---
_id: '9195'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Quantum information technology based on solid state qubits has created much
    interest in converting quantum states from the microwave to the optical domain.
    Optical photons, unlike microwave photons, can be transmitted by fiber, making
    them suitable for long distance quantum communication. Moreover, the optical domain
    offers access to a large set of very well‐developed quantum optical tools, such
    as highly efficient single‐photon detectors and long‐lived quantum memories. For
    a high fidelity microwave to optical transducer, efficient conversion at single
    photon level and low added noise is needed. Currently, the most promising approaches
    to build such systems are based on second‐order nonlinear phenomena such as optomechanical
    and electro‐optic interactions. Alternative approaches, although not yet as efficient,
    include magneto‐optical coupling and schemes based on isolated quantum systems
    like atoms, ions, or quantum dots. Herein, the necessary theoretical foundations
    for the most important microwave‐to‐optical conversion experiments are provided,
    their implementations are described, and the current limitations and future prospects
    are discussed.
acknowledgement: The authors thank Amita Deb for useful comments on this manuscript.
  The authors acknowledge support from the MBIE of New Zealand Endeavour Smart Ideas
  fund. The reference numbers in Figure 8 were corrected in April 2020, after online
  publication.
article_number: '1900077'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Nicholas J.
  full_name: Lambert, Nicholas J.
  last_name: Lambert
- first_name: Alfredo R
  full_name: Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R
  id: 3B82B0F8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Rueda Sanchez
  orcid: 0000-0001-6249-5860
- first_name: Florian
  full_name: Sedlmeir, Florian
  last_name: Sedlmeir
- first_name: Harald G. L.
  full_name: Schwefel, Harald G. L.
  last_name: Schwefel
citation:
  ama: Lambert NJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Sedlmeir F, Schwefel HGL. Coherent conversion
    between microwave and optical photons - An overview of physical implementations.
    <i>Advanced Quantum Technologies</i>. 2020;3(1). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qute.201900077">10.1002/qute.201900077</a>
  apa: Lambert, N. J., Rueda Sanchez, A. R., Sedlmeir, F., &#38; Schwefel, H. G. L.
    (2020). Coherent conversion between microwave and optical photons - An overview
    of physical implementations. <i>Advanced Quantum Technologies</i>. Wiley. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qute.201900077">https://doi.org/10.1002/qute.201900077</a>
  chicago: Lambert, Nicholas J., Alfredo R Rueda Sanchez, Florian Sedlmeir, and Harald
    G. L. Schwefel. “Coherent Conversion between Microwave and Optical Photons - An
    Overview of Physical Implementations.” <i>Advanced Quantum Technologies</i>. Wiley,
    2020. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qute.201900077">https://doi.org/10.1002/qute.201900077</a>.
  ieee: N. J. Lambert, A. R. Rueda Sanchez, F. Sedlmeir, and H. G. L. Schwefel, “Coherent
    conversion between microwave and optical photons - An overview of physical implementations,”
    <i>Advanced Quantum Technologies</i>, vol. 3, no. 1. Wiley, 2020.
  ista: Lambert NJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Sedlmeir F, Schwefel HGL. 2020. Coherent conversion
    between microwave and optical photons - An overview of physical implementations.
    Advanced Quantum Technologies. 3(1), 1900077.
  mla: Lambert, Nicholas J., et al. “Coherent Conversion between Microwave and Optical
    Photons - An Overview of Physical Implementations.” <i>Advanced Quantum Technologies</i>,
    vol. 3, no. 1, 1900077, Wiley, 2020, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qute.201900077">10.1002/qute.201900077</a>.
  short: N.J. Lambert, A.R. Rueda Sanchez, F. Sedlmeir, H.G.L. Schwefel, Advanced
    Quantum Technologies 3 (2020).
date_created: 2021-02-25T08:52:36Z
date_published: 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-24T13:53:02Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '530'
department:
- _id: JoFi
doi: 10.1002/qute.201900077
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000548088300001'
file:
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  date_created: 2021-03-02T12:30:03Z
  date_updated: 2021-03-02T12:30:03Z
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file_date_updated: 2021-03-02T12:30:03Z
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language:
- iso: eng
month: '01'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: Advanced Quantum Technologies
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 2511-9044
publication_status: published
publisher: Wiley
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - description: Cover Page
    relation: poster
    url: https://doi.org/10.1002/qute.202070011
status: public
title: Coherent conversion between microwave and optical photons - An overview of
  physical implementations
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...