[{"citation":{"ista":"Kiran GK, Singh S, Mahato N, Sreekanth TVM, Dillip GR, Yoo K, Kim J. 2024. Interface engineering modulation combined with electronic structure modification of Zn-doped NiO heterostructure for efficient water-splitting activity. ACS Applied Energy Materials. 7(1), 214–229.","short":"G.K. Kiran, S. Singh, N. Mahato, T.V.M. Sreekanth, G.R. Dillip, K. Yoo, J. Kim, ACS Applied Energy Materials 7 (2024) 214–229.","mla":"Kiran, Gundegowda Kalligowdanadoddi, et al. “Interface Engineering Modulation Combined with Electronic Structure Modification of Zn-Doped NiO Heterostructure for Efficient Water-Splitting Activity.” <i>ACS Applied Energy Materials</i>, vol. 7, no. 1, American Chemical Society, 2024, pp. 214–29, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02519\">10.1021/acsaem.3c02519</a>.","ieee":"G. K. Kiran <i>et al.</i>, “Interface engineering modulation combined with electronic structure modification of Zn-doped NiO heterostructure for efficient water-splitting activity,” <i>ACS Applied Energy Materials</i>, vol. 7, no. 1. American Chemical Society, pp. 214–229, 2024.","chicago":"Kiran, Gundegowda Kalligowdanadoddi, Saurabh Singh, Neelima Mahato, Thupakula Venkata Madhukar Sreekanth, Gowra Raghupathy Dillip, Kisoo Yoo, and Jonghoon Kim. “Interface Engineering Modulation Combined with Electronic Structure Modification of Zn-Doped NiO Heterostructure for Efficient Water-Splitting Activity.” <i>ACS Applied Energy Materials</i>. American Chemical Society, 2024. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02519\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02519</a>.","apa":"Kiran, G. K., Singh, S., Mahato, N., Sreekanth, T. V. M., Dillip, G. R., Yoo, K., &#38; Kim, J. (2024). Interface engineering modulation combined with electronic structure modification of Zn-doped NiO heterostructure for efficient water-splitting activity. <i>ACS Applied Energy Materials</i>. American Chemical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02519\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02519</a>","ama":"Kiran GK, Singh S, Mahato N, et al. Interface engineering modulation combined with electronic structure modification of Zn-doped NiO heterostructure for efficient water-splitting activity. <i>ACS Applied Energy Materials</i>. 2024;7(1):214-229. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02519\">10.1021/acsaem.3c02519</a>"},"year":"2024","date_updated":"2025-07-22T14:07:29Z","external_id":{"isi":["001138342900001"],"oaworkID":["w4389780443"]},"isi":1,"day":"08","doi":"10.1021/acsaem.3c02519","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Production of hydrogen at large scale requires development of non-noble, inexpensive, and high-performing catalysts for constructing water-splitting devices. Herein, we report the synthesis of Zn-doped NiO heterostructure (ZnNiO) catalysts at room temperature via a coprecipitation method followed by drying (at 80 °C, 6 h) and calcination at an elevated temperature of 400 °C for 5 h under three distinct conditions, namely, air, N2, and vacuum. The vacuum-synthesized catalyst demonstrates a low overpotential of 88 mV at −10 mA cm–2 and a small Tafel slope of 73 mV dec–1 suggesting relatively higher charge transfer kinetics for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) compared with the specimens synthesized under N2 or O2 atmosphere. It also demonstrates an oxygen evolution (OER) overpotential of 260 mV at 10 mA cm–2 with a low Tafel slope of 63 mV dec–1. In a full-cell water-splitting device, the vacuum-synthesized ZnNiO heterostructure demonstrates a cell voltage of 1.94 V at 50 mA cm–2 and shows remarkable stability over 24 h at a high current density of 100 mA cm–2. It is also demonstrated in this study that Zn-doping, surface, and interface engineering in transition-metal oxides play a crucial role in efficient electrocatalytic water splitting. Also, the results obtained from density functional theory (DFT + U = 0–8 eV), where U is the on-site Coulomb repulsion parameter also known as Hubbard U, based electronic structure calculations confirm that Zn doping constructively modifies the electronic structure, in both the valence band and the conduction band, and found to be suitable in tailoring the carrier’s effective masses of electrons and holes. The decrease in electron’s effective masses together with large differences between the effective masses of electrons and holes is noticed, which is found to be mainly responsible for achieving the best water-splitting performance from a 9% Zn-doped NiO sample prepared under vacuum."}],"acknowledgement":"This work was supported by the Technology Innovation Program (20011622, Development of Battery System Applied High-Efficiency Heat Control Polymer and Part Component) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, Korea). Author acknowledge to Prof. Tsunehiro Takeuchi from Toyota Technological Institute, Nagoya, Japan for the support of computational resources.","volume":7,"scopus_import":"1","_id":"14828","issue":"1","author":[{"last_name":"Kiran","first_name":"Gundegowda Kalligowdanadoddi","full_name":"Kiran, Gundegowda Kalligowdanadoddi"},{"id":"12d625da-9cb3-11ed-9667-af09d37d3f0a","full_name":"Singh, Saurabh","orcid":"0000-0003-2209-5269","last_name":"Singh","first_name":"Saurabh"},{"full_name":"Mahato, Neelima","first_name":"Neelima","last_name":"Mahato"},{"last_name":"Sreekanth","first_name":"Thupakula Venkata Madhukar","full_name":"Sreekanth, Thupakula Venkata Madhukar"},{"last_name":"Dillip","first_name":"Gowra Raghupathy","full_name":"Dillip, Gowra Raghupathy"},{"full_name":"Yoo, Kisoo","first_name":"Kisoo","last_name":"Yoo"},{"last_name":"Kim","first_name":"Jonghoon","full_name":"Kim, Jonghoon"}],"date_created":"2024-01-17T12:48:35Z","department":[{"_id":"MaIb"}],"article_processing_charge":"No","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"         7","title":"Interface engineering modulation combined with electronic structure modification of Zn-doped NiO heterostructure for efficient water-splitting activity","quality_controlled":"1","page":"214-229","publisher":"American Chemical Society","article_type":"original","type":"journal_article","date_published":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","oaworkID":1,"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2574-0962"]},"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","publication":"ACS Applied Energy Materials","oa_version":"None","month":"01","keyword":["Electrical and Electronic Engineering","Materials Chemistry","Electrochemistry","Energy Engineering and Power Technology","Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous)"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}]},{"main_file_link":[{"open_access":"1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02223"}],"user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["2574-0962"]},"oa":1,"tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"date_published":"2023-12-28T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Electrical and Electronic Engineering","Materials Chemistry","Electrochemistry","Energy Engineering and Power Technology","Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous)"],"oa_version":"Published Version","project":[{"grant_number":"101034413","name":"IST-BRIDGE: International postdoctoral program","call_identifier":"H2020","_id":"fc2ed2f7-9c52-11eb-aca3-c01059dda49c"}],"month":"12","publication":"ACS Applied Energy Materials","has_accepted_license":"1","ddc":["540"],"doi":"10.1021/acsaem.3c02223","day":"28","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Redox flow batteries (RFBs) rely on the development of cheap, highly soluble, and high-energy-density electrolytes. Several candidate quinones have already been investigated in the literature as two-electron anolytes or catholytes, benefiting from fast kinetics, high tunability, and low cost. Here, an investigation of nitrogen-rich fused heteroaromatic quinones was carried out to explore avenues for electrolyte development. These quinones were synthesized and screened by using electrochemical techniques. The most promising candidate, 4,8-dioxo-4,8-dihydrobenzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]bis([1,2,3]triazole)-1,5-diide (−0.68 V(SHE)), was tested in both an asymmetric and symmetric full-cell setup resulting in capacity fade rates of 0.35% per cycle and 0.0124% per cycle, respectively. In situ ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies were used to investigate the electrochemical stability of the charged species during operation. UV–Vis spectroscopy, supported by density functional theory (DFT) modeling, reaffirmed that the two-step charging mechanism observed during battery operation consisted of two, single-electron transfers. The radical concentration during battery operation and the degree of delocalization of the unpaired electron were quantified with NMR and EPR spectroscopy."}],"date_updated":"2024-01-08T09:03:01Z","year":"2023","citation":{"ista":"Jethwa RB, Hey D, Kerber RN, Bond AD, Wright DS, Grey CP. 2023. Exploring the landscape of heterocyclic quinones for redox flow batteries. ACS Applied Energy Materials.","mla":"Jethwa, Rajesh B., et al. “Exploring the Landscape of Heterocyclic Quinones for Redox Flow Batteries.” <i>ACS Applied Energy Materials</i>, American Chemical Society, 2023, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02223\">10.1021/acsaem.3c02223</a>.","short":"R.B. Jethwa, D. Hey, R.N. Kerber, A.D. Bond, D.S. Wright, C.P. Grey, ACS Applied Energy Materials (2023).","chicago":"Jethwa, Rajesh B, Dominic Hey, Rachel N. Kerber, Andrew D. Bond, Dominic S. Wright, and Clare P. Grey. “Exploring the Landscape of Heterocyclic Quinones for Redox Flow Batteries.” <i>ACS Applied Energy Materials</i>. American Chemical Society, 2023. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02223\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02223</a>.","ieee":"R. B. Jethwa, D. Hey, R. N. Kerber, A. D. Bond, D. S. Wright, and C. P. Grey, “Exploring the landscape of heterocyclic quinones for redox flow batteries,” <i>ACS Applied Energy Materials</i>. American Chemical Society, 2023.","ama":"Jethwa RB, Hey D, Kerber RN, Bond AD, Wright DS, Grey CP. Exploring the landscape of heterocyclic quinones for redox flow batteries. <i>ACS Applied Energy Materials</i>. 2023. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02223\">10.1021/acsaem.3c02223</a>","apa":"Jethwa, R. B., Hey, D., Kerber, R. N., Bond, A. D., Wright, D. S., &#38; Grey, C. P. (2023). Exploring the landscape of heterocyclic quinones for redox flow batteries. <i>ACS Applied Energy Materials</i>. American Chemical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02223\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.3c02223</a>"},"publisher":"American Chemical Society","article_type":"original","quality_controlled":"1","ec_funded":1,"publication_status":"epub_ahead","department":[{"_id":"StFr"}],"date_created":"2024-01-05T09:20:48Z","article_processing_charge":"Yes (in subscription journal)","title":"Exploring the landscape of heterocyclic quinones for redox flow batteries","_id":"14733","author":[{"last_name":"Jethwa","first_name":"Rajesh B","full_name":"Jethwa, Rajesh B","orcid":"0000-0002-0404-4356","id":"4cc538d5-803f-11ed-ab7e-8139573aad8f"},{"full_name":"Hey, Dominic","first_name":"Dominic","last_name":"Hey"},{"first_name":"Rachel N.","last_name":"Kerber","full_name":"Kerber, Rachel N."},{"full_name":"Bond, Andrew D.","last_name":"Bond","first_name":"Andrew D."},{"full_name":"Wright, Dominic S.","last_name":"Wright","first_name":"Dominic S."},{"full_name":"Grey, Clare P.","first_name":"Clare P.","last_name":"Grey"}]},{"keyword":["Electrical and Electronic Engineering","Materials Chemistry","Electrochemistry","Energy Engineering and Power Technology","Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous)"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"month":"10","oa_version":"Published Version","has_accepted_license":"1","publication":"ACS Applied Energy Materials","status":"public","user_id":"4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8","file":[{"success":1,"access_level":"open_access","relation":"main_file","creator":"dernst","file_id":"12420","file_size":13105589,"checksum":"572d15c250ab83d44f4e2c3aeb5f7388","date_created":"2023-01-27T09:09:15Z","file_name":"2022_AppliedEnergyMaterials_Kovacic.pdf","content_type":"application/pdf","date_updated":"2023-01-27T09:09:15Z"}],"oa":1,"publication_identifier":{"issn":["2574-0962"]},"type":"journal_article","date_published":"2022-10-16T00:00:00Z","tmp":{"legal_code_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode","short":"CC BY (4.0)","image":"/images/cc_by.png","name":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)"},"article_type":"original","publisher":"American Chemical Society","file_date_updated":"2023-01-27T09:09:15Z","quality_controlled":"1","page":"14381-14390","intvolume":"         5","title":"Carbon foams via ring-opening metathesis polymerization of emulsion templates: A facile method to make carbon current collectors for battery applications","date_created":"2023-01-16T09:48:53Z","article_processing_charge":"No","department":[{"_id":"StFr"}],"publication_status":"published","issue":"11","author":[{"first_name":"Sebastijan","last_name":"Kovačič","full_name":"Kovačič, Sebastijan"},{"full_name":"Schafzahl, Bettina","first_name":"Bettina","last_name":"Schafzahl"},{"last_name":"Matsko","first_name":"Nadejda B.","full_name":"Matsko, Nadejda B."},{"full_name":"Gruber, Katharina","first_name":"Katharina","last_name":"Gruber"},{"first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Schmuck","full_name":"Schmuck, Martin"},{"full_name":"Koller, Stefan","first_name":"Stefan","last_name":"Koller"},{"last_name":"Freunberger","first_name":"Stefan Alexander","full_name":"Freunberger, Stefan Alexander","orcid":"0000-0003-2902-5319","id":"A8CA28E6-CE23-11E9-AD2D-EC27E6697425"},{"first_name":"Christian","last_name":"Slugovc","full_name":"Slugovc, Christian"}],"scopus_import":"1","_id":"12227","ddc":["540"],"volume":5,"acknowledgement":"S.K. acknowledges the financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency (grants P1-0021, P2-0150). Support by Graz University of Technology (LP-03 – Porous Materials@Work) and from VARTA Innovation GmbH is kindly acknowledged. We thank Umicore for providing the initiator and Matjaž Mazaj (National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana) and Karel Jerabek (Czech Academy of Sciences) for measurements and fruitful discussions. S.A.F. is indebted to the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy; the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (Grant No. 845364); and ISTA for support.","abstract":[{"text":"Polydicyclopentadiene (pDCPD), a thermoset with excellent mechanical properties, has enormous potential as a lightweight, tough, and stable matrix material owing to its highly cross-linked macromolecular network. This work describes generating pDCPD-based foams and hierarchically porous carbons derived therefrom by combining ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of DCPD, high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) as structural templates, and subsequent carbonization. The structure and function of the carbon foams were characterized and discussed in detail using scanning electron, transmission electron, or atomic force microscopy (SEM, TEM, AFM), electron energy-loss spectroscopy (TEM-EELS), N2 sorption, and analyses of electrical conductivity as well as mechanical properties. The resulting materials exhibited uniform, shape-retaining shrinkage of only ∼1/3 after carbonization. No structural failure was observed even when the pDCPD precursor foams were heated to 1400 °C. Instead, the high porosity, void size, and 3D interconnectivity were fully preserved, and the void diameters could be adjusted between 87 and 2.5 μm. Moreover, foams have a carbon content >97%, an electronic conductivity of up to 2800 S·m–1, a Young’s modulus of up to 2.1 GPa, and a specific surface area of up to 1200 m2·g–1. Surprisingly, the pDCPD foams were carbonized into shapes other than monoliths, such as 10’s of micron thick membranes or foamy coatings adhered to a metal foil or grid substrate. The latter coatings even adhere upon bending. Finally, as a use case, carbonized foams were applied as porous cathodes for Li–O2 batteries where the foams show a favorable combination of porosity, active surface area, and pore size for outstanding capacity.","lang":"eng"}],"day":"16","doi":"10.1021/acsaem.2c02787","external_id":{"isi":["000875635900001"]},"isi":1,"year":"2022","citation":{"mla":"Kovačič, Sebastijan, et al. “Carbon Foams via Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Emulsion Templates: A Facile Method to Make Carbon Current Collectors for Battery Applications.” <i>ACS Applied Energy Materials</i>, vol. 5, no. 11, American Chemical Society, 2022, pp. 14381–90, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c02787\">10.1021/acsaem.2c02787</a>.","short":"S. Kovačič, B. Schafzahl, N.B. Matsko, K. Gruber, M. Schmuck, S. Koller, S.A. Freunberger, C. Slugovc, ACS Applied Energy Materials 5 (2022) 14381–14390.","ista":"Kovačič S, Schafzahl B, Matsko NB, Gruber K, Schmuck M, Koller S, Freunberger SA, Slugovc C. 2022. Carbon foams via ring-opening metathesis polymerization of emulsion templates: A facile method to make carbon current collectors for battery applications. ACS Applied Energy Materials. 5(11), 14381–14390.","ama":"Kovačič S, Schafzahl B, Matsko NB, et al. Carbon foams via ring-opening metathesis polymerization of emulsion templates: A facile method to make carbon current collectors for battery applications. <i>ACS Applied Energy Materials</i>. 2022;5(11):14381-14390. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c02787\">10.1021/acsaem.2c02787</a>","apa":"Kovačič, S., Schafzahl, B., Matsko, N. B., Gruber, K., Schmuck, M., Koller, S., … Slugovc, C. (2022). Carbon foams via ring-opening metathesis polymerization of emulsion templates: A facile method to make carbon current collectors for battery applications. <i>ACS Applied Energy Materials</i>. American Chemical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c02787\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c02787</a>","ieee":"S. Kovačič <i>et al.</i>, “Carbon foams via ring-opening metathesis polymerization of emulsion templates: A facile method to make carbon current collectors for battery applications,” <i>ACS Applied Energy Materials</i>, vol. 5, no. 11. American Chemical Society, pp. 14381–14390, 2022.","chicago":"Kovačič, Sebastijan, Bettina Schafzahl, Nadejda B. Matsko, Katharina Gruber, Martin Schmuck, Stefan Koller, Stefan Alexander Freunberger, and Christian Slugovc. “Carbon Foams via Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Emulsion Templates: A Facile Method to Make Carbon Current Collectors for Battery Applications.” <i>ACS Applied Energy Materials</i>. American Chemical Society, 2022. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c02787\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.2c02787</a>."},"date_updated":"2023-08-04T09:27:32Z"},{"_id":"9447","author":[{"full_name":"Maffre, Marion","first_name":"Marion","last_name":"Maffre"},{"last_name":"Bouchal","first_name":"Roza","full_name":"Bouchal, Roza"},{"last_name":"Freunberger","first_name":"Stefan Alexander","full_name":"Freunberger, Stefan Alexander","orcid":"0000-0003-2902-5319","id":"A8CA28E6-CE23-11E9-AD2D-EC27E6697425"},{"last_name":"Lindahl","first_name":"Niklas","full_name":"Lindahl, Niklas"},{"last_name":"Johansson","first_name":"Patrik","full_name":"Johansson, Patrik"},{"full_name":"Favier, Frédéric","last_name":"Favier","first_name":"Frédéric"},{"full_name":"Fontaine, Olivier","first_name":"Olivier","last_name":"Fontaine"},{"full_name":"Bélanger, Daniel","last_name":"Bélanger","first_name":"Daniel"}],"issue":"5","publication_status":"published","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2021-06-03T09:58:38Z","department":[{"_id":"StFr"}],"title":"Investigation of electrochemical and chemical processes occurring at positive potentials in “Water-in-Salt” electrolytes","intvolume":"       168","quality_controlled":"1","publisher":"IOP Publishing","date_updated":"2023-09-05T13:25:30Z","year":"2021","citation":{"ama":"Maffre M, Bouchal R, Freunberger SA, et al. Investigation of electrochemical and chemical processes occurring at positive potentials in “Water-in-Salt” electrolytes. <i>Journal of The Electrochemical Society</i>. 2021;168(5). doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac0300\">10.1149/1945-7111/ac0300</a>","apa":"Maffre, M., Bouchal, R., Freunberger, S. A., Lindahl, N., Johansson, P., Favier, F., … Bélanger, D. (2021). Investigation of electrochemical and chemical processes occurring at positive potentials in “Water-in-Salt” electrolytes. <i>Journal of The Electrochemical Society</i>. IOP Publishing. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac0300\">https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac0300</a>","ieee":"M. Maffre <i>et al.</i>, “Investigation of electrochemical and chemical processes occurring at positive potentials in ‘Water-in-Salt’ electrolytes,” <i>Journal of The Electrochemical Society</i>, vol. 168, no. 5. IOP Publishing, 2021.","chicago":"Maffre, Marion, Roza Bouchal, Stefan Alexander Freunberger, Niklas Lindahl, Patrik Johansson, Frédéric Favier, Olivier Fontaine, and Daniel Bélanger. “Investigation of Electrochemical and Chemical Processes Occurring at Positive Potentials in ‘Water-in-Salt’ Electrolytes.” <i>Journal of The Electrochemical Society</i>. IOP Publishing, 2021. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac0300\">https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac0300</a>.","mla":"Maffre, Marion, et al. “Investigation of Electrochemical and Chemical Processes Occurring at Positive Potentials in ‘Water-in-Salt’ Electrolytes.” <i>Journal of The Electrochemical Society</i>, vol. 168, no. 5, 050550, IOP Publishing, 2021, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac0300\">10.1149/1945-7111/ac0300</a>.","short":"M. Maffre, R. Bouchal, S.A. Freunberger, N. Lindahl, P. Johansson, F. Favier, O. Fontaine, D. Bélanger, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 168 (2021).","ista":"Maffre M, Bouchal R, Freunberger SA, Lindahl N, Johansson P, Favier F, Fontaine O, Bélanger D. 2021. Investigation of electrochemical and chemical processes occurring at positive potentials in “Water-in-Salt” electrolytes. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 168(5), 050550."},"isi":1,"external_id":{"isi":["000657724200001"]},"doi":"10.1149/1945-7111/ac0300","day":"01","abstract":[{"text":"Lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) based water-in-salt electrolytes (WiSEs) has recently emerged as a new promising class of electrolytes, primarily owing to their wide electrochemical stability windows (~3–4 V), that by far exceed the thermodynamic stability window of water (1.23 V). Upon increasing the salt concentration towards superconcentration the onset of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) shifts more significantly than the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) does. The OER shift has been explained by the accumulation of hydrophobic anions blocking water access to the electrode surface, hence by double layer theory. Here we demonstrate that the processes during oxidation are much more complex, involving OER, carbon and salt decomposition by OER intermediates, and salt precipitation upon local oversaturation. The positive shift in the onset potential of oxidation currents was elucidated by combining several advanced analysis techniques: rotating ring-disk electrode voltammetry, online electrochemical mass spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, using both dilute and superconcentrated electrolytes. The results demonstrate the importance of reactive OER intermediates and surface films for electrolyte and electrode stability and motivate further studies of the nature of the electrode.","lang":"eng"}],"volume":168,"publication":"Journal of The Electrochemical Society","oa_version":"None","month":"05","article_number":"050550","language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Renewable Energy","Sustainability and the Environment","Electrochemistry","Materials Chemistry","Electronic","Optical and Magnetic Materials","Surfaces","Coatings and Films","Condensed Matter Physics"],"date_published":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1945-7111"],"issn":["0013-4651"]},"user_id":"c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1","status":"public"},{"extern":"1","volume":32,"external_id":{"pmid":["27681851"]},"date_updated":"2023-08-07T12:27:06Z","citation":{"chicago":"Moldt, Thomas, Daniel Przyrembel, Michael Schulze, Wibke Bronsch, Larissa Boie, Daniel Brete, Cornelius Gahl, Rafal Klajn, Petra Tegeder, and Martin Weinelt. “Differing Isomerization Kinetics of Azobenzene-Functionalized Self-Assembled Monolayers in Ambient Air and in Vacuum.” <i>Langmuir</i>. American Chemical Society, 2016. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01690\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01690</a>.","ieee":"T. Moldt <i>et al.</i>, “Differing isomerization kinetics of azobenzene-functionalized self-assembled monolayers in ambient air and in vacuum,” <i>Langmuir</i>, vol. 32, no. 42. American Chemical Society, pp. 10795–10801, 2016.","apa":"Moldt, T., Przyrembel, D., Schulze, M., Bronsch, W., Boie, L., Brete, D., … Weinelt, M. (2016). Differing isomerization kinetics of azobenzene-functionalized self-assembled monolayers in ambient air and in vacuum. <i>Langmuir</i>. American Chemical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01690\">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01690</a>","ama":"Moldt T, Przyrembel D, Schulze M, et al. Differing isomerization kinetics of azobenzene-functionalized self-assembled monolayers in ambient air and in vacuum. <i>Langmuir</i>. 2016;32(42):10795-10801. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01690\">10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01690</a>","ista":"Moldt T, Przyrembel D, Schulze M, Bronsch W, Boie L, Brete D, Gahl C, Klajn R, Tegeder P, Weinelt M. 2016. Differing isomerization kinetics of azobenzene-functionalized self-assembled monolayers in ambient air and in vacuum. Langmuir. 32(42), 10795–10801.","mla":"Moldt, Thomas, et al. “Differing Isomerization Kinetics of Azobenzene-Functionalized Self-Assembled Monolayers in Ambient Air and in Vacuum.” <i>Langmuir</i>, vol. 32, no. 42, American Chemical Society, 2016, pp. 10795–801, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01690\">10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01690</a>.","short":"T. Moldt, D. Przyrembel, M. Schulze, W. Bronsch, L. Boie, D. Brete, C. Gahl, R. Klajn, P. Tegeder, M. Weinelt, Langmuir 32 (2016) 10795–10801."},"year":"2016","abstract":[{"text":"Azobenzenealkanethiols in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au(111) exhibit reversible trans–cis photoisomerization when diluted with alkanethiol spacers. Using these mixed SAMs, we show switching of the linear optical and second-harmonic response. The effective switching of these surface optical properties relies on a reasonably large cross section and a high photoisomerization yield as well as a long lifetime of the metastable cis isomer. We quantified the switching process by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The cross sections for the trans–cis and cis–trans photoisomerization with 365 and 455 nm light, respectively, are 1 order of magnitude smaller than in solution. In vacuum, the 365 nm photostationary state comprises 50–74% of the molecules in the cis form, limited by their rapid thermal isomerization back to the trans state. In contrast, the 455 nm photostationary state contains nearly 100% trans-azobenzene. We determined time constants for the thermal cis–trans isomerization of only a few minutes in vacuum and in a dry nitrogen atmosphere but of more than 1 day in ambient air. Our results suggest that adventitious water adsorbed on the surface of the SAM stabilizes the polar cis configuration of azobenzene under ambient conditions. The back reaction rate constants differing by 2 orders of magnitude underline the huge influence of the environment and, accordingly, its importance when comparing various experiments.","lang":"eng"}],"doi":"10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01690","day":"25","page":"10795-10801","quality_controlled":"1","article_type":"original","publisher":"American Chemical Society","author":[{"last_name":"Moldt","first_name":"Thomas","full_name":"Moldt, Thomas"},{"full_name":"Przyrembel, Daniel","first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Przyrembel"},{"full_name":"Schulze, Michael","last_name":"Schulze","first_name":"Michael"},{"full_name":"Bronsch, Wibke","last_name":"Bronsch","first_name":"Wibke"},{"full_name":"Boie, Larissa","first_name":"Larissa","last_name":"Boie"},{"last_name":"Brete","first_name":"Daniel","full_name":"Brete, Daniel"},{"first_name":"Cornelius","last_name":"Gahl","full_name":"Gahl, Cornelius"},{"id":"8e84690e-1e48-11ed-a02b-a1e6fb8bb53b","full_name":"Klajn, Rafal","last_name":"Klajn","first_name":"Rafal"},{"first_name":"Petra","last_name":"Tegeder","full_name":"Tegeder, Petra"},{"first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Weinelt","full_name":"Weinelt, Martin"}],"issue":"42","_id":"13386","pmid":1,"scopus_import":"1","title":"Differing isomerization kinetics of azobenzene-functionalized self-assembled monolayers in ambient air and in vacuum","intvolume":"        32","publication_status":"published","date_created":"2023-08-01T09:42:37Z","article_processing_charge":"No","status":"public","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","date_published":"2016-10-25T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0743-7463"],"eissn":["1520-5827"]},"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Electrochemistry","Spectroscopy","Surfaces and Interfaces","Condensed Matter Physics","General Materials Science"],"publication":"Langmuir","month":"10","oa_version":"None"},{"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"keyword":["Electrochemistry","Spectroscopy","Surfaces and Interfaces","Condensed Matter Physics","General Materials Science"],"publication":"Langmuir","month":"01","oa_version":"None","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","date_published":"2015-01-27T00:00:00Z","type":"journal_article","publication_identifier":{"eissn":["1520-5827"],"issn":["0743-7463"]},"page":"1048-1057","quality_controlled":"1","article_type":"original","publisher":"American Chemical Society","author":[{"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Moldt","full_name":"Moldt, Thomas"},{"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Brete","full_name":"Brete, Daniel"},{"full_name":"Przyrembel, Daniel","last_name":"Przyrembel","first_name":"Daniel"},{"last_name":"Das","first_name":"Sanjib","full_name":"Das, Sanjib"},{"first_name":"Joel R.","last_name":"Goldman","full_name":"Goldman, Joel R."},{"full_name":"Kundu, Pintu K.","first_name":"Pintu K.","last_name":"Kundu"},{"last_name":"Gahl","first_name":"Cornelius","full_name":"Gahl, Cornelius"},{"first_name":"Rafal","last_name":"Klajn","full_name":"Klajn, Rafal","id":"8e84690e-1e48-11ed-a02b-a1e6fb8bb53b"},{"last_name":"Weinelt","first_name":"Martin","full_name":"Weinelt, Martin"}],"issue":"3","_id":"13396","pmid":1,"scopus_import":"1","title":"Tailoring the properties of surface-immobilized azobenzenes by monolayer dilution and surface curvature","intvolume":"        31","publication_status":"published","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2023-08-01T09:45:02Z","extern":"1","volume":31,"external_id":{"pmid":["25544061"]},"date_updated":"2023-08-07T13:05:04Z","citation":{"ista":"Moldt T, Brete D, Przyrembel D, Das S, Goldman JR, Kundu PK, Gahl C, Klajn R, Weinelt M. 2015. Tailoring the properties of surface-immobilized azobenzenes by monolayer dilution and surface curvature. Langmuir. 31(3), 1048–1057.","short":"T. Moldt, D. Brete, D. Przyrembel, S. Das, J.R. Goldman, P.K. Kundu, C. Gahl, R. Klajn, M. Weinelt, Langmuir 31 (2015) 1048–1057.","mla":"Moldt, Thomas, et al. “Tailoring the Properties of Surface-Immobilized Azobenzenes by Monolayer Dilution and Surface Curvature.” <i>Langmuir</i>, vol. 31, no. 3, American Chemical Society, 2015, pp. 1048–57, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la504291n\">10.1021/la504291n</a>.","chicago":"Moldt, Thomas, Daniel Brete, Daniel Przyrembel, Sanjib Das, Joel R. Goldman, Pintu K. Kundu, Cornelius Gahl, Rafal Klajn, and Martin Weinelt. “Tailoring the Properties of Surface-Immobilized Azobenzenes by Monolayer Dilution and Surface Curvature.” <i>Langmuir</i>. American Chemical Society, 2015. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la504291n\">https://doi.org/10.1021/la504291n</a>.","ieee":"T. Moldt <i>et al.</i>, “Tailoring the properties of surface-immobilized azobenzenes by monolayer dilution and surface curvature,” <i>Langmuir</i>, vol. 31, no. 3. American Chemical Society, pp. 1048–1057, 2015.","ama":"Moldt T, Brete D, Przyrembel D, et al. Tailoring the properties of surface-immobilized azobenzenes by monolayer dilution and surface curvature. <i>Langmuir</i>. 2015;31(3):1048-1057. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la504291n\">10.1021/la504291n</a>","apa":"Moldt, T., Brete, D., Przyrembel, D., Das, S., Goldman, J. R., Kundu, P. K., … Weinelt, M. (2015). Tailoring the properties of surface-immobilized azobenzenes by monolayer dilution and surface curvature. <i>Langmuir</i>. American Chemical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la504291n\">https://doi.org/10.1021/la504291n</a>"},"year":"2015","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Photoswitching in densely packed azobenzene self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) is strongly affected by steric constraints and excitonic coupling between neighboring chromophores. Therefore, control of the chromophore density is essential for enhancing and manipulating the photoisomerization yield. We systematically compare two methods to achieve this goal: First, we assemble monocomponent azobenzene–alkanethiolate SAMs on gold nanoparticles of varying size. Second, we form mixed SAMs of azobenzene–alkanethiolates and “dummy” alkanethiolates on planar substrates. Both methods lead to a gradual decrease of the chromophore density and enable efficient photoswitching with low-power light sources. X-ray spectroscopy reveals that coadsorption from solution yields mixtures with tunable composition. The orientation of the chromophores with respect to the surface normal changes from a tilted to an upright position with increasing azobenzene density. For both systems, optical spectroscopy reveals a pronounced excitonic shift that increases with the chromophore density. In spite of exciting the optical transition of the monomer, the main spectral change in mixed SAMs occurs in the excitonic band. In addition, the photoisomerization yield decreases only slightly by increasing the azobenzene–alkanethiolate density, and we observed photoswitching even with minor dilutions. Unlike in solution, azobenzene in the planar SAM can be switched back almost completely by optical excitation from the cis to the original trans state within a short time scale. These observations indicate cooperativity in the photoswitching process of mixed SAMs."}],"doi":"10.1021/la504291n","day":"27"},{"publisher":"Wiley","article_type":"original","quality_controlled":"1","page":"2763-2769","date_created":"2023-08-01T10:30:57Z","article_processing_charge":"No","publication_status":"published","intvolume":"        18","title":"Bulk synthesis and surface patterning of nanoporous metals and alloys from supraspherical nanoparticle aggregates","scopus_import":"1","_id":"13423","issue":"18","author":[{"full_name":"Klajn, Rafal","first_name":"Rafal","last_name":"Klajn","id":"8e84690e-1e48-11ed-a02b-a1e6fb8bb53b"},{"last_name":"Gray","first_name":"Timothy P.","full_name":"Gray, Timothy P."},{"full_name":"Wesson, Paul J.","first_name":"Paul J.","last_name":"Wesson"},{"full_name":"Myers, Benjamin D.","first_name":"Benjamin D.","last_name":"Myers"},{"full_name":"Dravid, Vinayak P.","first_name":"Vinayak P.","last_name":"Dravid"},{"first_name":"Stoyan K.","last_name":"Smoukov","full_name":"Smoukov, Stoyan K."},{"full_name":"Grzybowski, Bartosz A.","first_name":"Bartosz A.","last_name":"Grzybowski"}],"volume":18,"extern":"1","day":"23","doi":"10.1002/adfm.200800293","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"Supraspheres (SS) composed of hundreds to thousands of metal nanoparticles (NPs) and crosslinked by dithiol linkers are assembled into larger structures, which are subsequently converted into nanoporous metals (NMs). Conversion is achieved by heating which removes organic molecules stabilizing the NPs and allows for NP fusion. Heating of SS solutions leads to NMs of overall macroscopic dimensions; localized radiation using collimated electron beam is used to prepare metallized surface micropatterns. Depending on the composition of supraspherical precursors, nanoporous materials composed of up to three metals can be obtained. Strategies for controlling pore size and nanoscale surface roughness of these materials are discussed."}],"citation":{"ista":"Klajn R, Gray TP, Wesson PJ, Myers BD, Dravid VP, Smoukov SK, Grzybowski BA. 2008. Bulk synthesis and surface patterning of nanoporous metals and alloys from supraspherical nanoparticle aggregates. Advanced Functional Materials. 18(18), 2763–2769.","mla":"Klajn, Rafal, et al. “Bulk Synthesis and Surface Patterning of Nanoporous Metals and Alloys from Supraspherical Nanoparticle Aggregates.” <i>Advanced Functional Materials</i>, vol. 18, no. 18, Wiley, 2008, pp. 2763–69, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200800293\">10.1002/adfm.200800293</a>.","short":"R. Klajn, T.P. Gray, P.J. Wesson, B.D. Myers, V.P. Dravid, S.K. Smoukov, B.A. Grzybowski, Advanced Functional Materials 18 (2008) 2763–2769.","chicago":"Klajn, Rafal, Timothy P. Gray, Paul J. Wesson, Benjamin D. Myers, Vinayak P. Dravid, Stoyan K. Smoukov, and Bartosz A. Grzybowski. “Bulk Synthesis and Surface Patterning of Nanoporous Metals and Alloys from Supraspherical Nanoparticle Aggregates.” <i>Advanced Functional Materials</i>. Wiley, 2008. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200800293\">https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200800293</a>.","ieee":"R. Klajn <i>et al.</i>, “Bulk synthesis and surface patterning of nanoporous metals and alloys from supraspherical nanoparticle aggregates,” <i>Advanced Functional Materials</i>, vol. 18, no. 18. Wiley, pp. 2763–2769, 2008.","ama":"Klajn R, Gray TP, Wesson PJ, et al. Bulk synthesis and surface patterning of nanoporous metals and alloys from supraspherical nanoparticle aggregates. <i>Advanced Functional Materials</i>. 2008;18(18):2763-2769. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200800293\">10.1002/adfm.200800293</a>","apa":"Klajn, R., Gray, T. P., Wesson, P. J., Myers, B. D., Dravid, V. P., Smoukov, S. K., &#38; Grzybowski, B. A. (2008). Bulk synthesis and surface patterning of nanoporous metals and alloys from supraspherical nanoparticle aggregates. <i>Advanced Functional Materials</i>. Wiley. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200800293\">https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200800293</a>"},"year":"2008","date_updated":"2023-08-08T11:16:28Z","keyword":["Electrochemistry","Condensed Matter Physics","Biomaterials","Electronic","Optical and Magnetic Materials"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"oa_version":"None","month":"09","publication":"Advanced Functional Materials","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","publication_identifier":{"issn":["1616-301X"],"eissn":["1616-3028"]},"type":"journal_article","date_published":"2008-09-23T00:00:00Z"},{"extern":"1","volume":23,"external_id":{"pmid":["17425340"]},"year":"2007","citation":{"mla":"Paszewski, Maciej, et al. “Multilevel Surface Nano- and Microstructuring via Sequential Photoswelling of Dichromated Gelatin.” <i>Langmuir</i>, vol. 23, no. 10, American Chemical Society, 2007, pp. 5419–22, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c\">10.1021/la062982c</a>.","short":"M. Paszewski, S.K. Smoukov, R. Klajn, B.A. Grzybowski, Langmuir 23 (2007) 5419–5422.","ista":"Paszewski M, Smoukov SK, Klajn R, Grzybowski BA. 2007. Multilevel surface nano- and microstructuring via sequential photoswelling of dichromated gelatin. Langmuir. 23(10), 5419–5422.","ama":"Paszewski M, Smoukov SK, Klajn R, Grzybowski BA. Multilevel surface nano- and microstructuring via sequential photoswelling of dichromated gelatin. <i>Langmuir</i>. 2007;23(10):5419-5422. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c\">10.1021/la062982c</a>","apa":"Paszewski, M., Smoukov, S. K., Klajn, R., &#38; Grzybowski, B. A. (2007). Multilevel surface nano- and microstructuring via sequential photoswelling of dichromated gelatin. <i>Langmuir</i>. American Chemical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c\">https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c</a>","chicago":"Paszewski, Maciej, Stoyan K. Smoukov, Rafal Klajn, and Bartosz A. Grzybowski. “Multilevel Surface Nano- and Microstructuring via Sequential Photoswelling of Dichromated Gelatin.” <i>Langmuir</i>. American Chemical Society, 2007. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c\">https://doi.org/10.1021/la062982c</a>.","ieee":"M. Paszewski, S. K. Smoukov, R. Klajn, and B. A. Grzybowski, “Multilevel surface nano- and microstructuring via sequential photoswelling of dichromated gelatin,” <i>Langmuir</i>, vol. 23, no. 10. American Chemical Society, pp. 5419–5422, 2007."},"date_updated":"2023-08-08T11:26:24Z","abstract":[{"text":"Photoswelling of thin films of dichromated gelatin provides a basis for fabrication of multilevel surface reliefs via sequential UV illumination through different photomasks. The remarkable feature of this simple, benchtop technique is that by adjusting irradiation times, film thickness, or its hydration state the heights of the developed features can be varied from few nanometers to tens of microns. After UV exposure, the surface structures can be replicated faithfully into either soft or hard PDMS stamps.","lang":"eng"}],"day":"11","doi":"10.1021/la062982c","quality_controlled":"1","page":"5419-5422","article_type":"original","publisher":"American Chemical Society","issue":"10","author":[{"last_name":"Paszewski","first_name":"Maciej","full_name":"Paszewski, Maciej"},{"full_name":"Smoukov, Stoyan K.","first_name":"Stoyan K.","last_name":"Smoukov"},{"id":"8e84690e-1e48-11ed-a02b-a1e6fb8bb53b","last_name":"Klajn","first_name":"Rafal","full_name":"Klajn, Rafal"},{"full_name":"Grzybowski, Bartosz A.","first_name":"Bartosz A.","last_name":"Grzybowski"}],"scopus_import":"1","_id":"13426","pmid":1,"intvolume":"        23","title":"Multilevel surface nano- and microstructuring via sequential photoswelling of dichromated gelatin","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2023-08-01T10:31:33Z","publication_status":"published","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","status":"public","type":"journal_article","date_published":"2007-04-11T00:00:00Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0743-7463"],"eissn":["1520-5827"]},"keyword":["Electrochemistry","Spectroscopy","Surfaces and Interfaces","Condensed Matter Physics","General Materials Science"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"publication":"Langmuir","month":"04","oa_version":"None"},{"publication":"Langmuir","month":"01","oa_version":"None","keyword":["Electrochemistry","Spectroscopy","Surfaces and Interfaces","Condensed Matter Physics","General Materials Science"],"language":[{"iso":"eng"}],"type":"journal_article","date_published":"2005-01-21T00:00:00Z","publication_identifier":{"issn":["0743-7463"],"eissn":["1520-5827"]},"status":"public","user_id":"2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87","issue":"1","author":[{"last_name":"Campbell","first_name":"Christopher J.","full_name":"Campbell, Christopher J."},{"full_name":"Klajn, Rafal","first_name":"Rafal","last_name":"Klajn","id":"8e84690e-1e48-11ed-a02b-a1e6fb8bb53b"},{"last_name":"Fialkowski","first_name":"Marcin","full_name":"Fialkowski, Marcin"},{"last_name":"Grzybowski","first_name":"Bartosz A.","full_name":"Grzybowski, Bartosz A."}],"scopus_import":"1","pmid":1,"_id":"13432","intvolume":"        21","title":"One-step multilevel microfabrication by reaction−diffusion","article_processing_charge":"No","date_created":"2023-08-01T10:38:29Z","publication_status":"published","quality_controlled":"1","page":"418-423","article_type":"original","publisher":"American Chemical Society","external_id":{"pmid":["15620333"]},"year":"2005","citation":{"apa":"Campbell, C. J., Klajn, R., Fialkowski, M., &#38; Grzybowski, B. A. (2005). One-step multilevel microfabrication by reaction−diffusion. <i>Langmuir</i>. American Chemical Society. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747\">https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747</a>","ama":"Campbell CJ, Klajn R, Fialkowski M, Grzybowski BA. One-step multilevel microfabrication by reaction−diffusion. <i>Langmuir</i>. 2005;21(1):418-423. doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747\">10.1021/la0487747</a>","chicago":"Campbell, Christopher J., Rafal Klajn, Marcin Fialkowski, and Bartosz A. Grzybowski. “One-Step Multilevel Microfabrication by Reaction−diffusion.” <i>Langmuir</i>. American Chemical Society, 2005. <a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747\">https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747</a>.","ieee":"C. J. Campbell, R. Klajn, M. Fialkowski, and B. A. Grzybowski, “One-step multilevel microfabrication by reaction−diffusion,” <i>Langmuir</i>, vol. 21, no. 1. American Chemical Society, pp. 418–423, 2005.","short":"C.J. Campbell, R. Klajn, M. Fialkowski, B.A. Grzybowski, Langmuir 21 (2005) 418–423.","mla":"Campbell, Christopher J., et al. “One-Step Multilevel Microfabrication by Reaction−diffusion.” <i>Langmuir</i>, vol. 21, no. 1, American Chemical Society, 2005, pp. 418–23, doi:<a href=\"https://doi.org/10.1021/la0487747\">10.1021/la0487747</a>.","ista":"Campbell CJ, Klajn R, Fialkowski M, Grzybowski BA. 2005. One-step multilevel microfabrication by reaction−diffusion. Langmuir. 21(1), 418–423."},"date_updated":"2023-08-08T12:15:48Z","abstract":[{"lang":"eng","text":"A new experimental technique is described that uses reaction−diffusion phenomena as a means of one-step microfabrication of complex, multilevel surface reliefs. Thin films of dry gelatin doped with potassium hexacyanoferrate are chemically micropatterned with a solution of silver nitrate delivered from an agarose stamp. Precipitation reaction between the two salts causes the surface to deform. The mechanism of surface deformation is shown to involve a sequence of reactions, diffusion, and gel swelling/contraction. This mechanism is established experimentally and provides a basis of a theoretical lattice-gas model that allows prediction surface topographies emerging from arbitrary geometries of the stamped features. The usefulness of the technique is demonstrated by using it to rapidly prepare two types of mold for passive microfluidic mixers."}],"day":"21","doi":"10.1021/la0487747","extern":"1","volume":21}]