---
_id: '12602'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: 'This study aims at developing and applying a spatially-distributed coupled
glacier mass balance and ice-flow model to attribute the response of glaciers
to natural and anthropogenic climate change. We focus on two glaciers with contrasting
surface characteristics: a debris-covered glacier (Langtang Glacier in Nepal)
and a clean-ice glacier (Hintereisferner in Austria). The model is applied from
the end of the Little Ice Age (1850) to the present-day (2016) and is forced with
four bias-corrected General Circulation Models (GCMs) from the historical experiment
of the CMIP5 archive. The selected GCMs represent region-specific warm-dry, warm-wet,
cold-dry, and cold-wet climate conditions. To isolate the effects of anthropogenic
climate change on glacier mass balance and flow runs from these GCMs with and
without further anthropogenic forcing after 1970 until 2016 are selected. The
outcomes indicate that both glaciers experience the largest reduction in area
and volume under warm climate conditions, whereas area and volume reductions are
smaller under cold climate conditions. Simultaneously with changes in glacier
area and volume, surface velocities generally decrease over time. Without further
anthropogenic forcing the results reveal a 3% (9%) smaller decline in glacier
area (volume) for the debris-covered glacier and a 18% (39%) smaller decline in
glacier area (volume) for the clean-ice glacier. The difference in the magnitude
between the two glaciers can mainly be attributed to differences in the response
time of the glaciers, where the clean-ice glacier shows a much faster response
to climate change. We conclude that the response of the two glaciers can mainly
be attributed to anthropogenic climate change and that the impact is larger on
the clean-ice glacier. The outcomes show that the model performs well under different
climate conditions and that the developed approach can be used for regional-scale
glacio-hydrological modeling.'
article_number: '143'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: René R.
full_name: Wijngaard, René R.
last_name: Wijngaard
- first_name: Jakob F.
full_name: Steiner, Jakob F.
last_name: Steiner
- first_name: Philip D. A.
full_name: Kraaijenbrink, Philip D. A.
last_name: Kraaijenbrink
- first_name: Christoph
full_name: Klug, Christoph
last_name: Klug
- first_name: Surendra
full_name: Adhikari, Surendra
last_name: Adhikari
- first_name: Argha
full_name: Banerjee, Argha
last_name: Banerjee
- first_name: Francesca
full_name: Pellicciotti, Francesca
id: b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70
last_name: Pellicciotti
- first_name: Ludovicus P. H.
full_name: van Beek, Ludovicus P. H.
last_name: van Beek
- first_name: Marc F. P.
full_name: Bierkens, Marc F. P.
last_name: Bierkens
- first_name: Arthur F.
full_name: Lutz, Arthur F.
last_name: Lutz
- first_name: Walter W.
full_name: Immerzeel, Walter W.
last_name: Immerzeel
citation:
ama: Wijngaard RR, Steiner JF, Kraaijenbrink PDA, et al. Modeling the response of
the Langtang Glacier and the Hintereisferner to a changing climate since the Little
Ice Age. Frontiers in Earth Science. 2019;7. doi:10.3389/feart.2019.00143
apa: Wijngaard, R. R., Steiner, J. F., Kraaijenbrink, P. D. A., Klug, C., Adhikari,
S., Banerjee, A., … Immerzeel, W. W. (2019). Modeling the response of the Langtang
Glacier and the Hintereisferner to a changing climate since the Little Ice Age.
Frontiers in Earth Science. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00143
chicago: Wijngaard, René R., Jakob F. Steiner, Philip D. A. Kraaijenbrink, Christoph
Klug, Surendra Adhikari, Argha Banerjee, Francesca Pellicciotti, et al. “Modeling
the Response of the Langtang Glacier and the Hintereisferner to a Changing Climate
since the Little Ice Age.” Frontiers in Earth Science. Frontiers Media,
2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00143.
ieee: R. R. Wijngaard et al., “Modeling the response of the Langtang Glacier
and the Hintereisferner to a changing climate since the Little Ice Age,” Frontiers
in Earth Science, vol. 7. Frontiers Media, 2019.
ista: Wijngaard RR, Steiner JF, Kraaijenbrink PDA, Klug C, Adhikari S, Banerjee
A, Pellicciotti F, van Beek LPH, Bierkens MFP, Lutz AF, Immerzeel WW. 2019. Modeling
the response of the Langtang Glacier and the Hintereisferner to a changing climate
since the Little Ice Age. Frontiers in Earth Science. 7, 143.
mla: Wijngaard, René R., et al. “Modeling the Response of the Langtang Glacier and
the Hintereisferner to a Changing Climate since the Little Ice Age.” Frontiers
in Earth Science, vol. 7, 143, Frontiers Media, 2019, doi:10.3389/feart.2019.00143.
short: R.R. Wijngaard, J.F. Steiner, P.D.A. Kraaijenbrink, C. Klug, S. Adhikari,
A. Banerjee, F. Pellicciotti, L.P.H. van Beek, M.F.P. Bierkens, A.F. Lutz, W.W.
Immerzeel, Frontiers in Earth Science 7 (2019).
date_created: 2023-02-20T08:13:08Z
date_published: 2019-06-04T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-02-28T12:04:48Z
day: '04'
doi: 10.3389/feart.2019.00143
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 7'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00143
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: Frontiers in Earth Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2296-6463
publication_status: published
publisher: Frontiers Media
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Modeling the response of the Langtang Glacier and the Hintereisferner to a
changing climate since the Little Ice Age
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 7
year: '2019'
...
---
_id: '12610'
abstract:
- lang: eng
text: The hydrological systems of heavily-downwasted debris-covered glaciers differ
from those of clean-ice glaciers due to the hummocky surface and debris mantle
of such glaciers, leading to a relatively limited understanding of drainage pathways.
Supraglacial ponds represent sinks within the discontinuous supraglacial drainage
system, and occasionally drain englacially. To assess pond dynamics, we made pond
water level measurements on Lirung Glacier, Nepal, during May and October of 2013
and 2014. Simultaneously, aerial, satellite, and terrestrial orthoimages and digital
elevation models were obtained, providing snapshots of the ponds and their surroundings.
We performed a DEM-based analysis of the glacier's closed surface catchments to
identify surface drainage pathways and englacial drainage points, and compared
this to field observations of surface and near-surface water flow. The total ponded
area was higher in the pre-monsoon than post-monsoon, with individual ponds filling
and draining seasonally associated with the surface exposure of englacial conduit
segments. We recorded four pond drainage events, all of which occurred gradually
(duration of weeks), observed diurnal fluctuations indicative of varying water
supply and outflow discharge, and we documented instances of interaction between
distant ponds. The DEM drainage analysis identified numerous sinks >3 m in depth
across the glacier surface, few of which exhibited ponds (23%), while the field
survey highlighted instances of surface water only explicable via englacial routes.
Taken together, our observations provide evidence for widespread supraglacial-englacial
connectivity of meltwater drainage paths. Results suggest that successive englacial
conduit collapse events, themselves likely driven by supraglacial pond drainage,
cause the glacier surface drainage system to evolve into a configuration following
relict englacial conduit systems. Within this system, ponds form in depressions
of reduced drainage efficiency and link the supraglacial and englacial drainage
networks.
article_number: '69'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Evan S.
full_name: Miles, Evan S.
last_name: Miles
- first_name: Jakob
full_name: Steiner, Jakob
last_name: Steiner
- first_name: Ian
full_name: Willis, Ian
last_name: Willis
- first_name: Pascal
full_name: Buri, Pascal
last_name: Buri
- first_name: Walter W.
full_name: Immerzeel, Walter W.
last_name: Immerzeel
- first_name: Anna
full_name: Chesnokova, Anna
last_name: Chesnokova
- first_name: Francesca
full_name: Pellicciotti, Francesca
id: b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70
last_name: Pellicciotti
citation:
ama: Miles ES, Steiner J, Willis I, et al. Pond dynamics and supraglacial-englacial
connectivity on debris-covered Lirung Glacier, Nepal. Frontiers in Earth Science.
2017;5. doi:10.3389/feart.2017.00069
apa: Miles, E. S., Steiner, J., Willis, I., Buri, P., Immerzeel, W. W., Chesnokova,
A., & Pellicciotti, F. (2017). Pond dynamics and supraglacial-englacial connectivity
on debris-covered Lirung Glacier, Nepal. Frontiers in Earth Science. Frontiers
Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00069
chicago: Miles, Evan S., Jakob Steiner, Ian Willis, Pascal Buri, Walter W. Immerzeel,
Anna Chesnokova, and Francesca Pellicciotti. “Pond Dynamics and Supraglacial-Englacial
Connectivity on Debris-Covered Lirung Glacier, Nepal.” Frontiers in Earth Science.
Frontiers Media, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00069.
ieee: E. S. Miles et al., “Pond dynamics and supraglacial-englacial connectivity
on debris-covered Lirung Glacier, Nepal,” Frontiers in Earth Science, vol.
5. Frontiers Media, 2017.
ista: Miles ES, Steiner J, Willis I, Buri P, Immerzeel WW, Chesnokova A, Pellicciotti
F. 2017. Pond dynamics and supraglacial-englacial connectivity on debris-covered
Lirung Glacier, Nepal. Frontiers in Earth Science. 5, 69.
mla: Miles, Evan S., et al. “Pond Dynamics and Supraglacial-Englacial Connectivity
on Debris-Covered Lirung Glacier, Nepal.” Frontiers in Earth Science, vol.
5, 69, Frontiers Media, 2017, doi:10.3389/feart.2017.00069.
short: E.S. Miles, J. Steiner, I. Willis, P. Buri, W.W. Immerzeel, A. Chesnokova,
F. Pellicciotti, Frontiers in Earth Science 5 (2017).
date_created: 2023-02-20T08:14:04Z
date_published: 2017-09-21T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-02-28T11:13:23Z
day: '21'
doi: 10.3389/feart.2017.00069
extern: '1'
intvolume: ' 5'
keyword:
- General Earth and Planetary Sciences
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
url: https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2017.00069
month: '09'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: Frontiers in Earth Science
publication_identifier:
issn:
- 2296-6463
publication_status: published
publisher: Frontiers Media
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Pond dynamics and supraglacial-englacial connectivity on debris-covered Lirung
Glacier, Nepal
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 5
year: '2017'
...