---
_id: '22'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Conventional ultra-high sensitivity detectors in the millimeter-wave range
    are usually cooled as their own thermal noise at room temperature would mask the
    weak received radiation. The need for cryogenic systems increases the cost and
    complexity of the instruments, hindering the development of, among others, airborne
    and space applications. In this work, the nonlinear parametric upconversion of
    millimeter-wave radiation to the optical domain inside high-quality (Q) lithium
    niobate whispering-gallery mode (WGM) resonators is proposed for ultra-low noise
    detection. We experimentally demonstrate coherent upconversion of millimeter-wave
    signals to a 1550 nm telecom carrier, with a photon conversion efficiency surpassing
    the state-of-the-art by 2 orders of magnitude. Moreover, a theoretical model shows
    that the thermal equilibrium of counterpropagating WGMs is broken by overcoupling
    the millimeter-wave WGM, effectively cooling the upconverted mode and allowing
    ultra-low noise detection. By theoretically estimating the sensitivity of a correlation
    radiometer based on the presented scheme, it is found that room-temperature radiometers
    with better sensitivity than state-of-the-art high-electron-mobility transistor
    (HEMT)-based radiometers can be designed. This detection paradigm can be used
    to develop room-temperature instrumentation for radio astronomy, earth observation,
    planetary missions, and imaging systems.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Gabriel
  full_name: Botello, Gabriel
  last_name: Botello
- first_name: Florian
  full_name: Sedlmeir, Florian
  last_name: Sedlmeir
- first_name: Alfredo R
  full_name: Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R
  id: 3B82B0F8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Rueda Sanchez
  orcid: 0000-0001-6249-5860
- first_name: Kerlos
  full_name: Abdalmalak, Kerlos
  last_name: Abdalmalak
- first_name: Elliott
  full_name: Brown, Elliott
  last_name: Brown
- first_name: Gerd
  full_name: Leuchs, Gerd
  last_name: Leuchs
- first_name: Sascha
  full_name: Preu, Sascha
  last_name: Preu
- first_name: Daniel
  full_name: Segovia Vargas, Daniel
  last_name: Segovia Vargas
- first_name: Dmitry
  full_name: Strekalov, Dmitry
  last_name: Strekalov
- first_name: Luis
  full_name: Munoz, Luis
  last_name: Munoz
- first_name: Harald
  full_name: Schwefel, Harald
  last_name: Schwefel
citation:
  ama: Botello G, Sedlmeir F, Rueda Sanchez AR, et al. Sensitivity limits of millimeter-wave
    photonic radiometers based on efficient electro-optic upconverters. <i>Optica</i>.
    2018;5(10):1210-1219. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.5.001210">10.1364/OPTICA.5.001210</a>
  apa: Botello, G., Sedlmeir, F., Rueda Sanchez, A. R., Abdalmalak, K., Brown, E.,
    Leuchs, G., … Schwefel, H. (2018). Sensitivity limits of millimeter-wave photonic
    radiometers based on efficient electro-optic upconverters. <i>Optica</i>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.5.001210">https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.5.001210</a>
  chicago: Botello, Gabriel, Florian Sedlmeir, Alfredo R Rueda Sanchez, Kerlos Abdalmalak,
    Elliott Brown, Gerd Leuchs, Sascha Preu, et al. “Sensitivity Limits of Millimeter-Wave
    Photonic Radiometers Based on Efficient Electro-Optic Upconverters.” <i>Optica</i>,
    2018. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.5.001210">https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.5.001210</a>.
  ieee: G. Botello <i>et al.</i>, “Sensitivity limits of millimeter-wave photonic
    radiometers based on efficient electro-optic upconverters,” <i>Optica</i>, vol.
    5, no. 10. pp. 1210–1219, 2018.
  ista: Botello G, Sedlmeir F, Rueda Sanchez AR, Abdalmalak K, Brown E, Leuchs G,
    Preu S, Segovia Vargas D, Strekalov D, Munoz L, Schwefel H. 2018. Sensitivity
    limits of millimeter-wave photonic radiometers based on efficient electro-optic
    upconverters. Optica. 5(10), 1210–1219.
  mla: Botello, Gabriel, et al. “Sensitivity Limits of Millimeter-Wave Photonic Radiometers
    Based on Efficient Electro-Optic Upconverters.” <i>Optica</i>, vol. 5, no. 10,
    2018, pp. 1210–19, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.5.001210">10.1364/OPTICA.5.001210</a>.
  short: G. Botello, F. Sedlmeir, A.R. Rueda Sanchez, K. Abdalmalak, E. Brown, G.
    Leuchs, S. Preu, D. Segovia Vargas, D. Strekalov, L. Munoz, H. Schwefel, Optica
    5 (2018) 1210–1219.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:44:12Z
date_published: 2018-10-20T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-10-17T12:12:40Z
day: '20'
department:
- _id: JoFi
doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.5.001210
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000447853100007'
intvolume: '         5'
isi: 1
issue: '10'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: 'www.doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.5.001210 '
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 1210 - 1219
publication: Optica
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - '23342536'
publication_status: published
publist_id: '8033'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Sensitivity limits of millimeter-wave photonic radiometers based on efficient
  electro-optic upconverters
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 5
year: '2018'
...