science","Forestry","Oceanography","Geophysics"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","article_number":"D03103","month":"02","oa_version":"None"}]