---
_id: '13988'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: Most permissionless blockchains inherently suffer from throughput limitations.
Layer-2 systems, such as side-chains or Rollups, have been proposed as a possible
strategy to overcome this limitation. Layer-2 systems interact with the main-chain
in two ways. First, users can move funds from/to the main-chain to/from the layer-2.
Second, layer-2 systems periodically synchronize with the main-chain to keep some
form of log of their activity on the main-chain - this log is key for security.
Due to this interaction with the main-chain, which is necessary and recurrent,
layer-2 systems impose some load on the main-chain. The impact of such load on
the main-chain has been, so far, poorly understood. In addition to that, layer-2
approaches typically sacrifice decentralization and security in favor of higher
throughput. This paper presents an experimental study that analyzes the current
state of Ethereum layer-2 projects. Our goal is to assess the load they impose
on Ethereum and to understand their scalability potential in the long-run. Our
analysis shows that the impact of any given layer-2 on the main-chain is the result
of both technical aspects (how state is logged on the main-chain) and user behavior
(how often users decide to transfer funds between the layer-2 and the main-chain).
Based on our observations, we infer that without efficient mechanisms that allow
users to transfer funds in a secure and fast manner directly from one layer-2
project to another, current layer-2 systems will not be able to scale Ethereum
effectively, regardless of their technical solutions. Furthermore, from our results,
we conclude that the layer-2 systems that offer similar security guarantees as
Ethereum have limited scalability potential, while approaches that offer better
performance, sacrifice security and lead to an increase in centralization which
runs against the end-goals of permissionless blockchains.
acknowledgement: This work was supported in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento
de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES)—Brazil (CAPES), in part by the Fundação para
a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) under Project UIDB/50021/2020 and Grant 2020.05270.BD,
in part by the Project COSMOS (via the Orçamento de Estado (OE) with ref. PTDC/EEI-COM/29271/2017
and via the ‘‘Programa Operacional Regional de Lisboa na sua componente Fundo Europeu
de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)’’ with ref. Lisboa-01-0145-FEDER-029271), and
in part by the project Angainor with reference LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-031456 as well
as supported by Meta Platforms for the project key Transparency at Scale.
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Ray
full_name: Neiheiser, Ray
id: f09651b9-fec0-11ec-b5d8-934aff0e52a4
last_name: Neiheiser
orcid: 0000-0001-7227-8309
- first_name: Gustavo
full_name: Inacio, Gustavo
last_name: Inacio
- first_name: Luciana
full_name: Rech, Luciana
last_name: Rech
- first_name: Carlos
full_name: Montez, Carlos
last_name: Montez
- first_name: Miguel
full_name: Matos, Miguel
last_name: Matos
- first_name: Luis
full_name: Rodrigues, Luis
last_name: Rodrigues
citation:
ama: Neiheiser R, Inacio G, Rech L, Montez C, Matos M, Rodrigues L. Practical limitations
of Ethereum’s layer-2. IEEE Access. 2023;11:8651-8662. doi:10.1109/access.2023.3237897
apa: Neiheiser, R., Inacio, G., Rech, L., Montez, C., Matos, M., & Rodrigues,
L. (2023). Practical limitations of Ethereum’s layer-2. IEEE Access. Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3237897
chicago: Neiheiser, Ray, Gustavo Inacio, Luciana Rech, Carlos Montez, Miguel Matos,
and Luis Rodrigues. “Practical Limitations of Ethereum’s Layer-2.” IEEE Access.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2023.3237897.
ieee: R. Neiheiser, G. Inacio, L. Rech, C. Montez, M. Matos, and L. Rodrigues, “Practical
limitations of Ethereum’s layer-2,” IEEE Access, vol. 11. Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, pp. 8651–8662, 2023.
ista: Neiheiser R, Inacio G, Rech L, Montez C, Matos M, Rodrigues L. 2023. Practical
limitations of Ethereum’s layer-2. IEEE Access. 11, 8651–8662.
mla: Neiheiser, Ray, et al. “Practical Limitations of Ethereum’s Layer-2.” IEEE
Access, vol. 11, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2023,
pp. 8651–62, doi:10.1109/access.2023.3237897.
short: R. Neiheiser, G. Inacio, L. Rech, C. Montez, M. Matos, L. Rodrigues, IEEE
Access 11 (2023) 8651–8662.
date_created: 2023-08-09T12:09:57Z
date_published: 2023-08-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-12-13T12:14:52Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '000'
department:
- _id: ElKo
doi: 10.1109/access.2023.3237897
external_id:
isi:
- '000927831000001'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: 4b80b0ff212edf7e5842fbdd53784432
content_type: application/pdf
creator: dernst
date_created: 2023-08-22T06:37:48Z
date_updated: 2023-08-22T06:37:48Z
file_id: '14166'
file_name: 2023_IEEEAccess_Neiheiser.pdf
file_size: 1289285
relation: main_file
success: 1
file_date_updated: 2023-08-22T06:37:48Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 11'
isi: 1
keyword:
- General Engineering
- General Materials Science
- General Computer Science
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering
language:
- iso: eng
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 8651-8662
publication: IEEE Access
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2169-3536
publication_status: published
publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Practical limitations of Ethereum’s layer-2
tmp:
image: /images/cc_by.png
legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 11
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '12563'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'he approximate graph coloring problem, whose complexity is unresolved in
most cases, concerns finding a c-coloring of a graph that is promised to be k-colorable,
where c≥k. This problem naturally generalizes to promise graph homomorphism problems
and further to promise constraint satisfaction problems. The complexity of these
problems has recently been studied through an algebraic approach. In this paper,
we introduce two new techniques to analyze the complexity of promise CSPs: one
is based on topology and the other on adjunction. We apply these techniques, together
with the previously introduced algebraic approach, to obtain new unconditional
NP-hardness results for a significant class of approximate graph coloring and
promise graph homomorphism problems.'
acknowledgement: "Andrei Krokhin and Jakub Opršal were supported by the UK EPSRC grant
EP/R034516/1. Jakub Opršal has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon
2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement
No 101034413. Stanislav Živný was supported by a Royal Society University Research
Fellowship. This project has received funding from the European Research Council
(ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
(grant agreement No 714532). The paper re\x1Eects only the authors’ views and not
the views of the ERC or the European Commission. "
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Andrei
full_name: Krokhin, Andrei
last_name: Krokhin
- first_name: Jakub
full_name: Opršal, Jakub
id: ec596741-c539-11ec-b829-c79322a91242
last_name: Opršal
orcid: 0000-0003-1245-3456
- first_name: Marcin
full_name: Wrochna, Marcin
last_name: Wrochna
- first_name: Stanislav
full_name: Živný, Stanislav
last_name: Živný
citation:
ama: Krokhin A, Opršal J, Wrochna M, Živný S. Topology and adjunction in promise
constraint satisfaction. SIAM Journal on Computing. 2023;52(1):38-79. doi:10.1137/20m1378223
apa: Krokhin, A., Opršal, J., Wrochna, M., & Živný, S. (2023). Topology and
adjunction in promise constraint satisfaction. SIAM Journal on Computing.
Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics. https://doi.org/10.1137/20m1378223
chicago: Krokhin, Andrei, Jakub Opršal, Marcin Wrochna, and Stanislav Živný. “Topology
and Adjunction in Promise Constraint Satisfaction.” SIAM Journal on Computing.
Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1137/20m1378223.
ieee: A. Krokhin, J. Opršal, M. Wrochna, and S. Živný, “Topology and adjunction
in promise constraint satisfaction,” SIAM Journal on Computing, vol. 52,
no. 1. Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics, pp. 38–79, 2023.
ista: Krokhin A, Opršal J, Wrochna M, Živný S. 2023. Topology and adjunction in
promise constraint satisfaction. SIAM Journal on Computing. 52(1), 38–79.
mla: Krokhin, Andrei, et al. “Topology and Adjunction in Promise Constraint Satisfaction.”
SIAM Journal on Computing, vol. 52, no. 1, Society for Industrial &
Applied Mathematics, 2023, pp. 38–79, doi:10.1137/20m1378223.
short: A. Krokhin, J. Opršal, M. Wrochna, S. Živný, SIAM Journal on Computing 52
(2023) 38–79.
date_created: 2023-02-16T07:03:52Z
date_published: 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-01T13:11:30Z
day: '01'
department:
- _id: UlWa
doi: 10.1137/20m1378223
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
arxiv:
- '2003.11351'
isi:
- '000955000000001'
intvolume: ' 52'
isi: 1
issue: '1'
keyword:
- General Mathematics
- General Computer Science
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2003.11351
month: '01'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
page: 38-79
project:
- _id: fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c
call_identifier: H2020
grant_number: '101034413'
name: 'IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program'
publication: SIAM Journal on Computing
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1095-7111
issn:
- 0097-5397
publication_status: published
publisher: Society for Industrial & Applied Mathematics
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Topology and adjunction in promise constraint satisfaction
type: journal_article
user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8
volume: 52
year: '2023'
...
---
_id: '10208'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: It is practical to collect a huge amount of movement data and environmental
context information along with the health signals of individuals because there
is the emergence of new generations of positioning and tracking technologies and
rapid advancements of health sensors. The study of the relations between these
datasets and their sequence similarity analysis is of interest to many applications
such as health monitoring and recommender systems. However, entering all movement
parameters and health signals can lead to the complexity of the problem and an
increase in its computational load. In this situation, dimension reduction techniques
can be used to avoid consideration of simultaneous dependent parameters in the
process of similarity measurement of the trajectories. The present study provides
a framework, named CaDRAW, to use spatial–temporal data and movement parameters
along with independent context information in the process of measuring the similarity
of trajectories. In this regard, the omission of dependent movement characteristic
signals is conducted by using an unsupervised feature selection dimension reduction
technique. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, it was applied
to a real contextualized movement and related health signal datasets of individuals.
The results indicated the capability of the proposed framework in measuring the
similarity and in decreasing the characteristic signals in such a way that the
similarity results -before and after reduction of dependent characteristic signals-
have small differences. The mean differences between the obtained results before
and after reducing the dimension were 0.029 and 0.023 for the round path, respectively.
acknowledgement: The third author acknowledges the funding received from the Wittgenstein
Prize, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), grant no. Z 342-N31.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Samira
full_name: Goudarzi, Samira
last_name: Goudarzi
- first_name: Mohammad
full_name: Sharif, Mohammad
last_name: Sharif
- first_name: Farid
full_name: Karimipour, Farid
id: 2A2BCDC4-CF62-11E9-BE5E-3B1EE6697425
last_name: Karimipour
orcid: 0000-0001-6746-4174
citation:
ama: Goudarzi S, Sharif M, Karimipour F. A context-aware dimension reduction framework
for trajectory and health signal analyses. Journal of Ambient Intelligence
and Humanized Computing. 2022;13:2621–2635. doi:10.1007/s12652-021-03569-z
apa: Goudarzi, S., Sharif, M., & Karimipour, F. (2022). A context-aware dimension
reduction framework for trajectory and health signal analyses. Journal of Ambient
Intelligence and Humanized Computing. Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-021-03569-z
chicago: Goudarzi, Samira, Mohammad Sharif, and Farid Karimipour. “A Context-Aware
Dimension Reduction Framework for Trajectory and Health Signal Analyses.” Journal
of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing. Springer Nature, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-021-03569-z.
ieee: S. Goudarzi, M. Sharif, and F. Karimipour, “A context-aware dimension reduction
framework for trajectory and health signal analyses,” Journal of Ambient Intelligence
and Humanized Computing, vol. 13. Springer Nature, pp. 2621–2635, 2022.
ista: Goudarzi S, Sharif M, Karimipour F. 2022. A context-aware dimension reduction
framework for trajectory and health signal analyses. Journal of Ambient Intelligence
and Humanized Computing. 13, 2621–2635.
mla: Goudarzi, Samira, et al. “A Context-Aware Dimension Reduction Framework for
Trajectory and Health Signal Analyses.” Journal of Ambient Intelligence and
Humanized Computing, vol. 13, Springer Nature, 2022, pp. 2621–2635, doi:10.1007/s12652-021-03569-z.
short: S. Goudarzi, M. Sharif, F. Karimipour, Journal of Ambient Intelligence and
Humanized Computing 13 (2022) 2621–2635.
date_created: 2021-11-02T09:28:55Z
date_published: 2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-02T13:31:48Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '000'
department:
- _id: HeEd
doi: 10.1007/s12652-021-03569-z
external_id:
isi:
- '000712198000001'
file:
- access_level: open_access
checksum: 0a8961416a9bb2be5a1cebda65468bcf
content_type: application/pdf
creator: fkarimip
date_created: 2021-11-12T19:38:05Z
date_updated: 2022-12-20T23:30:08Z
embargo: 2022-11-12
file_id: '10279'
file_name: A Context‑aware Dimension Reduction Framework - Journal of Ambient Intelligence
2021 (Preprint version).pdf
file_size: 1634958
relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2022-12-20T23:30:08Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: ' 13'
isi: 1
keyword:
- general computer science
language:
- iso: eng
month: '05'
oa: 1
oa_version: Submitted Version
page: 2621–2635
project:
- _id: 268116B8-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
call_identifier: FWF
grant_number: Z00342
name: The Wittgenstein Prize
publication: Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing
publication_identifier:
eissn:
- 1868-5145
issn:
- 1868-5137
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: A context-aware dimension reduction framework for trajectory and health signal
analyses
type: journal_article
user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8
volume: 13
year: '2022'
...